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Grand Council of Fascism

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Kingdom of Italy government body, 1928–1943

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Grand Council of Fascism
Gran Consiglio del Fascismo
Coat of arms
Abbreviation	GCF
Formation	First meeting 15 December 1922 (1922-12-15) State body 9 December 1928 (1928-12-09)
Dissolved	25 July 1943 (1943-07-25)
Legal status	Party governing body(1922–1928) Constitutional body(from 1928)
Headquarters	Palazzo Venezia,Rome
Location	Kingdom of Italy
Official language	Italian
King of Italy	Victor Emmanuel III
President	Benito Mussolini
Secretary of the Council	Party Secretary
Main organ	National Fascist Party

TheGrand Council of Fascism (Italian:Gran Consiglio del Fascismo, also translated "Fascist Grand Council") was the main body ofMussolini'sgovernment in theKingdom of Italy, which held and applied great power to control the institutions of government. It was created as a body of theNational Fascist Party in 1922, and became a state body on 9 December 1928. The council usually met at thePalazzo Venezia, Rome, which was also the seat of the head of the Italian government.^[1] The Council became extinct following a series ofevents in 1943, in which Benito Mussolini was voted out as the Prime Minister of Italy.

Powers of the Council

[edit]

The session of the Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed.

Essentially, the council held these powers:

The power to elect the Fascist Party deputies, the nomination for the Party Secretary and other party leaders, the approval of the party statutes and the power regarding the party's policy.
The power to elect theCrown's line of succession including the choice of theheir to the throne, the right of the Crown, the power to choose possible successors to the Prime Minister, the power to choose the function and membership of the Grand Council, the Senate, the Chamber of Deputies (later theChamber of Fasces and Corporations), the power to decide the rights and powers of the Prime Minister, international Treaties, and foreign affairs.

The Grand Council meetings were convened by the Prime Minister himself, and all decrees and laws could only be legalized after receiving his approval. In contrast to theFührerprinzip government model inNazi Germany, the Grand Council retained the power to recommend that theKing of Italy remove the Prime Minister from office. As all the former governing institutions had been subordinated to the Fascist Party, the Council was the only check on Mussolini's power.

Overthrow of Mussolini

[edit]

Main article:Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy

TheAllies invaded Sicily in July 1943. Grand Council memberDino Grandi proposed a vote of no confidence in Mussolini as leader of the Council and the party. A vote was held on the night of 24–25 July 1943 and passed with 19 votes for, 8 against and one abstention. Among the 19 votes of no confidence were those of Mussolini's son-in-lawGaleazzo Ciano, who had been former minister of foreign affairs, and the influential marshalEmilio De Bono.

The following day KingVictor Emmanuel met Mussolini and informed him that GeneralPietro Badoglio would lead Italy, as Prime Minister. Mussolini was arrested immediately after the meeting.^[2]

In September 1943 Mussolini was freed from imprisonment by German commandos and helped to regain power in northern Italy. He had those who voted against him tried for treason at theVerona trial. All of them were found guilty, with all but one of them being sentenced to death. However, onlyGiovanni Marinelli,Carlo Pareschi,Luciano Gottardi, Ciano, De Bono, andTullio Cianetti, were physically present for the trial. With the exception of Cianetti, those present were all executed by firing squad on the morning of 11 January 1944.^[3]^[4]

Members of the Council

[edit]

The composition of the Council was revised and defined by a law of 14 December 1929 and became a state body from 9 December 1928. Its members, selected among the party'sgerarchi, are below. Their vote on the25 July 1943 motion to depose Mussolini is also given next to their name.

President of the Council

[edit]

Head of Government andDuce of Fascism
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)	31 October 1922	25 July 1943	20 years, 267 days	Deposed

Quadrumvirs

[edit]

TheQuadrumvirs
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Italo Balbo (1896–1940)	27 October 1922	28 June 1940	17 years, 245 days	Died in office
	Michele Bianchi (1883–1930)		3 February 1930	7 years, 99 days	Died in office
	Emilio De Bono (1866–1944)		25 July 1943	20 years, 271 days	Yes
	Cesare Maria De Vecchi (1884–1959)		25 July 1943	20 years, 271 days	Yes

Parliament

[edit]

Main article:Italian Parliament (1928–1939)

President of the Senate
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Tommaso Tittoni (1855–1931)	1 December 1919	21 January 1929	9 years, 51 days	—
	Luigi Federzoni (1878–1967)	29 April 1929	2 March 1939	9 years, 307 days	Voted
	Giacomo Suardo (1883–1947)	15 March 1939	25 July 1943	4 years, 132 days	Abstention

