Granada's historical name in theArabic language wasغرناطة (Ġarnāṭa).[17][18][19][20] Both the name's meaning and origin are uncertain and have been debated.[21][22] The toponym definitely existed prior to theZirid period in the 11th century.[22] It probably first appeared in the 9th century[21] and it is found in Arabic sources from the 10th century.[23]
The wordGárnata (orKarnata) possibly meant "hill of strangers".[24]: 41 [25] Another meaning might be "hill of pilgrims".[21] It could even have been ofBerber origin.[23] Another theory is that it derived fromLatingranum (or its pluralgrana), meaning "seed", "beads", or a "scarlet color", which would have been adapted into Arabic asĠarnāṭa orIġranāṭa.[23] The Arab chroniclerAl-Maqqari believed that it came from the Latin word forpomegranate,granata.[21] In either case, the Latin word may have been used not in its primary sense, but in the more derived sense of "red", referring to the color of the area's soil and its buildings. This would also mirror the etymology of the name of theAlhambra.[22][23]
The region surrounding what today is Granada has been populated since at least 5500BC.[17] Archeological artifacts found in the city indicate that the site of the city, including the area around the present-day avenue ofGran Vía de Colón, was inhabited since theBronze Age. The most ancient ruins found in the area belong to anoppidum calledIlturir, founded by theIberianBastetani tribe around 650BC.[21] The name Elibyrge is also attested in reference to this area.[17] This settlement became later known asIliberri orIliberis.[17][26][21] In 44BCIliberis became aRoman colony and in 27BC it became a Romanmunicipium namedFlorentia Iliberritana ('Flourishing Iliberri').[21][26]
The identification of present-day Granada with the Roman-eraIliberis and the historical continuity between the two settlements has long been debated by scholars.[27][28][26] Modern archeological digs on theAlbaicín hill have uncovered finds demonstrating the presence of a significant Roman town on that site.[26] Little is known, however, about the history of the city in the period between the end of theRoman era and the 11th century.[26] An important Christiansynod circa 300 AD, theSynod of Elvira, took place near this area (the nameElvira being derived from the nameIliberri), but there is no concrete archeological or documentary evidence establishing the exact location of the meeting. It may have taken place in the former Roman town or it may have taken place somewhere in the surrounding region, which was known as Elvira.[26]
TheUmayyad conquest of Hispania, starting in 711AD, brought large parts of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control and establishedal-Andalus. The earliest Arabic historical sources mention that a town namedQashtīliya, later known asMadīnat Ilbīra (Elvira), was located on the southern slopes of the Sierra de Elvira mountains (near present-dayAtarfe) and became the most important settlement in the area.[28][26] A smaller settlement and fortress (ḥiṣn) namedĠarnāṭa (also transliterated asGharnāṭa) existed on the south side of the Darro River or on the site of the current Albaicín neighbourhood. The latter had a mainlyJewish population and thus was also known asGharnāṭat al-Yahūd ("Gharnāṭa of the Jews").[8][26] The district around the city was known asKūrat Ilbīra (roughly "Province of Elvira"). After 743 the town ofIlbīra was settled by soldiers from the region ofSyria who played a role in supportingAbd al-Rahman I, the founder of theEmirate of Córdoba and a newUmayyad dynasty.[8] In the late 9th century, during the reign ofAbdallah (r. 844–912), the city and its surrounding district were the site of conflict betweenmuwallads (Muslim converts) who were loyal to the central government and Arabs, led by Sawwār ibn Ḥamdūn, who resented them.[8][29]
At the beginning of the 11th century, the area became dominated by the Zirids, aSanhajaBerber group and offshoot of theZirids who ruled parts ofNorth Africa. This group became an important contingent in the army ofʿAbd al-Malik al-Muẓaffar, the prime minister of CaliphHisham II (r. 976–1009) and successor toIbn Abi ʿAmir al-Mansur (Almanzor) asde facto ruler of theCaliphate of Córdoba. For their service, the Zirids were granted control of the province of Elvira.[8] When the Caliphate collapsed after 1009 and theFitna (civil war) began, the Zirid leaderZawi ben Ziri established an independent kingdom for himself, theTaifa of Granada. Arab sources such asal-Idrisi consider him to be the founder of the city of Granada.[8] Hisgreat-grandnephew's surviving "memoirs," known as theTibyan – the only ones for the Spanish "Middle Ages" – provide considerable detail for this brief period.[30] BecauseMadīnat Ilbīra was situated on a low plain and, as a result, difficult to protect from attacks, the ruler decided to transfer his residence to the higher situated area ofĠarnāṭa. According to Arabic sourcesIlbīra was razed during the Fitna, afterwards it was not restored at its previous place and insteadĠarnāṭa, the former Jewish town, replaced it as the main city. In a short time this town was transformed into one of the most important cities ofal-Andalus.[17][19] Until the 11th century it had a mixed population of Christians, Muslims, and Jews.[13]
Puerta Monaita, one of the 11th-century Zirid gates in theAlbaicin
