Aconstable is a person holding a particular office, most commonly inlaw enforcement. The office of constable can vary significantly in different jurisdictions.Constable is commonly the rank of anofficer within apolice service. Other people may be granted powers of a constable without holding this title.
Historically, the title comes from theLatincomes stabuli (attendant to thestables, literally 'count of the stable') and originated from theRoman Empire; originally, the constable was the officer responsible for keeping the horses of alord ormonarch.[1][2][3]
The title was imported to themonarchies ofmedieval Europe, and in many countries developed into a highmilitary rank and great officer of state (e.g. theConstable of France, in FrenchConnétable de France, who was the commander-in-chief of all royal armed forces (second to the king) until Prime MinisterCardinal Richelieu abolished the charge in 1627).
Most constables in modern jurisdictions arelaw enforcement officers. In the United Kingdom, theCommonwealth of Nations and some Continental European countries, a constable is the lowest rank of police officer (it is also, when preceded by the termsworn, used to describe any police officer with arrest and other powers), while in the United States a constable is generally an electedpeace officer with lesser jurisdiction than asheriff; however, in theChannel Islands a constable is an elected office-holder at theparish level.
Historically, a constable could also refer to acastellan, the officer charged with the defence of a castle. Even today, there is aConstable of the Tower of London.
An equivalent position is that ofmarshal, which derives fromOld High Germanmarah ('horse') andschalh ('servant'),[4] and originally meant "stable keeper",[5] which has a similar etymology.[6]
In Australia, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in most police services. It is often categorised into the following (from lowest to highest): probationary constable; constable; constable first class; senior constable; leading senior constable. These variations depend on the individual state or territory police force in question.
Senior constable generally refers to a police officer of the rank above constable, and is denoted by way of two chevrons or stripes.
TheNew South Wales Police Force has three grades of senior constable, namely senior constable (two chevrons), incremental senior constable (two chevrons and a horizontal bar), and leading senior constable (two chevrons and two horizontal bars). A senior constable is senior to a constable but junior to an incremental senior constable. Promotion to senior constable can occur after a minimum of five years' service (one year as a probationary constable in addition to four years as constable) and then upon passing probity checks and an exam. Incremental senior constable is attained after ten years of service automatically. One is appointed to the rank of leading senior constable on a qualification basis, but must have a minimum of seven years' service amongst other criteria in order to be eligible. Leading senior constable is a specialist position of which there are limited allocated numbers within any section/unit or local area command. If an officer is transferred to another duty type or station, the officer is then relieved of the position of leading senior constable: it is primarily a position for field training officers who oversee the training and development of inexperienced probationary constables or constables.
Within theVictoria Police, senior constable is the rank above constable, while above senior constable is leading senior constable. When first introduced into the Victoria Police, leading senior constable was a classification not a rank, somewhat like "detective"; leading senior constables were appointed specifically to assist in the training and mentoring of more junior members. The last round of wage negotiations, however, saw leading senior constable become a rank in its own right, one that a lot of members pass through on their way from constable to sergeant, though this is not strictly necessary and it is permissible to be promoted to sergeant direct from senior constable. The general form of address for both senior constable and leading senior constable is "senior", and this is acceptable even in courts.
In Canada, as in the United Kingdom, constable is the lowest rank in mostlaw enforcement services, including theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police.[7] In Newfoundland the provincial police are theRoyal Newfoundland Constabulary, whereby all officers are addressed by the term "constable".
In addition, thechief officers of somemunicipal police services in Canada, notablyVancouver Police Department, carry the title ofchief constable.[8]
InCanadian French, constable is translated toagent, except in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police where it is translated asgendarme.[9]
Appointments can further be separated into:
Within theDanish Defence, constables are the lowest rank group. The ranks ofKonstabel,Overkonstabel andOverkonstabel af 1. grad are used for professional enlisted soldiers, sailors and airmen. However,Overkonstabel af 1. grad is only used within the army, as both the navy and air force use aspecialist rank instead.[11][12]
| NATO Code | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Royal Danish Army[13] |  |  |  | -M11.svg) |
| Danish | Overkonstabel af 1. grad | Overkonstabel | Konstabel | Konstabelelev |
| Literal translation | Senior constable first class | Senior constable | Constable | Constable trainee |
| Official translation[14] | Lance corporal | Private first class | Private | Recruit |
 Royal Danish Navy[11] |  |  | ||
| Danish | Marineoverkonstabel | Marinekonstabel | ||
| Literal translation | Senior naval constable | Naval constable | ||
| Official translation[15] | Able rating | Junior rating | ||
| Royal Danish Air Force[12] |  |  |  | |
| Danish | Flyveroverkonstabel | Flyverkonstabel | Flyverkonstabelelev | |
| Literal translation | Senior air constable | Air constable | Air constable trainee | |
| Official translation[16] | Junior technician | Aircraftman | Recruit | |
In theFinnish Police, the lowest rank ofpolice officer is callednuorempi konstaapeli, translated into English as (junior) constable.[17]
The next rank isvanhempi konstaapeli or senior constable.