President of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations^[a]
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Alfredo Rocco (1875–1935)	24 May 1924	5 January 1925	226 days	—
	Antonio Casertano (1863–1938)	13 January 1925	25 January 1929	4 years, 12 days	—
	Giovanni Giuriati (1876–1970)	20 April 1929	19 January 1934	4 years, 274 days	—
	Costanzo Ciano (1876–1939)	28 April 1934	26 June 1939	5 years, 59 days	Died in office
	Dino Grandi (1895–1988)	30 November 1939	25 July 1943	3 years, 237 days	Yes

Positions in the Cabinet

[edit]

Minister of Agriculture and Forests
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Giacomo Acerbo (1888–1969)	12 September 1929	24 January 1935	5 years, 134 days	Voted
	Edmondo Rossoni (1884–1965)	24 January 1935	31 October 1939	4 years, 280 days	Voted
	Giuseppe Tassinari (1891–1944)	31 October 1939	26 December 1941	2 years, 56 days	—
	Carlo Pareschi (1898–1944)	26 December 1941	25 July 1943	1 year, 211 days	Yes

Minister of Corporations
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Duce	2 July 1926	12 September 1929	3 years, 72 days	—
	Undersecretary Giacomo Suardo (1883–1947)	2 July 1926	6 November 1926	127 days	Voted
	Undersecretary Giuseppe Bottai (1895–1959)	6 November 1926	12 September 1929	2 years, 310 days	Voted
	Giuseppe Bottai (1895–1959)	12 September 1929	20 July 1932	2 years, 312 days	Voted
	Duce	20 July 1932	11 June 1936	3 years, 327 days	—
	Undersecretary Alberto Asquini [it] (1889–1972)	20 July 1932	24 January 1935	2 years, 188 days	—
	Undersecretary Bruno Biagi [it] (1889–1947)	20 July 1932	24 January 1935	2 years, 188 days	—
	Undersecretary Ferruccio Lantini (1886–1959)	24 January 1935	11 June 1936	1 year, 139 days	Note
	Ferruccio Lantini (1886–1959)	11 June 1936	31 October 1939	3 years, 142 days	Note
	Renato Ricci (1896–1956)	31 October 1939	6 February 1943	3 years, 98 days	Note
	Carlo Tiengo (1882–1945)	6 February 1943	19 April 1943	72 days	—
	Tullio Cianetti (1899–1976)	19 April 1943	25 July 1943	97 days	Yes

Minister of Finance
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Alberto de' Stefani (1879–1969)	31 October 1922	10 July 1925	2 years, 252 days	Voted
	Giuseppe Volpi (1877–1947)	10 July 1925	9 July 1928	2 years, 365 days	—
	Antonio Mosconi (1866–1955)	9 July 1928	20 July 1932	4 years, 11 days	Note
	Guido Jung (1876–1949)	20 July 1932	17 January 1935	2 years, 181 days	—
	Paolo Thaon di Revel (1888–1973)	17 January 1935	6 February 1943	8 years, 20 days	Note
	Giacomo Acerbo (1888–1969)	6 February 1943	25 July 1943	169 days	Yes

Minister of Foreign Affairs
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Duce	31 October 1922	12 September 1929	6 years, 316 days	—
	Undersecretary Ernesto Vassallo [it] (1875–1940)	31 October 1922	27 April 1923	178 days	—
	Undersecretary Dino Grandi (1895–1988)	12 September 1929	20 July 1932	4 years, 121 days	Voted
	Dino Grandi (1895–1988)	12 September 1929	20 July 1932	2 years, 312 days	Voted
	Duce	20 July 1932	9 June 1936	3 years, 325 days	—
	Undersecretary Fulvio Suvich [it] (1887–1980)	20 July 1932	9 June 1936	3 years, 325 days	Note
	Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944)	9 June 1936	6 February 1943	6 years, 242 days	Voted
	Duce	6 February 1943	25 July 1943	169 days	—
	Undersecretary Giuseppe Bastianini (1889–1961)	6 February 1943	25 July 1943	169 days	Yes

Minister of the Interior
Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Duce	31 October 1922	17 June 1924	1 year, 230 days	—
	Undersecretary Aldo Finzi (1891–1944)	31 October 1922	17 June 1924	1 year, 230 days	—
	Luigi Federzoni (1878–1967)	17 June 1924	6 November 1926	2 years, 142 days	Voted
	Duce	6 November 1926	25 July 1943	16 years, 261 days	—
	Undersecretary Giacomo Suardo (1883–1947)	6 November 1926	13 March 1928	1 year, 128 days	Voted
	Undersecretary Michele Bianchi (1882–1930)	13 March 1928	12 September 1929	1 year, 183 days	—
	Undersecretary Leandro Arpinati (1892–1945)	12 September 1929	8 May 1933	3 years, 238 days	Note
	Undersecretary Guido Buffarini Guidi (1895–1945)	8 May 1933	6 February 1943	9 years, 274 days	Voted
	Undersecretary Umberto Albini (1895–1973)	6 February 1943	25 July 1943	169 days	Yes

