The termGreater Romania (Romanian:România Mare) usually refers to the borders of theKingdom of Romania in theinterwar period,[1] achieved after theGreat Union. It also refers to apan-nationalist[2][3] idea.
As a concept, its main goal is the creation of a nation-state which would incorporate allRomanian speakers.[4][5][6][7][8] In 1920, after the incorporation ofTransylvania,Bukovina,Bessarabia and parts ofBanat,Crișana, andMaramureș, the Romanian state reached its largest peacetime geographical extent ever (295,049 km2). Today, the concept serves as a guiding principle for theunification of Moldova and Romania.
The idea is comparable to other similar conceptions such as theGreater Bulgaria,Megali Idea,Greater Yugoslavia,Greater Hungary andGreater Italy.[9][10]
The theme of national identity had been always a key concern for Romanian culture and politics.[11] The Romanian national ideology in the first decades of the twentieth century was a typical example of ethnocentric nationalism.[12] The concept of "Greater Romania" shows similarities to the idea of national state.[13] The Romanian territorial claims were based on"primordial racial modalities", the essential goal of them was to unify the biologically defined Romanians.[14] The nation-building based on the French model of a unitary nation-state became an all time priority especially in the interwar and the Communist periods.[15]
The union ofMichael the Brave, who ruled over the three principalities with Romanian population (Wallachia,Transylvania andMoldavia) for a short period of time,[16] was viewed in later periods as the precursor of a modernRomania, a thesis which was argued byNicolae Bălcescu. This theory became a point of reference fornationalists, as well as a catalyst for various Romanian forces to achieve a single Romanian state.[17]
TheRomanian revolution in 1848 already carried the seeds of the national dream of a unified and united Romania,[6] though the "idea of unification" had been known from earlier works of Naum Ramniceanu (1802) andIon Budai-Deleanu (1804).[16] The concept owes its life toDimitrie Brătianu, who introduced the term "Greater Romania" in 1852.[16] The first step in unifying Romanians was to establish theUnited Principalities byuniting Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859,[18] which became known as Romania since the1866 Constitution and turned into aKingdom in 1881, after gainingindependence from theOttoman Empire. However, before theAustro-Hungarian Compromise, the elite of the Transylvanian Romanians did not support the concept of "Greater Romania", instead they wanted only equality with the other nations in Transylvania.[6] The concept became a political reality when, in 1881, the Romanian National Party of Transylvania gathered Romanians on a common political platform to fight together for Transylvania's autonomy.[16] According to Livezeanu the creation of Greater Romania with"a unifying concept of nationhood" started to evolve in the late 1910s.[15] World War I played a crucial part in the development of Romanian national consciousness.
TheTreaty of Bucharest (1916) was signed betweenRomania and theEntente Powers on 4 (Old Style)/17 (New Style) August 1916 inBucharest.[19] The treaty stipulated the conditions under which Romania agreed to join the war on the side of the Entente, particularly territorial promises inAustria-Hungary. The signatories bound themselves to keep secret the contents of the treaty until a general peace was concluded.
Romanians!
The war which for the last two years has been encircling our frontiers more and more closely has shaken the ancient foundations of Europe to their depths.
It has brought the day which has been awaited for centuries by the national conscience, by the founders of the Romanian State, by those who united the principalities in the war of independence, by those responsible for the national renaissance.
It is the day of the union of all branches of our nation. Today we are able to complete the task of our forefathers and to establish forever that which Michael the Great was only able to establish for a moment, namely, a Romanian union on both slopes of the Carpathians.
For us the mountains and plains of Bukowina, where Stephen the Great has slept for centuries. In our moral energy and our valour lie the means of giving him back his birthright of a great and free Rumania from the Tisza to the Black Sea, and to prosper in peace in accordance with our customs and our hopes and dreams.(...)
Part of the proclamation by King Ferdinand, 28 August 1916[20]
Lucian Boia summarised the territorial extent of the nationalist dream as following:
The concept of"Greater Romania" materialized as a geopolitical reality after theFirst World War.[13] Romania gained control overBessarabia,Bukovina andTransylvania. The borders established by the treaties concluding the war did not change until 1940. The resulting state, often referred to as "România Mare" or, alternatively, asRomanian:România Întregită (roughly translated in English as "Romania Made Whole," or "Entire Romania"), was seen as the 'true',whole Romanian state, or, as Tom Gallagher states, the "Holy Grail of Romanian nationalism".[22] Its constitution, proclaimed in 1923, "largely ignored the new ethnic and cultural realities".[23]
The Romanian ideology changed due to the demographic, cultural and social alterations, however the nationalist desire for a homogeneous Romanian state conflicted with the multiethnic, multicultural truth of Greater Romania.[5] The ideological rewriting of the role of"spiritual victimization", turning it into"spiritual police", was a radical and challenging task for the Romanian intellectuals because they had to entirely revise the national identity and the destiny of the Romanian nation.[12] In accordance with this view, Livezeanu states that theGreat Union created a"deeply fragmented" interwar Romania where the determination of national identity met with great difficulties mainly because of the effects of the hundred years of political separation.[24] Due to the inability of the government to solve the problems of the Transylvanian Romanians' integration and the effects of theworldwide and national economic depression, "the population gradually lost its faith in the democratic conception of Greater Romania".[25]
TheGreat Depression in Romania, which started in 1929, destabilised the country. The early 1930s were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes. In several instances, the Romanian government violently repressed strikes and riots, notably the 1929 miners' strike inValea Jiului and thestrike in the Grivița railroad workshops. In the mid-1930s, the Romanian economy recovered and the industry grew significantly, although about 80% of Romanians were still employed in agriculture. French economic and political influence was predominant in the early 1920s but then Germany became more dominant, especially in the 1930s.[26]
Bessarabia declared its sovereignty as theMoldavian Democratic Republic in 1917 by the newly formed "Council of the Country" ("Sfatul Țării"). The state was faced with the disorderly retreat through its territory ofRussian troops from disbanded units. In January 1918, the "Sfatul Țării" called on Romanian troops to protect the province from theBolsheviks who were spreading theRussian Revolution.[27][28][29] After declaring independence from Russia on 24 January 1918, the "Sfatul Țării" voted for union with Romania on 9 April 1918. Of the 138 deputies in the council, 86 voted for union, 3 against, 36 abstained (mostly the deputies representing minorities, 52% of the population at the time)[30] and 13 were not present. TheUnited Kingdom,France,Italy andJapan recognized the incorporation of Bessarabia through theTreaty of Paris. TheUnited States and theSoviet Union however refused to do so, the latter maintaining a claim to the territory for the whole interwar period. Furthermore, Japan failed to ratify the treaty, which therefore never entered into force.
InBukovina, after being occupied by the Romanian Army,[31][32] a National Council voted for union with Romania. While the Romanian, German, and Polish deputies unanimously voted for union,[33] the Ukrainian deputies (representing 38% of the population according to the 1910 Austrian census)[34] and Jewish deputies did not attend the council.[33] The unification was ratified in theTreaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
On 1 December 1918, theGreat National Assembly of Alba Iulia proclaimed the union of Transylvania and other territories with Romania inAlba Iulia, adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians of Transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of theSaxons of Transylvania.[35] The Hungarians of Transylvania, about 32% at the time (including theHungarian-speaking Jewish community), and the Germans ofBanat did not elect deputies upon the dissolution ofAustria-Hungary, since they were considered represented by theBudapest government of Hungary, nevertheless on 22 December 1918 the Hungarian General Assembly inCluj (Kolozsvár) reaffirmed the loyalty of Hungarians from Transylvania to Hungary. In the 1920Treaty of Trianon, Hungary was forced to give up all claims over Transylvania and the treaty set the new borders between the two countries.[36]
In 1940, the Romanian state agreed to cede Bessarabia to theSoviet Union, as provided for by theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union andGermany. It also lostNorthern Bukovina and theHertsa region, which were not mentioned in the pact, to the Soviet Union. It lostNorthern Transylvania to Hungary, through theSecond Vienna Award, and theSouthern Dobruja to Bulgaria by theTreaty of Craiova. In the course of World War II, Romania, which was allied with theAxis Powers, not only re-annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, but also took under administrative control lands to the east of Dniester (parts of recently formedMoldavian SSR, and ofOdessa andVinnytsia oblasts ofUkrainian SSR), creatingTransnistria Governorate.