The Zirids built their citadel and palace, known as theal-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma ("Old Citadel"), on the hill now occupied by the Albaicín neighborhood.[8][13] It was connected to two smaller fortresses on the Sabika hill (site of the future Alhambra) and Mauror hill to the south.[13] The city around it grew during the 11th century to include the Albaicín, the Sabika, the Mauror, and a part of the surrounding plains. The city was fortified with walls encompassing an area of approximately 75hectares.[8] The northern part of these walls, near the Albaicin citadel, have survived to the present day, along with two of its gates:Bāb al-Unaydar (now calledPuerta Monaita in Spanish) andBāb al-Ziyāda (now known asArco de las Pesas orPuerta Nueva).[13][8] The city and its residences were supplied with water through an extensive network of undergroundcisterns and pipes.[8][31] On the Darro River, along the wall connecting the Zirid citadel with the Sabika hill, was asluice gate calledBāb al-Difāf ("Gate of the Tambourines"), which could be closed or opened to control the flow of the river and retain water if necessary.[b][32][33] The nearbyBañuelo, a formerhammam (bathhouse), also likely dates from this time, as does the formerminaret of amosque in the Albaicín, now part of the Church of San José.[13]
Under the Zirid kingsHabbus ibn Maksan andBadis, the most powerful figure was the Jewish administrator known asSamuel ha-Nagid (inHebrew) or Isma'il ibn Nagrilla (in Arabic). Samuel was a highly educated member of the former elites of Cordoba, who fled that city after the outbreak of the Fitna. He eventually found his way to Granada, where Habbus ibn Maksan appointed him his secretary in 1020 and entrusted him with many important responsibilities, including tax collection. Under Badis, he even took charge of the army.[34] During this period, the Muslim king was looked upon as a mainly symbolic figurehead. Granada was the center of Jewish Sephardi culture and scholarship. According to Daniel Eisenberg:
Granada was in the eleventh century the center of Sephardic civilization at its peak, and from 1027 until 1066 Granada was a powerful Jewish state. Jews did not hold the foreigner (dhimmi) status typical of Islamic rule. Samuel ibn Nagrilla, recognized by Sephardic Jews everywhere as the quasi-political ha-Nagid ('The Prince'), was king in all but name. As vizier he made policy and—much more unusual—led the army. [...] It is said that Samuel's strengthening and fortification of Granada was what permitted it, later, to survive as the last Islamic state in the Iberian peninsula. All of the greatest figures of eleventh-century Hispano-Jewish culture are associated with Granada.Moses Ibn Ezra was from Granada; on his invitationJudah ha-Levi spent several years there as his guest.Ibn Gabirol’s patrons and hosts were the Jewishviziers of Granada, Samuel ha-Nagid and his son Joseph.[35]
From the late 11th century to the early 13th century, Al-Andalus was dominated by two successive North African Berber empires. TheAlmoravids ruled Granada from 1090 and theAlmohads from 1166.[36] Granada also served as an administrative capital of Almoravid rule in al-Andalus.[37] Evidence from the artistic and archeological remains of this period suggest that the city thrived under the Almoravids but declined under the Almohads.[13] Remnants of the Almohad period in the city include theAlcázar Genil, built in 1218–1219 (but later redecorated under the Nasrids),[38] and possibly the former minaret attached to the present-day Church of San Juan de los Reyes in the Albaicin.[39][c]
Sigil of theNasrid dynasty located in the Palacio de Comares
In 1228Idris al-Ma'mun, the last effectiveAlmohad ruler in al-Andalus, left the Iberian Peninsula. As Almohad rule collapsed local leaders and factions emerged across the region. With theReconquista in full swing, the Christian kingdoms ofCastile andAragon – under kingsFerdinand III andJames I, respectively – made major conquests across al-Andalus. Castile capturedCordoba in 1236 andSeville in 1248. Meanwhile, the ambitiousIbn al-Ahmar (Muhammad I) established what became the last and longest reigningMuslim dynasty in the Iberian peninsula, theNasrids, who ruled theEmirate of Granada. On multiple occasions Ibn al-Ahmar aligned himself with Ferdinand III, eventually agreeing to become his vassal in 1246.[41] Granada thereafter became atributary state to the Kingdom of Castile, although this was often interrupted by wars between the two states.[42][8] The political history of the emirate was turbulent and intertwined with that of its neighbours. The Nasrids sometimes provided refuge or military aid to Castilian kings and noblemen, even against other Muslim states, while in turn the Castilians provided refuge and aid to some Nasrid emirs against other Nasrid rivals. On other occasions the Nasrids attempted to leverage the aid of the North AfricanMarinids to ward off Castile, although Marinid interventions in the Peninsula ended afterBattle of Rio Salado (1340).[42][43][8]
The population of the emirate was also swollen by Muslim refugees from the territories newly conquered by Castile and Aragon, resulting in a small yet densely populated territory which was more uniformly Muslim and Arabic-speaking than before.[44][45] The city itself expanded and new neighbourhoods grew around the Albaicín (named after refugees fromBaeza) and in Antequeruela (named after refugees fromAntequera after 1410).[44] A new set of walls was constructed further north during the 13th–14th centuries, withBab Ilbirah (present-dayPuerta de Elvira) as its western entrance.[8][13] A major Muslim cemetery existed outside this gate.[46] The city's heart was its Great Mosque (on the site of the present-dayGranada Cathedral) and the commercial district known as theqaysariyya (theAlcaicería).[8][13] Next to this was the only majormadrasa built in al-Andalus, theMadrasa al-Yusufiyya (known today as thePalacio de la Madraza), founded in 1349.[47][48] Other monuments from this era include theal-Funduq al-Jadida ("New Inn" orcaravanserai, now known as theCorral del Carbón), built in the early 14th century,[49] theMaristan (hospital), built in 1365–1367 and demolished in 1843,[50] and the main mosque of the Albaicín, dating from the 13th century.[d]
When Ibn Al-Ahmar established himself in the city he moved the royal palace from the old Zirid citadel on the Albaicín hill to the Sabika hill, beginning construction on what became the present Alhambra.[8][10] The Alhambra acted as a self-contained palace-city, with its own mosque, hammams, fortress, and residential quarters for workers and servants. The most celebrated palaces that survive today, such as theComares Palace and thePalace of the Lions, generally date from the reigns of YusufI (r. 1333–1354) and his son MuhammadV (r. 1354–1391, with interruptions).[47] Some smaller examples of Nasrid palace architecture in the city have survived in theCuarto Real de Santo Domingo (late 13th century) and theDar al-Horra (15th century).[52]
Map showing the Emirate of Granada by Ottoman cartographerPiri Reis
Partly due to the heavy tributary payments to Castile, Granada's economy specialized in the trade of high-value goods.[8] Integrated within the European mercantile network, the ports of the kingdom fostered intense trading relations with theGenoese, but also with the Catalans, and to a lesser extent, with the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Portuguese.[53] It provided connections with Muslim and Arab trade centers, particularly forgold fromsub-Saharan Africa and theMaghreb, and exportedsilk anddried fruits produced in the area.[44]
Despite its frontier position, Granada was also an important Islamic intellectual and cultural center, especially in the time of MuhammadV, with figures such asIbn Khaldun andIbn al-Khatib serving in the Nasrid court.[40][54]Ibn Battuta, a famous traveller and historian, visited the Emirate of Granada in 1350. He described it as a powerful and self-sufficient kingdom in its own right, although frequently embroiled in skirmishes with the Kingdom of Castile. In his journal, Ibn Battuta called Granada the "metropolis of Andalusia and the bride of its cities."[55]
The 1492 capitulation of the Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history. It brought the demise of the last Muslim-controlled polity in the Iberian Peninsula. The terms of the surrender, outlined in theTreaty of Granada at the end of 1491, explicitly allowed the Muslim inhabitants, known asmudéjares, to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs. This had been a traditional practice during Castilian (andAragonese) conquests of Muslim cities since the takeover ofToledo in the 11th century.[56] The terms of the surrender pressured Jewish inhabitants (then numbering 110 households[57]) to convert or leave within three years,[58] but this provision was quickly superseded by theAlhambra Decree, issued only a few months later on 31 March, which instead forced all Jews in Spain to convert or be expelled within four months.[59][60] Those who converted became known asconversos (converts). This move, along with the progressive erosion of other guarantees provided by the surrender treaty, raised tensions and fears within the remaining Muslim community during the 1490s.[61] Many of the city's affluent Muslims and its traditional ruling classes emigrated to North Africa in the early years after the conquest, but these early emigrants numbered only a few thousand, with the rest of the population unable to afford leaving.[59][e]
By 1499, CardinalFrancisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of the firstarchbishop of Granada,Hernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians and undertook a program of forcedbaptisms, creating theconverso class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new strategy, which was a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked theRebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) centered in the ruralAlpujarras region southeast of the city. The rebellion lasted until 1500 in Granada and continued until 1501 in the Alpujarras.[62] Responding to the rebellion of 1501, theCrown of Castile rescinded the Treaty of Granada,[63] and mandated that Granada's Muslims convert or emigrate. Many of the remaining Muslim elites subsequently emigrated to North Africa. The majority of the Granada'smudéjares converted (becoming the so-calledmoriscos or Moorish) so that they could stay. Both populations of converts were subject to persecution, execution, or exile, and each had cells that practiced their original religion in secrecy (the so-calledmarranos in the case of theconversos accused of the charge ofcrypto-Judaism).
16th-century view of the city, as depicted inGeorg Braun'sCivitates orbis terrarum
Over the course of the 16th century, Granada took on an ever more Catholic and Castilian character, as immigrants arrived from other regions of Castile, lured by the promise of economic opportunities in the newly conquered city.[64] At the time of the city's surrender in 1492 it had a population of 50,000 which included only a handful of Christians (mostly captives), but by 1561 (the year of the first royalcensus of the city) the population was composed of over 30,000 Christian immigrants and approximately 15,000moriscos.[64] After 1492 the city's first churches had been installed in some converted mosques.[f] The vast majority of the city's remaining mosques were subsequently converted into churches during and after the mass conversions of 1500.[65] In 1531,Charles V founded theUniversity of Granada on the site of the former madrasa built by Yusuf I.[21]
Granada's Town Council did not fully establish until almost nine years after the Castilian conquest,[66] upon the concession of the so-called 'Constitutive Charter' of the Ayuntamiento of Granada on 23 September 1500.[67] From then on, the municipal institution became a crucible for the "Old Christian" and the convertedmorisco elites, resulting in strong factionalism, particularly after 1508.[68] The new period also saw the creation of a number of other new institutions such as the Cathedral Cabildo, theCaptaincy–General [es], the Royal Chapel and theRoyal Chancellery.[69] For the rest of the 16th century the Granadan ruling oligarchy featured roughly a 40% of (Jewish)conversos and about a 31% ofhidalgos.[70] From the 1520s onward, the mosque structures themselves began to be replaced with new church buildings, a process which continued for most of the century.[71] In December 1568, during a period of renewed persecution againstmoriscos, theSecond Morisco Rebellion broke out in the Alpujarras.[72] Although the city'smorisco population played little role in the rebellion, KingPhilip II ordered the expulsion of the vast majority of themorisco population from theKingdom of Granada, with the exception of those artisans and professionals judged essential to the economy. The expelled population was redistributed to other cities throughout the Crown of Castile. Thefinal expulsion of allmoriscos from Castile and Aragon was carried out between 1609 and 1614.[73]
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Early 17th-century map of Granada
During the 17th century, despite the importance of immigration,[74] the population of the city stagnated at about 55,000, contrary to the trend of population increase experienced in the rural areas of theKingdom of Granada,[75] where the hammer of depopulation caused by the expulsion of themoriscos had taken a far greater toll in the previous century. The 17th-century demographic stagnation in the city and overall steady population increase in the wider kingdom went in line with the demographic disaster experienced throughout the century in the rest of the Crown of Castile.[76] The city was overshadowed in importance by other cities includingSeville and the capital,Madrid.[77]
Between 1810 and 1812 Granada was occupied byNapoleon's army during thePeninsular War.[77] The French troops occupied the Alhambra as a fortified position and caused significant damage to the monument. Upon evacuating the city, they attempted to dynamite the whole complex, successfully blowing up eight towers before the remaining fuses were disabled by Spanish soldier José Garcia, thus saving what remains today.[78] In 1830Washington Irving lived in Granada and wrote hisTales of the Alhambra, which revived some international interest in southern Spain and in its Islamic-era monuments.[79]
In the 1930s the tensions that eventually divided Spain were evident in Granada, with frequent riots and friction between landowners and peasants. When theSpanish Civil War broke out in 1936, Granada was one of the cities that joined theNationalist uprising.[80][81] There was local resistance against the Nationalists, particularly from the working classes in the Albaicín, which was violently repressed.[79] During the 1950s and 1960s, under theFranco regime, the province of Granada was one of the poorest areas in Spain.[79] In recent decades tourism has become a major industry in the city.[79]
A satellite view centered on Granada displayingSierra Nevada to the east and the rest of theVega of Granada, including a number of the municipalities part of the urban area of Granada to the west
The fertile soil of the Vega, apt for agriculture, is irrigated by the water streams originated inSierra Nevada, as well as minor secondary ranges, all drained by the catchment basin of theGenil River,[83] that cuts across the city centre following an east to west direction. TheMonachil, a left-bank tributary of the former, also passes through the city, discharging into the Genil to the west of the city centre.
Granada has ahot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) close to a coldsemi-arid climate (BSk). Summers are hot and dry with daily temperatures averaging 34 °C (93 °F) in the hottest month (July); however, temperatures reaching over 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon in the summer months. Winters are cool and damp, with most of the rainfall concentrated from November through to January. The coldest month is January with daytime temperatures hovering at 13 °C (55 °F) and dropping to around 1 °C (34 °F) during the night. Frost is common as temperatures usually reach below-freezing in the early morning. Snow is rare and occurs once every few years. Spring and autumn are unpredictable, with temperatures ranging from mild to warm. Early summer in 2017 confronted the city with two massive heat waves that broke long-standing record temperatures starting on 13 June 2017, with a new maximum high for the month at 40.6 °C (old record 40.0), which was topped three times within the span of four days at 40.9 °C on 14 June, 41.3 (15 June) and, eventually, 41.5 (17 June). The second extreme surge in temperatures followed roughly a month later when readings soared to 45.7 and 45.3 °C on 12 and 13 July, respectively, surpassing the old July record by almost 3 degrees.