The next highest rank (equivalent to a policesergeant in the English-speaking world) isylikonstaapeli (yli- "leading"), literally "over-constable".[18]
TheHong Kong Police Force have two ranks for constables:
Senior constable is not a rank: it is merely a designation for officers who have served for 18 years.
Police constable (abbreviated PC) is the lowest police rank in India, belowhead constable. Generallaw and order being astate subject in India, eachstate government recruits police constables. A police constable has no shoulder insignia, while a head constable has one or more stripes or chevrons, depending on the state. Since each state has its own police force, the uniforms and insignia of the police vary, though therank structure is the same.
In theKerala State Police, the designations for personnel in the ranks of constable and head constable are Civil Police Officer (CPO) and Senior Civil Police Officer (SCPO), respectively.
TheCentral Armed Police Forces (CAPF), under theMinistry of Home Affairs of theGovernment of India, also maintain the same ranks as state police even though their jurisdiction varies considerably, with the constables recruited to the CAPF having to do duty all over India. They perform duties such as maintaining internal security,border guarding, and counter-insurgency operations andriot control. Similarly, theRailway Protection Force (RPF) maintains the ranks of Constable and Head Constable.[19] However, their duties and jurisdiction are specifically focused on the Indian railway network. RPF personnel are responsible for protecting railway property, preventing accidents, and ensuring passenger safety. Nearly all the police constables wearkhaki-coloured uniforms, which indicate that they are police personnel.
Generally there are three types of constables in India, depending upon the unit, wing, branch or section they are attached to. Civil police constables are attached to apolice station, traffic police constables control road traffic, telecommunication constables manage communications, whereas armed police constables are attached to armed police units. The types of constables are based on nature of their duties. The Indian police constables do a wide range of duties like patrol, beat system, crime detection, escorting of prisoners and VIPs, guarding vital offices and installations, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemics and elections.[20] Generally a police constable does his duty in his jurisdiction area, but can be assigned anywhere by his superiors depending on the situation or need. The duty hours of Indian police constables are erratic, many times without weekly time off or leave.
Police recruitment is based on a written test, plus physical and medical tests. After appointment all police constables have to undergo compulsory training; the duration of training may vary from nine months to one year depending on state. The training and duty of police is physically and mentally strenuous in India.
TheNew Zealand Police rank structure is heavily influenced by theMetropolitan Police rank structure and as such constable is the lowest sworn rank in the police service. There are three constable grades within the New Zealand Police, being probationary constable, constable and senior constable.[21] The New Zealand Police does not have achief constable instead having acommissioner which combines the role ofchief executive and chief constable.[22] The rank epaulette insignia of a probationary constable and constable is a lack of any insignia on therank slide. The rank epaulette insignia of a senior constable is a singlechevrons on the rank slide.[23]
Constables inNew Zealand have powers under thePolicing Act 2008, a police employee receives these powers and becomes a constable by swearing theoath under section 22 of the Policing Act 2008.[24] After becoming a sworn officer a police employee will leave theRoyal New Zealand Police College and be promoted from recruit to probational constable.[25] A probationary constable will be promoted to constable once they obtaining permanent appointment which is 10 workplace assessment standards which usually takes around two years.[26][27] All police officers in the New Zealand Police are referred to in legislation as constables even if they are a sergeant or above and do not hold the rank of constable. For example the charge for assaulting a police officer is assaulting a constable even if the police officer assaulted was a sergeant or above and does not hold the rank title of constable.[28]
Unlike many police services in the New Zealand Police,detectives are constables and do not outrank their frontline counterparts.
In theNorwegian Police Service the rankpolitikonstabel was until 2003 the lowest rank in the police, the next ranks being "politioverkonstabel", "politibetjent", "politiførstebetjent", "politioverbetjent" and "politistasjonssjef", "lensmann" or "sysselmannsoverbetjent" (all officially translated as chief superintendent). In 2003, the ranks "politikonstabel", "politioverkonstabel" and "politibetjent" were renamed "politibetjent 1", "politibetjent 2" and "politibetjent 3", where "politibetjent 1" is the entry-level rank for a policeman and most junior rank of the police service. All ranks higher than chief superintendent are commissioned ranks, known simply as "higher ranks", and traditionally required a law degree.