Minister of Grace and Justice^[b]
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Aldo Oviglio (1873–1942)	31 October 1922	5 January 1925	2 years, 66 days	—
	Alfredo Rocco (1875–1935)	5 January 1925	20 July 1932	7 years, 197 days	—
	Pietro De Francisci (1883–1971)	20 July 1932	24 January 1935	2 years, 188 days	—
	Arrigo Solmi (1873–1944)	24 January 1935	12 July 1939	4 years, 169 days	Note
	Dino Grandi (1895–1988)	12 July 1939	5 February 1943	3 years, 208 days	Voted
	Alfredo De Marsico (1888–1985)	5 February 1943	25 July 1943	170 days	Yes

Minister of Popular Culture^[c]
Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (Born–Died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944)	23 June 1935	11 June 1936	354 days	Voted
	Dino Alfieri (1886–1966)	11 June 1936	31 October 1939	3 years, 142 days	Voted
	Alessandro Pavolini (1903–1945)	31 October 1939	6 February 1943	3 years, 98 days	Note
	Gaetano Polverelli (1886–1960)	6 February 1943	25 July 1943	169 days	No

Minister of National Education
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Balbino Giuliano (1879–1958)	12 September 1929	20 July 1932	2 years, 312 days	—
	Francesco Ercole (1884–1945)	20 July 1932	24 January 1935	2 years, 188 days	—
	Cesare Maria De Vecchi (1884–1959)	24 January 1935	15 November 1936	1 year, 296 days	Voted
	Giuseppe Bottai (1895–1959)	15 November 1936	5 February 1943	6 years, 82 days	Voted
	Carlo Alberto Biggini (1902–1945)	5 February 1943	25 July 1943	170 days	No

Royal Academy of Italy

[edit]

President of the Royal Academy
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Tommaso Tittoni (1855–1931)	14 December 1929	16 September 1930	276 days	—
	Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)	19 September 1930	20 July 1937	6 years, 304 days	Died in office
	Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938)	12 November 1937	1 March 1938	109 days	Died in office
	Luigi Federzoni (1878–1967)	21 April 1938	25 July 1943	5 years, 95 days	Yes

Special Court for the Defence of the State

[edit]

President of theSpecial Court for the Defence of the State
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Guido Cristini [it] (1895–1979)	27 July 1928	28 November 1932	4 years, 124 days	Note
	Antonino Tringali Casanuova (1888–1943)	28 November 1932	25 July 1943	10 years, 239 days	No

Secretary of the Party

[edit]

Main article:List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties

Secretary of theParty
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Michele Bianchi (1883–1930)	10 November 1921	13 October 1923	1 year, 337 days	—
	Francesco Giunta (1887–1971)	13 October 1923	23 April 1924	193 days	—
	Quadrumvirate^[d]	23 April 1924	15 February 1925	298 days	—
	Roberto Farinacci (1892–1945)	15 February 1925	30 March 1926	1 year, 43 days	—
	Augusto Turati (1888–1955)	30 March 1926	7 October 1930	4 years, 191 days	—
	Giovanni Giuriati (1876–1970)	7 October 1930	12 December 1931	1 year, 66 days	—
	Achille Starace (1889–1945)	12 December 1931	31 October 1939	7 years, 323 days	—
	Ettore Muti (1902–1943)	31 October 1939	30 October 1940	365 days	—
	Adelchi Serena (1895–1970)	30 October 1940	26 December 1941	1 year, 57 days	—
	Aldo Vidussoni (1914–1982)	26 December 1941	19 April 1943	1 year, 114 days	—
	Carlo Scorza (1897–1988)	19 April 1943	27 July 1943	99 days	No

Chief of Staff of the MVSN

[edit]

Chief of Staff of theMVSN
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Francesco Sacco [it] (1877–1958)	1 February 1923	1 December 1924	1 year, 304 days	—
	Enrico Bazan [it] (1864–1947)	1 December 1924	23 December 1928	4 years, 22 days	—
	Attilio Teruzzi (1882–1950)	2 January 1929	3 October 1935	6 years, 274 days	—
	Luigi Russo (1882–1964)	3 October 1935	3 November 1939	4 years, 31 days	—
	Achille Starace (1889–1945)	3 November 1939	16 May 1941	1 year, 194 days	—
	Enzo Galbiati (1897–1982)	25 May 1941	26 July 1943	2 years, 62 days	No

Officeholders who held appointments of a three-year duration

[edit]