Climate data for Granada(Granada Base Aérea, altitude 687 m; 2,254 ft)
As of 2024, the municipality of Granada has a population of 233,532, of which 46.2% are male and 53.8% are female. Since 1991, there has been a slight decrease in the population of Granada, in favor of smaller towns in the greater area.
As per the population pyramid:
People younger than 20 years old are 19% of the total population
32,135 people living in Granada are of foreign nationality, representing 13.8% of total population, a rate lower than the national average. Resident foreigners come mainly fromLatin America, with the top 5 most numerous being fromMorocco (6,476),Colombia (2,753),Argentina (1,829),Venezuela (1,749), andBolivia (1,681).[2]
In the municipality of Granada there are five urban areas: Granada city, Alquería del Fargue, Bobadilla, Cerrillo de Maracena and Lancha del Genil. Due to the expansion of Granada city, Cerrillo de Maracena has been integrated into it.[90]
Granada's metropolitan area consists of about fifty municipalities and the capital. Although it is not formally constituted as a political and administrative body, there are several public services that are combined. The arrival of many inhabitants of the capital and other towns in the province, influences a largepopulation growth. Despite the fact that the capital loses inhabitants, who move to neighboring towns. The main causes of the exodus towards the towns of the metropolitan area are, mainly, the difficulty of accessing a home in the capital because of the high prices it has and labor reasons, because in the towns of the periphery the majority are being located of industrial estates.
The city of Granada is the capital of the province of the same name, thus all administrative entities of provincial scope dependent on the regional government and the state are located there. There is a provincial delegation from each of the governmental departments to theJunta de Andalucía, coordinated by a government delegate under the Ministry of the Interior.The national government of Spain has asub-delegation in Granada, subordinate to the government delegate in the autonomous community.
The headquarters of the Superior Court of Justice of Andalusia,Ceuta andMelilla is in Granada, located in Plaza Nueva, in the building of the historicRoyal Chancery, as well as the Superior Prosecutor's Office of Andalusia, located in the building of the Bank of Spain. It has a Provincial Court, located in Corteza del Carmen Street, and is also head of the Judicial Party No. 3 of the province, whose demarcation includes the city and 49 towns, some of them very populated, in the metropolitan area region.
Most of the courts are located in two administrative buildings, in Plaza Nueva and Avenida del Sur. The set of judicial bodies is as follows:
Superior Court of Justice: President. Civil-Criminal Chamber. Contentious-Administrative Room. Social room.
Provincial Court: President. Criminal: 2; Civil: 3.
Its political administration is carried out through a City Council, of democratic management, whose components are chosen every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is composed of all residents registered in Granada over 18 years of age, ofSpanish nationality and of the other member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the General Electoral Regime Law, which establishes the number of eligible councilors according to the population of the municipality, the Municipal Corporation of Granada is made up of 27 councilors.
In the municipal elections held in 2019 the constitution of the City Council was eleven councilors belonging to thePopular Party, eight to the Socialist Party, four belonging to Citizens Party, three to Vamos, Granada and one to the United Left-Socialist Alternative-For the People.Luis Salvador, leader ofCitizens, became mayor with support from the PP and Vox.[91] Salvador resigned in 2021, having lost the support of the PP.[92] He was succeeded by the SocialistFrancisco Cuenca who had previously served as mayor from 2016-2019.[93] In the2023 Spanish local elections Cuenca was ousted byMarifrán Carazo of the PP. Carazo increased the PP's number of seats from 7 to 14, gaining her a slim majority and making her the first female mayor of the city.[94]
The municipality of Granada consists of eightdistricts whose population is distributed in the attached chart according to the 2009 census of the City of Granada. These districts formed a set of 36neighborhoods. All boundaries of districts and neighborhoods were modified in February 2013.
The municipal government team has organized the distribution of management responsibilities, structuring itself in the following service areas:Weddings and Palaces, Equal opportunities, Economy, Education, Communication office, Unified license management, Youth, Environment, Municipal Office of Consumer Information, Citizen Participation, Group of Civil Protection Volunteers, Local Police.
Realejo has been described as a Jewish district in the time of the Nasrid Granada.[95][96] Today, the district is made up of many villas, with gardens opening onto the streets, calledLos Cármenes.
This district contains the Carthusian monastery of the same name: Cartuja. This is an old monastery started in a late Gothic style with Baroque exuberant interior decorations. In this district also, many buildings were created with the extension of theUniversity of Granada.
The toponym derives from a gate (Bab al-Ramla, or theGate of the Ears) that was built when Granada was controlled by theNasrid dynasty. Nowadays, Bib-Rambla is a high point for gastronomy, especially in its terraces of restaurants, open on beautiful days. The Arabbazaar, theAlcaicería, is made up of several narrow streets, which start from this place and continue as far as the cathedral.
The Sacromonte neighborhood is located on the extension of the hill of Albaicín, along the Darro River. This area, which became famous by the nineteenth century for its predominantlyGitano inhabitants, is characterized by cave houses, which are dug into the hillside. The area has a reputation as a major center of flamenco song and dance, including theZambra Gitana, an Andalusian dance originating in the Middle East. The zone is a protected cultural environment under the auspices of theCentro de Interpretación del Sacromonte, a cultural center dedicated to the preservation of Gitano cultural forms.
This formerly blue collar but now upmarket neighborhood houses 100,000 residents of Granada, making it the largest neighborhood or 'barrio'. Traditionally populated byRomani people, now many residents are from North and West Africa, China, and many South American countries. Every Saturday morning it hosts a large outdoor market or "mercadillo", where many people come and sell their wares of fruits and vegetables, clothes and shoes, and other bits and bobs.
Granada produces agricultural products such as barley, wheat, sugarcane and tobacco. Besides these crops, olive trees as well as oranges, lemons, figs, almonds, and pomegranates are also commonly grown. For manufacturing, sugar refining is also made in the city.[97] Vineyards and wines are also a significant contributor to the city and region.[98] In 2020, Granada exported a total of $1.3 billion products.[99]
TheUniversity of Granada (UGR), founded in 1531 by the Holy Roman EmperorCharles V, meant the continuation of higher studies in La Madraza, when the city was the capital of the lastNasrid Kingdom. The university has become internationally recognised in many university fields: teaching, research, cultural and services to its members and its surroundings. It is therefore one of the destinations that receives more exchange students from the Erasmus Program13 and the fourth Spanish university in number of students, after the Complutense University of Madrid, and the University of Seville. The university has around 47,000 undergraduate students.[100]
In the city there are a total of 69 compulsory secondary education centers. Infant and primaryeducation is taught in 104 centers, distributed among private, concerted and public centers. There are also five adult education centers.
Its public health system is the exclusive competence of the autonomous community, which provides two types of attention: primary, which constitutes the first level of access to the system; and the specialized one. Health centers and offices constitute the offer of primary care, differing from each other in the level of care they provide.
Its hospital network is basically composed of public hospitals managed by the Andalusian Health Service and other smaller private management centers. This network covers the needs of the city and its Metropolitan Area. In total there are 2047 beds.
The Hospital of the Health Campus, was inaugurated completely in July 2016 and is the second largest in Spain – after La Paz Hospital – and is the reference center in the city for the areas of Allergology, Pathological Anatomy, Hematology, Internal Medicine, Mental Health, Pulmonology, Radiotherapy or Urology, among others; Orthopedic and Traumatological Surgery; Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine; Neurology, Neurosurgery, Neurophysiology, Maxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Dermatology, Ophthalmology, Otorhino, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Vascular Surgery.
The Virgen de las Nieves Regional Hospital (popularly known as Ruiz de Alda Hospital), is formed by a general hospital, a maternal and child hospital, all located in the same enclosure, and is maintained as a nerve center of Digestive, Respiratory, Oncology, Hematology and Transplants. It includes the San Juan de Dios Hospital, a peripheral center of specialties and a therapeutic unit for the mental illnesses.
The Hospital of San Rafael, has a hospitalization capacity of 190 beds and as a day hospital has 45 places of geriatrics and 15 of Alzheimer's. It is owned by the Hospital Order of San Juan de Dios. It is especially dedicated to the comprehensive care of the elderly, possessing a large number of analysis and rehabilitation services. The hospital activity is arranged with the Ministry of Health of the Junta de Andalucía.
La Inmaculada Clinic is a private hospital belonging to the ASISA insurance company born as a concerted hospital of the Spanish Health System in 1975. Through an agreement with the University of Granada, the center also participates in the training of students of the Faculty of Medicine.
Nuestra Señora de la Salud Clinic is a private hospital that has 71 rooms and belongs to the medical insurance company Adeslas. Serves insured private medical companies. It currently has a new location with a newly built site. It is very close to the Alhambra, near the Serrallo Tunnels, being its previous location on the Avenue of the Armed Forces (Granada).
The local primary care network currently consists of eight health centers distributed by the different districts of the city and are the following: Zaidín Sur, Zaidín Centro-Este, Realejo, Las Flores, La Caleta, Góngora, Doctores, Cartuja and Albaycín.
Article 42 of the General Health Law provides that municipalities, without prejudice to the powers of other public administrations, will have the following minimum responsibilities in matters related to health.
Sanitary control of the environment: air pollution, water supply, sewage sanitation and urban and industrial waste.
Sanitary control of industries, activities and services, transport, noise and vibration.
Sanitary control of buildings and places of housing and human coexistence, especially of food centers, hairdressers, saunas and centers of personal hygiene, hotels and residential centers, schools, tourist camps and areas of physical activity sports and recreation.
Sanitary control of the distribution and supply of perishable food, beverages and other products, directly or indirectly related to human use or consumption, as well as the means of transport.
Sanitary control of cemeteries and mortuary health police.
The coordination between the state security forces (National Police,Civil Guard,Local Police and Autonomous Police) and the City of Granada is carried out by the local Citizen Security Board. This body allows for proper communication of the security forces in matters of security within its competence, the prevention of crime, road safety and proper procedure.
The daily citizen security is in charge of the state and local security forces and bodies (Spain) according to the powers that each estate has, trying to act in a coordinated and collaborative way in the prosecution and resolution of all types of crimes.
The City of Granada has the Social Services Area to provide the necessary help and advice that the most disadvantaged and needy groups and people may need. For this reason, the Social Welfare Delegation of the City of Granada has several municipal community social services centers, one for each local district, coordinated by Los Mondragones Municipal Administration located on the Fuerzas Armadas Avenue. In its internal organization the services provided are organized around each municipal center and therefore of each municipal district but also around groups.
The nearest civil airport isFederico García Lorca Airport, about 15 km (9 mi) west of Granada. TheArmilla Air Base [es] was the first civil airport serving the city and its surroundings but it was replaced by the former airport in the 1970s and repurposed for military uses.
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Granada, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 42 min. 9% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2.7 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[103]
Muqarnas ceiling in the Palace of the Lions, one of the Nasrid palaces
The Alhambra is a fortified palace complex located on the Sabika hill, an outcrop of the Sierra Nevada which overlooks the city of Granada. It is one of the most famous monuments ofIslamic architecture and one of the best-preserved palaces of the historicIslamic world, in addition to containing notable examples of SpanishRenaissance architecture.[104][10][105] It is one of Spain's major tourist attractions and aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site since 1984.[104]
The complex was begun in 1238 by MuhammadI Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir, on the site of earlier fortresses and of the 11th-century palace of vizier Samuel ibn Naghrillah.[105][8][13] Later Nasrid rulers continuously modified the site, most notably during the reigns of YusufI and MuhammadV in the 14th century.[106][107] During this era, the Alhambra was a self-contained city separate from the rest of Granada below.[106] It contained most of the amenities of a Muslim city such as aFriday mosque,hammams (public baths), roads, houses, artisan workshops, atannery, and a sophisticated water supply system.[108][109] As a royal city and citadel, it contained at least six major palaces, most of them located along the northern edge where they commanded views over theAlbaicín quarter.[106] The most famous and best-preserved are theMexuar, the Comares Palace, the Palace of the Lions, and thePartal Palace, which form the main attraction to visitors today. The other palaces are known from historical sources and from modern excavations.[110][111] At the Alhambra's western tip is theAlcazaba fortress, the centerpiece of its defensive system. The architecture of the Nasrid palaces reflects the tradition ofMoorish architecture developed over previous centuries.[112][111] Decoration is focused on the inside of the building and was executed primarily withtile mosaics on lower walls and carvedstucco on the upper walls.Geometric patterns,vegetal motifs, andArabic calligraphy were the main types of decorative motifs. Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known asmuqarnas, was used for three-dimensional features likevaulted ceilings.[110][113]
After the conclusion of theReconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (whereChristopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered. In 1526,Charles V commissioned a new Renaissance-style palace, now known as thePalace of Charles V, in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid palaces, but it was left uncompleted in the early 17th century.[114] Other notable Renaissance additions from the reign of CharlesV include the Emperor's Chambers and thePeinador de la Reina ('Queen's Robing Room'), which are connected to the former Nasrid Palaces.[115]
In the 18th century the Alhambra fell into severe neglect and parts of it were demolished by French troops in 1812.[116] Through the course of the 19th century, the Alhambra was "rediscovered" by British, American, and other EuropeanRomantic travelers and intellectuals. The most influential of them wasWashington Irving, whoseTales of the Alhambra (1832) brought international attention to the site.[117] The Alhambra became one of the first Islamic monuments to become the object of modern scientific study and has been the subject of numerous restorations since the 19th century, a process which continues today.[118][119]
Panoramic view of theAlhambra with Sierra Nevada in the background
TheGeneralife is a Nasrid-era country estate or summer palace located just east of the Alhambra, on a sloping site above it. It was first built byMuhammad II andMuhammad III in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.[120][121] This palace features several rectangular garden courtyards with decorated pavilions at either end and it was originally linked to the Alhambra by a walled corridor that crosses the valley between the two. It underwent modifications and redecoration under multiple later Nasrid rulers.[122]
The Generalife also underwent major alterations by Christian Spanish builders in the 16th century, which imparted Renaissance elements on the palace.[122] In the 20th century a large area of modern landscaped gardens, known as theJardines Nuevos ('New Gardens'), were added to the south of the Nasrid palace and form the main approach to it today. These date in large part to the work ofLeopoldo Torres Balbás and Francisco Prieto Moreno, between 1931 and 1951, who incorporated bothItalian and Moorish influences in their design.[122][123] An open-air auditorium was also added in 1952.[122] Along with the Alhambra, the Generalife is a major tourist attraction and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.[104]
The church was conceived on the model of theCathedral of Toledo, for what initially was aGothic architectural project, as was customary in Spain in the early decades of the 16th century. However, Egas was relieved by the Catholic hierarchy in 1529, and the continuation of the work was assigned toDiego Siloe, who built upon the example of his predecessor, but changed the approach towards a fully Renaissance aesthetic.[124]
The architect drew new Renaissance lines for the whole building over the gothic foundations, with an ambulatory and five naves instead of the usual three. Over time, the bishopric continued to commission new architectural projects of importance, such as the redesign of the main façade, undertaken in 1664 byAlonso Cano (1601–1667) to introduce Baroque elements. In 1706 Francisco de Hurtado Izquierdo and later his collaborator José Bada built the current tabernacle of the cathedral.