The Norwegian Police Service has an integrated prosecution service in which the police lawyers, who all hold higher ranks, require the law degree "candidatus/candidata juris" or "Master of Laws" (master i rettsvitenskap), awarded after five or six years of law studies. Following reforms of the police, a law degree is no longer required by law for all higher ranks, although only lawyers can act as prosecutors and supervise criminal investigations, for which reason it is still common for those holding higher ranks to be lawyers. The entry-level rank for a lawyer, junior police prosecutor, outranks the most senior rank for a policeman, chief superintendent, as the former is the most junior of the "higher ranks" whereas the latter is the most senior of the "lower ranks".
The fire brigades (all municipal) still use "konstabel" as in "brannkonstabel" (fire-constable).
In 2016 the Royal Norwegian Navy started using "konstabel" to describe the enlisted ranks in the navy. Other ranks (OR) 2 to 4+ all use the term "konstabel":
InPakistan, constable and head constable are, respectively, the lowest and second-lowest ranks in the police force.[29] The police constables inPakistan do a wide range of duties like patrol, crime detection, escort of prisoners and VIPs, vehicle traffic control on roads, riot control, assisting civil administration during disasters, epidemic, elections and other tasks.
InPoland, the constable (Polish:posterunkowy) is the lowest rank in thePolice. The next rank in hierarchy is the senior constable (Polish:starszy posterunkowy), and then, thesergeant. To be promoted, the police officer has to serve as a constable for a year, and again for a year as a senior constable.[30][31]
InSingapore, a police constable (abbreviated to PC) is the lowest rank in theSingapore Police Force.
The rank of special constable exists, but is centralised under theVolunteer Special Constabulary in Singapore.
InSouth Africa, this rank is the lowest in theSouth African Police Service
InSri Lanka, theSri Lanka Police have the rank of "police constable", with four classes.
There are two main definitions of a constable in the United Kingdom:
The latter usage is mainly in formal contexts, including legislation such as thePolice and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. By this definition all police officers are constables, even those that do not hold the actual rank of constable. The head of most police forces is achief constable, volunteer officers of any rank are known asspecial constables, and some police forces have the word "Constabulary" in their name.
In the United States, use of the term constable is varied, and use may differ within a state. A constable may be an official responsible forservice of process, such assummonses andsubpoenas for people to appear in court in criminal and/or civil matters; on the other hand, they can be fully empoweredlaw enforcement officers. Constables may also have additional specialized duties unique to the office. In some states, a constable may be appointed by the governor or a judge or magistrate of the court which he or she serves; in others the constable is an elected or appointed position at the state or local level of local government. Their jurisdiction can vary from statewide to county/parish and local township boundaries based on the state's laws.
The office developed from its British counterpart during the colonial period. Prior to the modernization of law enforcement which took place in the mid-19th century, local law enforcement was performed by constables andwatchmen.[32] Constables were appointed or elected at the local level for specific terms and, like their UK counterparts theparish constable, were not paid and did not wear a uniform. However, they were often paid a fee by the courts for eachwrit served andwarrant executed. Following the example of the BritishMetropolitan Police established in 1829, the states gradually enacted laws to permit municipalities to establish police departments. This differed from the UK in that the old system was not uniformly abolished in every state. Often the enacting legislation of the state conferred a police officer with the powers of a constable, the most important of these powers being thecommon law power of arrest. Police and constables exist concurrently in many jurisdictions. Perhaps because of this, the title "constable" is not used for police of any rank. The lowest rank in a police organization would be officer, deputy, patrolman,trooper and, historically,private, depending on the particular organization.
In many states, constables do not conduct patrols or preventive policing activities. In such states the office is relatively obscure to its citizens.
A constable may be assisted by deputy constables as sworn officers or constable's officers as civil staff, usually as process servers. In some states, villages or towns, an office with similar duties ismarshal.
The titles ofsparapet andspaspet, derived from the ancient Iranianspahbod, were used to designate the supreme commander of the armed forces in the medieval kingdoms of Armenia and Georgia, respectively.