President of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Giovanni Giuriati (1876–1970)	20 April 1929	19 January 1934	4 years, 274 days	—

Minister of Agriculture and Forests
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Edmondo Rossoni (1884–1965)	24 January 1935	31 October 1939	4 years, 280 days	Yes

Minister of Corporations
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Ferruccio Lantini (1886–1959)	11 June 1936	31 October 1939	3 years, 142 days	Resigned from Council
	Renato Ricci (1896–1956)	31 October 1939	6 February 1943	3 years, 98 days	—

Minister of Finance
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Alberto de' Stefani (1879–1969)	31 October 1922	10 July 1925	2 years, 252 days	Voted
	Antonio Mosconi (1866–1955)	9 July 1928	20 July 1932	4 years, 11 days	—
	Paolo Thaon di Revel (1888–1973)	17 January 1935	6 February 1943	8 years, 20 days	—

Minister of Foreign Affairs
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Undersecretary Fulvio Suvich [it] (1887–1980)	20 July 1932	9 June 1936	3 years, 325 days	—
	Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944)	9 June 1936	6 February 1943	6 years, 242 days	Yes

Minister of the Interior
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Undersecretary Leandro Arpinati (1892–1945)	12 September 1929	8 May 1933	3 years, 238 days	—
	Undersecretary Guido Buffarini Guidi (1895–1945)	8 May 1933	6 February 1943	9 years, 274 days	No

Minister of Grace and Justice
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Arrigo Solmi (1873–1944)	24 January 1935	12 July 1939	4 years, 169 days	—

Minister of Popular Culture
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Dino Alfieri (1886–1966)	11 June 1936	31 October 1939	3 years, 142 days	Yes
	Alessandro Pavolini (1903–1945)	31 October 1939	6 February 1943	3 years, 98 days	—

Minister of National Education
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Giuseppe Bottai (1895–1959)	15 November 1936	5 February 1943	6 years, 82 days	Yes

President of theSpecial Court for the Defence of the State
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Guido Cristini (1895–1979)	27 July 1928	28 November 1932	4 years, 124 days	—

Secretary of theParty
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Roberto Farinacci (1892–1945)	15 February 1925	30 March 1926	1 year, 43 days	No
	Augusto Turati (1888–1955)	30 March 1926	7 October 1930	4 years, 191 days	—
	Achille Starace (1889–1945)	12 December 1931	31 October 1939	7 years, 323 days	—

Chief of Staff of the MVSN
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Term of office			25 July 1943 Motion
Portrait	Name (born–died)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	25 July 1943 Motion
	Enrico Bazan [it] (1864–1947)	1 December 1924	23 December 1928	4 years, 22 days	—
	Attilio Teruzzi (1882–1950)	2 January 1929	3 October 1935	6 years, 274 days	—
	Luigi Russo (1882–1964)	3 October 1935	3 November 1939	4 years, 31 days	—

Notes

[edit]

^"Gran consiglio del fascismo".Enciclopedia on line (in Italian). Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani S.p.A. Retrieved23 August 2017.
^Shirer, William L. (1959).The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (2011 ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 997.ISBN 9781451642599. Retrieved23 August 2017.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^Bosworth, Richard J. B. (2010).Mussolini (New ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16.ISBN 9780340981733. Retrieved23 August 2017.
^De Grand, Alexander J. (2000).Italian Fascism: Its Origins & Development (Third ed.). Lincoln, NV: University of Nebraska Press. p. 136.ISBN 0803266227. Retrieved23 August 2017.

References

[edit]

^President of the Chamber of Deputies until 1939.
^Minister of Justice and Worship Affairs before 1932.
^Minister of Press and Propaganda before 1937.
^Consisted ofRoberto Forges Davanzati,Cesare Rossi,Giovanni Marinelli andAlessandro Melchiori [it].

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Asia	Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang
Northern / Northwestern Europe	Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance
Central Europe	Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend
Southern Europe	ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front
Eastern and Southeastern Europe	Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR
North America	Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico
Oceania	Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front
South America	Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement

People

Australia	Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam
Austria	Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg
Belgium	Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele
Croatia	Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy
Finland	Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen
France	Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial
Germany	Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel
Greece	Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos
India	Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee
Iran	Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash
Israel	Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin
Italy	Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi
Japan	Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa
Romania	Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima
Russia	Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky
Spain	Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer
Ukraine	Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko
United Kingdom	Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley
United States	Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey
Other	Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi

Works

Literature	1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders?
Periodicals	Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP
Film	L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will
Music	Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music
Other	Allach StoneToss
Related topics	Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema

History

1900s	Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust
1910s	Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
1920s	March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide
1930s	March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War
1940s	World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials

Lists
Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country (A-F G-M N-T U-Z) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties

Related topics
Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement