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| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | January 1880 |
| Dissipated | After January 19, 1880 |
| Extratropical cyclone | |
| Lowest pressure | 955hPa (mbar); 28.20 inHg |
| Winter storm | |
| Maximum snowfall or ice accretion | Unknown |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | >=5[1] |
| Damage | At least several million dollars (1880 USD) |
| Areas affected | British Columbia,Pacific Northwest |
TheGreat Gale of 1880 was an intenseextratropical cyclone (possibly deeper than 955 millibars or 28.20 inHg) that impacted theNorthwest United States on January 9, 1880.[1][2]
The greatest snowstorm, and perhaps overall worst storm in SW Washington and NW Oregon history, was that dubbed the ‘Storm King’ event of January 9, 1880....Little data is available for the so-called ‘Storm King’ of January 1880, but it appears the storm center came ashore just south of Astoria, Oregon, on January 9th when a barometric pressure of 28.45” was registered in the town. Portland bottomed out at 28.56.[3]
Winds gusted over 70 mph in Portland, probably exceeding 100 mph along the Pacific coast causing extensive damage and several deaths.
Along the coast, wind gusts probably exceeded 100 mph. Enormous damage was done to the forests of both Oregon and Washington (where a few days earlier Seattle had just gained over 5 feet of snow). Great tree losses were reported; Outside of Portland, 500 to 600 trees were blown down over just 10 miles of railroad tracks.[3]
Gusts of an estimated 138 miles per hour (222 km/h) destroyed buildings, barns, and fences. The storm blew a three-masted schooner onto the beach at Coos Bay where it broke in two.[4]
On January 19, 1880, a letter toThe Daily Oregonian from anAstoria resident reads,
From the graphic, and, in some cases, the heart-rending accounts published in the Oregonian descriptive of the disasters resulting from the late severe windstorms in other portions of the state and the neighboring territory, it would appear that our town and county suffered less injury than almost any other.
Parts of the lowerColumbia seem to have experienced a blizzard, as related fromWestport:[5]
On the 9th at 2 o-clock P.M., a storm of snow and wind set in and continued for two hours with all the fury of a hurricane.
As documented in theMorning Oregonian, Polk County reported "the heaviest wind storm ever known in these parts" and the DallasItemizer said "The storm of Friday was considered very severe here at that time, but since the reports of the havoc in other places, we have concluded that we had no storm here to speak of."[6]
An article printed on January 12, 1880, noted,
The storm near the mouth of the Columbia seems to have been entirely distinct from the one which swept through theWillamette Valley, and scarcely as severe or prolonged. The wind was from the northwest, and did not commence to blow violently until nearly 2 o'clock Friday afternoon.
In theFort Clatsop area along theLewis and Clark River, it was reported
The wind changed suddenly to the west, and while the trees were heavily laden with snow, struck the forest with terrific effect.
In contrast to the north coast, a letter fromNewport printed inThe Oregonian on January 17, 1880, reported
We have just experienced one of the severest gales; nothing like it has occurred since the settlement of the bay. It was southeast, lasted about five hours, and was terrible in force… The tide rose seven feet higher than was ever known; nearly all the old wharves are taken away.
There was no snowfall on the coastal hills around Newport, but "several miles from here it is five inches, and gradually deepens as you go east. Said to be 18 inches deep atSiletz, Oregon." Further south, it was reported on January 19 that Gardiner was struck with a "perfect gale" that threw large breakers ashore and shoved water into a warehouse, threatening livestock. "The rain came down in torrents," and theUmpqua River andSmith River flooded high, adding to the wet mess. "The storm raged with great violence atCoos Bay." The three-masted schoonerEmma Utter dragged anchor and was smashed ashore.
The powerful gale struck much of the Willamette Valley in the mid to late morning. For example, "the heaviest windstorm ever known in these parts" struck Monmouth, in Polk County, at about 11 am. The strong winds also struck the city ofCorvallis at 11 am, with the gale lasting until about 3 pm, and started around 9 am inBlodgett in the coast range to the west.[6] InPortland, the powerful wind began at 11 am, and lasted until about 2:30 pm.