Despite clear Ukrainian majority in the governorate's ethnic composition, demonstrated bya census conducted in December 1941, Romanian government hoped to annex it eventually as a "compensation" forNorthern Transylvania lost toHungary.[citation needed]
These territories were lost again when the tide of the war turned. After the war, Romania regained the Transylvanian territories lost to Hungary, but not territory lost to Bulgaria or the Soviet Union. In 1948 a treaty between the Soviet Union and Soviet-occupiedCommunist Romania also provided for the transfer of four uninhabited islands to the Soviet Union, three in theDanube Delta andSnake Island in theBlack Sea.[citation needed]
After the war, the concept was interpreted as "obsolete" because of the Romanian defeat.[37] However, even the Communist politicians between 1944 and 1947 plainly supported the re-establishment of Greater Romania.[38]Gheorghe Apostol's reminiscence strengthens the view for the nationalist argument of the Communists at the negotiations with Stalin about the future of Northern Transylvania.[24] In contrast with this view, Romsics quotesValter Roman, one of the heads of the Romanian Communist Party, as writing in his memo of April 1944:"the two parts of Transylvania should be reunited as an independent state."[39]
The Romanian Communist politicians' behavior were depicted[by whom?] as nationalist, and this circumstance brought about the concept ofNational Communism,[38] which amalgamated elements ofStalinism andFascism.[40] According to Trond Gilberg the regime needed the strongly nationalist attitude because of the social, economic and political challenges.[38] After the retreat of theSoviet troops from Romania in 1958, the national ideology was reborn, however it raises questions about its reconcilability withinternationalist communism.[24]Nicolae Ceaușescu fancied the idea that the creation of Greater Romania was the fruit of the end of the nation-formation process.
The setting up of the (Romanian) unitary national state six and a half decades ago was a brilliant historic victory of the long heroic struggle of the masses for creating the Romanian nation and the coming true of the age old dream of all Romanians to live in unity within the borders of the same country, in one free and independent state.
— Ceaușescu, 1983[24]
The fall of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union and the economic downturn accompanying it led to a resurgence of nationalism in the region. Romania and Moldova, state comprising the bulk of Bessarabia which had become independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, confronted with their eastern neighbor,Ukraine. Bucharest andChișinău announced territorial claims on Ukrainian lands (on parts ofChernivtsi andOdessa regions).[41]Bulgaria surmised that the concept of Greater Romania stood behind Romanian foreign policy toward Moldova therefore expressed concerns about possible developments onDobruja.[8]
In 1992, the issue on unification ofMoldova and Romania was negotiated between the Romanian and Moldovan governments and they wanted to achieve it by the end of the year.[42] However, the "unionists" lost their dominance in Moldova in the middle of the year.[42]Bucharest admitted the existence of the two Romanian states (Romania and Moldova) and defined priorities in reference to this matter:"the creation of a common cultural space; the creation of an economically integrated zone; and gradual political integration".[8] The MoldovanSnegur government became more pragmatic and realized that the nationalist propaganda from Bucharest did not help their aims especially onthe problem of "Soviet annexed Bessarabia".[8] The Romanian organizations ignored the result of theMoldovan referendum on independence because the referendum did not ask Romanians in Romania.[8] Romanian politicians blamedRussia and the Moldovan regime that unification became unreal.[8] According to Edward Ozhiganov (Head of the Division for Ethnopolitical Research at the Analytical Center of the Federation Council in Russia), the armed conflict in Moldova was due to the Romanian ethnic nationalism, in other words,"the attempt to create a unitary, ethnic state with power concentrated in the hands of ethnic nationalists in what was actually a multiethnic society."[8] Furthermore, Bucharest's behavior toward Ukraine did not change until 1997 when Romanian politicians realized that resolving border disputes was a precondition forNATO membership.[43]
Present-day Romanian irredentists (such as members ofPRM) aim to take possession of territories of northernBukovina andBessarabia.[44][45] These regions currently belong to Ukraine and Moldova.[44] The Russian presence and the tense political situation in Moldova also inflame their demands.[44] Nevertheless, radicals make territorial demands on Hungary too.[44] TheGreater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare – PRM) is an emblematic representative of the aforesaid concept, though the conception is fostered also by other right-wing groups (e.g. the organisation of the New Right –Noua Dreaptă).[44][46] Today, the phrase "Bessarabia, Romanian land" (Basarabia, pământ românesc, with several variations) is commonly used in Romania, and it poses territorial claims over the region of Bessarabia.[47] It is also used in Moldova.[48]
As of 2024Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) supports theunification of Moldova and Romania. WhileS.O.S. Romania leaderDiana Iovanovici Șoșoacă proposed a law in 2023 for a project on the Romanian Parliament for the annexation by Romania ofNorthern Bukovina, theHertsa region,Budjak,Northern Maramureș andSnake Island from Ukraine, as they were "historical territories" that belong to Romania as stated in the law project.[49] In retaliation, Ukraine announced it would impose sanctions against Iovanovici Șoșoacă, labeling her as a threat to Ukrainian national security.[50]
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