The position of constable originated from theRoman Empire; by the 5th century AD theCount of the Stable (Latin:comes stabuli) was responsible for the keeping ofhorses at the imperial court.[2][33] The West European term "constable" itself was adopted, via theNormans, askonostaulos in theKomnenian andPalaiologan periods, when it became a high military office of dignity.[34]
Late Roman administrative titles were used byCharlemagne in developing his empire; the position of Constable, along with the similar office ofMarshal, spread throughout the emerging states of Western Europe during this period.[1] In most medieval nations, the constable was the highest-ranking officer of the army, and was responsible for the overseeing ofmartial law.[35]
Village-level Chinese officials – known astingzhang[n 1] during theQin andHandynasties,lizheng,[n 2] during theSui andTang,baozheng[n 3] during theSong, anddibao andshoubao during theQing – are sometimes translated constable for their functions of reporting crimes and administering local justice, although they also served as tax agents andnotaries.
The Constable of France (Connétable de France), under theFrench monarchy, was theFirst Officer of the Crown of France and was originally responsible for commanding thearmy. His symbol of office was a longsword held by a hand issuing out of a cloud, a reference to the constable's duty of carrying the king's sword during a coronation ceremony.[35] Some constables were prominent military commanders in the medieval period, such asBertrand du Guesclin who served from 1370 to 1380.
The office of the constable was introduced in England following theNorman Conquest of 1066 and was responsible for the keeping and maintenance of the king's armaments and those of the villages as a measure of protecting individual settlements throughout the country.[36] Some authorities place the origins of constables in England earlier, attributing the creation of the office to during the reign of King Alfred (871 A.D.).[37]
The office ofLord High Constable, one of theGreat Officers of State, was established in the kingdoms ofEngland andScotland during the reigns ofKing Stephen (1135–1154) andKing David (1124–1154) respectively, and was responsible for the command of the army. However, the term was also used at the local level within thefeudal system, describing an officer appointed to keep order.[38] One of the first descriptions of one of the legal duties of a constable, that of the collation ofevidence, comes fromBracton, a jurist writing between 1220 and 1250:[39]
In whatever way they come and on whatever day, it is the duty of the constable toenroll everything in order, for he has record as to the things he sees; but he cannot judge, because there is no judgment at theTower, since there the third element of a judicial proceeding is lacking, namely a judge and jurisdiction. He has record as to matters of fact, not matters of judgment and law.[40]
In Bracton's time, anyone seeing a "misdeed" was empowered to make an arrest. The role of the constable in Bracton's description was as the "eyes and ears" of the court, finding evidence and recording facts on which judges could make a ruling. By extension, the constable was also the "strong arm" of the court (i.e., of thecommon law), marking the basic role of the constable that continues into the present day.[41]
In 1285, KingEdward I of England passed theStatute of Winchester, with provisions which "constituted two constables in everyhundred to preventdefaults in towns and [on] highways".[42] Records of their narrower area successors,parish constables, appear in the early 17th century in the records ofBuckinghamshire; traditionally they were elected by theparishioners, but from 1617 onwards were typically appointed byjustices of the peace (magistrates) in each county.[42]
The system of policing by unpaid parish constables continued in England until the 19th century; in theLondon metropolitan area it started to be ended with the creation of theMetropolitan Police by theMetropolitan Police Act 1829, and was completely ended by theMetropolitan Police Act 1839.[43] Outside London, the mandatory introduction of county police forces by theCounty and Borough Police Act 1856, after nearly 20 years of the permissiveCounty Police Act 1839, finally ended parish constables. After 1856, all areas of England and Wales were covered by a police force. The lowest rank of the police forces and constabularies is "constable", and most outside London are headed by achief constable.[44][45]
The unique office of 'Parks Constable' was first created when section 221 of theLiverpool Corporation Act 1921 (11 & 12 Geo. 5. c. lxxiv) allowed for their appointment;[46] prior to that a body of constables, whom were attested as special constables, had policed the parks. Specific legislation for theRoyal Parks of London continued the unique office of 'Parks Constable'. However, the Royal Parks Constabulary was disbanded in 2001. TheKew Constabulary are sworn in under the same legislation and remain as the holders of the office of Parks Constable. Whilst some local authorities have parks constabularies, their officers are attested as constables, not parks constables.
The position of hereditary constable persists in some current or formermonarchies of Europe. The position ofLord High Constable of Scotland is hereditary in the family of theEarl of Erroll. There is also a hereditary constable ofNavarre in Spain; this position is currently held by theDuke of Alba.[35]
Historically, many other hereditary constables existed as officers of state in former monarchies. Examples are theConstable of Castile (Condestable de Castilla) and theConstable of Portugal (Condestável do Reino).
