Grandizo Munis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1912-04-18)April 18, 1912 |
| Died | February 4, 1989(1989-02-04) (aged 76) |
| Political party | Izquierda Comunista de España |
Grandizo Munis (18 April 1912 – 4 February 1989) was a SpanishTrotskyist politician turnedleft-communist following his break with the Fourth International.[1][2]
Grandizo first entered revolutionary politics as a member of theIzquierda Comunista de España (ICE). This group was led byAndreu Nin and was in sympathy with the views ofLeon Trotsky and therefore affiliated to theInternational Communist League.
Trotsky was opposed to the name of the group, which he argued was imprecise and badly expressed the program of theBolshevik-Leninists. In addition, he entered into a dispute with Nin and the ICE when they refused his suggestion to enter the youth organisation of theSpanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE). The majority of the ICE then split with Trotsky, leaving a small remnant grouping which included Grandizo Munis.
With the beginning of theSpanish Civil War in 1936, Munis was a member of the tinySeccion Bolshevik-Leninista. This organisation sought to influence the ranks of the larger Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) and also worked closely with the more left-wing anarchists of theDurruti Column.
The Trotskyists were among the very few to oppose thePopular Front government and openly took part in theMay Days of 1937. This event led to their suppression by the government, which was now dominated by the Stalinists. This meant that Munis was forced into illegality and had to flee for fear of his life. , a number of Spanish anti-fascist fighters
He was arrested on February 13, 1938[3] but the next year, shortly before thefall of Barcelona, he was able to escape theMonjuic Prison, cross Franco's lines and eventually pass over the border to France. He made his fate public in an interview with the French Trotskyist newspaperLa Lutte Ouvrière published in its February 24 and March 3, 1939, issues.
In the spring of 1940 Munis fled France to Mexico, where he had a meeting with Trotsky, then to New York, where he attended the May 1940 Emergency Conference of theFourth International. Back in Mexico, that August he spoke at Leon Trotsky's funeral.[4]
Munis spent the remainder of the war years in Mexico, where he reestablished a section of the Fourth International among Spanish exiles. He managed to produce two issues of a printed magazine19 de Julio, then began a mimeographed periodical,Contra la Corriente. Some of the articles in these journals were translated into the SWPs theoretical organFourth International. He was assisted in this effort by the Frenchsurrealist poetBenjamin Péret, who had also fled to Mexico.[5]
During the war and immediate post-war years Munis began to have differences with the Fourth International Secretariat based in New York, and with theSocialist Workers Party of the United States. These first began with a critique of the SWP leaders' actions during the Minneapolis trials. On an ideological level he claimed that the USSR was no longer aworkers' state of any kind, butstate capitalist. He also rejectedunited fronts with Stalinist parties and key parts of theTransitional Program includingnationalization and a government of traditional workers parties. He also had organizational differences with the Fourth International. He was supported in some of these criticism byNatalya Sedova, the widow of Leon Trotsky.At the Second World Congress of the Fourth International Munisblocked withMax Shachtman of theWorkers Party but was eventually condemned by the Secretariat.[6]
After the war Munis settled in Paris and began publishing a new periodicalRevoluciòn, which proclaimed its official break with the Fourth International in November 1948. By 1949 his following was calling itself the Grupo Comunista Internacionalista de España. In 1951 Munis and J. Costa returned to Spain to organize an underground movement in the wake of the Barcelona tramway strike. They were unsuccessful and arrested by the Francoist authorities in 1952 and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. Munis was released in 1957 and returned to Paris, where he began publishing a new organ,Alarma. With the relaxation of the Francoist regime in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Munis group was able to establish a small following within Spain, though Munis himself continued to live in France. By the time of Franco's death, in the mid-1970s this group numbered about 50 people. However, differences between the exiles in Paris and the younger personnel in Barcelona precipitated a purge by the exiles of the Spanish group until there were only two or three members left in 1983.[7]
Munis also had followers in several other countries and in the late 1970s these were organized into theRevolutionary Workers Ferment with sections in France, Italy, Greece and the United States. The American group, theFOR Organizing Committee of the United States or FOCUS left in 1981 in solidarity with the expelled Spanish members.[8]
Munis wrote many articles and books in his life, the best known beingA Second Communist Manifesto and a history of the Spanish Civil War.
