Granite City, Illinois | |
|---|---|
 City Hall of Granite City | |
 Location of Granite City in Madison County, Illinois | |
| Coordinates:38°45′30″N90°07′06″W / 38.75833°N 90.11833°W /38.75833; -90.11833[1] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| County | Madison |
| Established | 1896 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council |
| • Body | City Council |
| Area | |
• Total | 20.58 sq mi (53.30 km2) |
| • Land | 19.02 sq mi (49.25 km2) |
| • Water | 1.56 sq mi (4.05 km2) |
| Elevation | 423 ft (129 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 27,549 |
| • Density | 1,448.8/sq mi (559.39/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Code | 62040 |
| Area code | 618 |
| FIPS code | 17-30926 |
| GNIS feature ID | 2394961[1] |
| Website | granitecity.illinois.gov |
Granite City is a city inMadison County, Illinois, United States, within thegreater St. Louis metropolitan area. Its population was 27,549 at the2020 census,[3] making it the third-largest city in theMetro East andSouthern Illinois regions, behindBelleville andO'Fallon. Officially founded in 1896, Granite City was named by the Niedringhaus brothers, William andFrederick, who established it as asteelmakingcompany town for the manufacture of graniteware kitchen utensils.[4]
The area was settled much earlier than Granite City's official founding. In the early 19th century, settlers began to farm the rich, fertile grounds to the east of St. Louis. Around 1801, the area had the establishment of Six Mile Settlement, a farming area that occupied the area of present-day Granite City, 6 miles (10 km) from St. Louis.[5] Soon after, around 1806, theNational Road was to be constructed through the area, but it was never completed.[5] By 1817, the area became known as Six Mile Prairie, to distinguish it from Six Mile Township.[5] By 1854, the first railroad was built.[6] In 1856, the area known as Six Mile was changed to Kinder.[6]
Granite City was founded in 1896 to be a planned company city similar toPullman, Illinois, by German immigrant brothersFrederick G. Niedringhaus and William Niedringhaus for their graniteware kitchen-supplies factory.
Since 1866, the Niedringhaus brothers had been operating the St. Louis Stamping Company, an iron works company, that madekitchen utensils in St. Louis, Missouri.[6] In the 1870s, William discovered anenamelware process in Europe whereby metal utensils could be coated with enamel to make them lighter and more resistant tooxidation. At the time, most enamelware was usually just one color, as the additions of any colors to the process was inefficient. On June 1, 1878, William applied for Patent 207543 to improve the efficiency whereby a pattern could be applied to enamelware while the enamel was still wet simply by placing a thin piece of paper with an oxidized pattern on top of it. The paper would fall off in the drying process and the pattern would be embedded. The brothers' pattern made the utensils resemble granite.[7] The resulting product was enormously popular.
The brothers opened the Granite Iron Rolling Mills in St. Louis to providetin (imported fromWales) to its prospering kitchen supplies manufacturer. The imported tin had a $22 per tontariff.
Frederick ran for Congress in Missouri in 1888. During his one term in the51st Congress, he successfully urged the passage of a new tariff of 50% of value on imported iron and tin.[8] With the increased tariff, the U.S. steel industry (including their iron plant) took off.
As they planned expansion of theirBessemer process steel works, they were blocked by the city of St. Louis, which did not want the expansion. Also, theTerminal Railroad Association of St. Louis planned to tax coal crossing theMississippi River into Missouri.[8]
Another large factory in the city was owned by theCommonwealth Steel Company, a business founded onphilanthropic principles in 1901 and acquired by theGeneral Steel Castings Corporation in 1929.
In 1891, the brothers bought 3,500 acres (14 km2) from business tycoonLars Kovala.[9] This land extended from the Mississippi River across theChicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad tracks for their new Granite City. With the help of the St. Louis city engineer, a street grid was laid out, with streets listed in alphabetic order plus numbered streets, and the only exception being Niedringhaus Avenue.
The Niedringhaus family required that its employees live in the town. Houses were purchased with Niedringhaus mortgages. Unlike Pullman, however, they did not exert major control over the day-to-day lives of their employees and left the government of the city up to the residents.[8] African-Americans were not allowed in the community and instead congregated inBrooklyn, Illinois.[8]
The plant later grew to occupy 1,250,000 square feet (116,000 m2) and employ more than 4,000 people. The plant prospered until the 1950s whenaluminum,stainless steel, andpyrex replaced iron-based utensils. The granite pattern in kitchen utensils, particularly in roasting pans, though, remains very popular.
In 1896, Granite City was officially incorporated as a city within Madison County, Illinois.[10] The first seven years went as planned with rapid growth. Henry Fossiek was hired as the first policeman, a school board of directors was appointed by the mayor, four schools opened, the First Church of the Concordian Lutheran Church was built, Stamping Company changed its name to National Enameling and Stamping Company (NESCO), and lots were sold for a new subdivision to be named Granite Park (more commonly known as West Granite, today). Then in 1903, a massive flood covered all of West Granite while the rest of the town stayed relatively dry.
Starting in 1906, about 10,000 persons emigrated to Granite City fromMacedonia,Bulgaria,Hungary, and other parts of Central and Eastern Europe, during a two-year period. Most of these immigrants, primarily those from Hungary, moved to present-dayLincoln Place. At the time, this area was called Hungary Hollow. During thePanic of 1907, the neighborhood of Hungary Hollow was nicknamed Hungry Hollow, as many immigrants starved during this period. The following year, one of the founding fathers of the city and of NESCO, William Niedringhaus, died, leading to the beginning of a new era in both the company and the city's future.
Also during this period, St. Joseph Catholic Church was organized and a canal and levee system were built. Methody Bulgarian Church in America was built in Hungary Hollow for the large number ofBulgarians (incl. manyMacedonian Bulgarians) living there. At the time, Granite City had the largest concentration of Bulgarians in the country and boasted the only American newspaper printed in theBulgarian language.
After the 1915Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire, thousands ofArmenians fled the country and migrated to the United States. The promise of jobs at steel mills in Granite City created a thriving Armenian community in the town, with many Armenians settling in Lincoln Place. Since then, they have kept a church and community center, along with the Granite City "Antranig" Chapter of theArmenian Youth Federation.
Around 1903, Granite City expelled its African American residents.[11] In 1967, theCongress of Racial Equality alleged that Granite City was asundown town. Mayor Donald Partney acknowledged that the city was commonly understood to have a sundown ordinance, but denied that it was official.[12]
As of 2008[update], several large manufacturing corporations operate in the city, includingU.S. Steel, Precoat Metals,Capri-Sun,Kraft Foods, Heidtman Steel, Prairie Farms, and American Steel. In July 2018, PresidentDonald Trump visited the city to deliver a speech about industry growth at the U.S. Steel plant.[13]
A 2024 investigation into 17coke-burning facilities in the US estimated that the SunCoke Energy plant in Granite City could be responsible for up to 11 premature deaths, increasedasthma symptoms, and other health impacts for residents every year.[14]
Granite City is located adjacent to theChain of Rocks Canal on theUpper Mississippi River, borderingHorseshoe Lake on its southeastern side. The city sits in theAmerican Bottom, a wide, flat, fertile plain. Although at risk during theGreat Flood of 1993, the city never flooded and is protected by a series of levees along both the Mississippi River and Chain of Rocks Canal.
Granite City is located within a few miles of three interstate highways and two corresponding loops.Interstate 270 passes through the northern edge of the city andInterstates 255,70,55, and64 all pass just to the south and east of the city.
Route 3 is a major thoroughfare along the western edge of the city and provides access to downtown St. Louis across the recently renovatedMcKinley Bridge.
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 20.70 square miles (53.6 km2), of which 1.41 sq mi (3.7 km2) (or 6.81%) is covered by water.[15]
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Granite City can be divided into seven areas: Downtown, East Granite, West Granite, North Granite, Nameoki Strip, Bellemore Area, and the Wilson Park area. Most retailers and dining facilities are located on the Nameoki Strip, surrounding Nameoki Road.
The Wilson Park area is home to the recently renovated Coolidge Middle School, former Niedringhaus Elementary School, and Granite City High School, as well as the city's crown jewel, Wilson Park, which is sometimes called the "heart" of Granite City and is known for its nicely kept "turn-of-the-20th-century" homes.
East Granite is less defined, but is mostly modern residential subdivisions, including St. Elizabeth and Holy Family Catholic Schools. East Granite is north of the blast furnace at US Steel. US Steel's complex was formerly known as the Granite City Steel Co.
Downtown in the southwestern part of the city is home to much of the city's industry, including the Granite City Steel Works. Downtown Granite suffered a downturn in the 1970s, which vacated much of its commercial buildings, and in turn,urban decay began. More recently, revitalization efforts were begun to revive the downtown area, although they are still in their early stages. These efforts are modeled on nearby cities such asBelleville, IL,Edwardsville, IL, andSt. Charles, MO. Revitalization efforts include installing tree-filled medians on Niedringhaus Avenue, adding recreational businesses such as the three-screen Granite City Theater, repaving streets, granting tax incentives, and adding new zoning restrictions. The original design of what is currently downtown Granite City is based on the City of Washington, DC.
West Granite is located west of downtown across the railroad lines. It contains both industrial and lower-income residential areas and has been struggling to fight its above-average crime rate. While Wilson Park may be the heart of Granite City, West Granite is the history. Attracted by the promise of plentiful jobs, many immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe, primarily Bulgaria, Ottoman Macedonia, and Hungary, migrated to the city in search of good jobs with decent wages. The vast majority of these immigrants settled into housing to the west of the downtown area in a place that came to be known as Hungary Hollow. By 1916, the multinational residents of Hungary Hollow applied for and were granted an official name change to Lincoln Place.
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 3,122 | — | |
| 1910 | 9,903 | 217.2% | |
| 1920 | 14,757 | 49.0% | |
| 1930 | 25,130 | 70.3% | |
| 1940 | 22,974 | −8.6% | |
| 1950 | 29,465 | 28.3% | |
| 1960 | 40,073 | 36.0% | |
| 1970 | 40,685 | 1.5% | |
| 1980 | 36,815 | −9.5% | |
| 1990 | 32,862 | −10.7% | |
| 2000 | 31,301 | −4.8% | |
| 2010 | 29,849 | −4.6% | |
| 2020 | 27,549 | −7.7% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[16] 2018 Estimate[17] | |||
As of thecensus[18][19] of 2010, 29,849 people, 12,214 households, and 7,791 families resided in the city. Thepopulation density[20] was 1,547.5 people per square mile (597.5/km2). There were 13,578 housing units at an average density of 703.0 per square mile (271.4/km2). Theracial makeup of the city was 91.5% White, 6.5% Black or African American, 1.0% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 5.0% of the population.
Of the 12,214 households, 27.1% had children under 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were not families. About 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city,[21] the age distribution was 22.9% under 18, 13.3% from 15 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 15% who were 65 or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city in 2014[22] was $43,759, and the median income for a family was $57,596. Males over 16 had a median income of $46,390 versus $36,989 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $22,397. About 14.8%[23] of families and 18.3% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 27.7%[24] of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
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The Granite City Park District owns 13 parks. Wilson Park is the most notable. A 1.4-mile (2.3 km) paved trail encircles the 74-acre (300,000 m2) park, which contains a pool, ice rink, park office, skate park, food and beverage stand, tennis courts, several pavilions, baseball fields, and a wedding area. The park district offers baseball, flag football, tennis, soccer, basketball, and hockey programs for the youth.
Every summer around July 4, Wilson Park hosts the Patriots in the Park program. It includes live entertainment, carriage rides, carnival rides, food and beverage stands, and the second-largest fireworks display in the St. Louis area.
Madison County Transit provides an outstanding 85-mile (137 km) network of newly paved, well-maintained bikeways throughout the county.
The newYMCA, part of the River's Edge development, was recently completed. The complex includes aquatics programs, a youth center, weightlifting, batting cages, basketball/tennis courts, and a childcare center.
Two golf courses also are near Granite City. The Legacy Golf Course and the Arlington Golf Course both offer 18-hole championship courses. Horseshoe Lake State Park wraps aroundHorseshoe Lake, a 2,400-acre (9.7 km2) natural lake, the largest in the St. Louis area. The park provides a place for picnicking, cycling, fishing, wildlife viewing, and small boating. Hunting is allowed during hunting season, and a small, primitive campground is located on Walker's Island.
Two roller skating rinks are in the area, and Confluence Crush Roller Derby practices in the adjacent village ofPontoon Beach.
ThePort Harbor Railroad (reporting marks: PHRR) provides railroad service to industrial businesses located at America's Central Port in Granite City. The PHRR connects with theTerminal Railroad Association of St. Louis at WR Tower, a major railroad junction located at the intersection of Niedringhaus Avenue and 16th Street.[25] The railway carries freight varying from steel and aluminum products to foods, lumber, paper, chemicals, minerals, grains, and other products.[26]
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Granite City Community Unit School District 9 enrolls 7100 students from the city and its surrounding area. The district operates five elementary schools (Frohardt, Mitchell, Wilson, Prather, and Maryville), one intermediate school (Grigsby), one Junior High (Coolidge), and one high school (Granite City High School)). Recently, the high school underwent a 14-million-dollar renovation. The district is notable for its wide array of sports, clubs, and technical programs. Recently, the track, baseball field, and high school gymnasium were renovated. The high school has achieved a 96.3% graduation rate, nearly 10% higher than the state average. Granite City High School was the 1940 state champions in basketball. Granite City High has won 10 boys' soccer state championships in 1972, 1976–1980, 1982, 1987, 1989, and 1990, and the girls' soccer team won the 2011 state championship. In addition, the Warrior wrestling team was co-champions in 1965 and currently has more dual meet victories than any other high school in the country. The baseball team was the runner-up in 1963.
Two private Catholic kindergarten-grade 8 schools, Holy Family and St. Elizabeth, are also located in the city.
Also, a private prekindergarten-grade 12 school operates in Granite City, called Rivers of Life Christian School .
Alternative schools include the Coordinated Youth on Madison Avenue next to the Gateway Regional Medical Center and attached to the same building as the WIC Service. Another Coordinated Youth location is on W 3rd St near the old army depot.
The Sam Wolf Granite City Campus ofSouthwestern Illinois College is located at the northern end of the city.
Partney denied Randolph's charge that the city had a 'sundown' ordinance which forbade Negroes on the street after dark. 'Since I was a child, I understood that the city had a law of that sort,' Partney said. 'But when I became mayor, I went through our laws and found we do not have such an ordinance.'
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| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
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