Highlights of the church's components include the mainchapel, where may be found the praying statues of theCatholic Monarchs, which consists of a series ofCorinthian columns with theentablature resting on theircapitals, and thevault over all. The spaces of the walls between the columns are perforated by a series of windows. The design of thetabernacle of 1706 preserves the classic proportions of the church, with its multiple columns crossing the forms of Diego de Siloé.[125]
TheCatholic Monarchs chose the city of Granada as their burial site by a royal decree dated 13 September 1504. The Royal Chapel of Granada, built over the former terrace of the Great Mosque, ranks with other important Granadan buildings such as the Lonja and the Catedral e Iglesia del Sagrario. In it are buried theCatholic Monarchs, their daughterJoanna of Castile (Juana la Loca) and her husbandFelipe I (Felipe el Hermoso). Construction of the Chapel started in 1505, directed by its designer, Enrique Egas. Built in several stages, the continuing evolution of its design joinedGothic construction and decoration with Renaissance ideals, as seen in the tombs and the 17th and 18th century Granadan art in the Chapel of Santa Cruz. Over the years the church acquired a treasury of works of art, liturgical objects andrelics.
The Royal Chapel was declared aHistoric Artistic Monument on 19 May 1884, taking consideration of BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural) status in the current legislation of Spanish Historical Heritage (Law 16/1985 of 25 June). The most important parts of the chapel are its mainretable, grid andvault. In the Sacristy-Museum is the legacy of the Catholic Monarchs. Its art gallery is highlighted by works of the Flemish, Italian and Spanish schools.[126]
Hans Memling – Diptych of Granada, left wing:Acceptance of the Cross, h. 1475
The historic neighbourhood, located on the hillsides north of the Alhambra, still retains much of its medieval street plan dating back to the Nasrid period, although it has undergone physical and demographic changes since then.[127] Archeological evidence indicates that Iberians inhabited the main hill of the present-day Albaicin towards the 7th centuryBC and that a significant town was located here during the Roman period.[128][26] During the early Islamic period, up to the 10th century, the location hosted only the small settlement ofGharnāṭa (Granada), until in the 11th century the creation of the Zirid Taifa kingdom transformed the location into one of the most important cities in Al-Andalus.[26][28][128] During this period, the city's main citadel and palace, theal-Qaṣaba al-Qadīma ("Old Citadel"), was located on the top of this hill.[8][13] During the Nasrid period, the citadel was moved to the Alhambra and the old district became known asal-Bayyāzīn (Arabic:ٱلْبَيّازِينْ), from which its present name derives.[44][129][130] Among the various Nasrid-period houses and other structures, one notable establishment was the Maristan, a type of historic hospital (bimaristan) which also took care of the mentally ill.[50][131]
Through the course of the 16th century, after the surrender of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492, the district underwent some of the some changes that occurred throughout the city. Mosques were replaced with new parish churches, particularly after 1501.[132][9] These new churches were often built in a mix ofMudéjar and Renaissance styles, such as the Church of Santa Ana, the Church of San Cristóbal, and the Church of San Miguel Bajo, among others.[133][134][135] Some, like the churches ofSan Salvador, San José, and San Juan de los Reyes, preserve parts of former mosques.[31][13] New civic institutions were also built in this area, such as theRoyal Chancellery (Real Chancillería), which overlooks Plaza Nueva, a wide public square expanded during the 16th century.[136]
During the 16th century most of the city'smorisco population was concentrated in the Albaicín, but after the 1568 rebellion and their subsequent expulsion, the district was depopulated.[137][138] As a result, many of the remaining Christian residents expanded their residences to formcarmens, traditional semi-rural houses with gardens or orchards, many examples of which survive today. Some of these houses and mansions, such as Casa de Zafra and the Dar al-Horra, date back to the Nasrid period.[137] In 1994 the UNESCO World Heritage Site encompassing the Alhambra was extended to incorporate the Albaicín as well.[138][104] In addition to its historic houses and mansions, churches, and the Royal Chancellery, the district also preserves sections of the 11th-century Zirid city walls (part of the former Zirid citadel), the 14th-century Nasrid walls, the Bañuelo (a former Islamic-era bathhouse), and numerous cisterns from the Islamic period that were part of a water supply system providing water to most of the city's houses.[21][31][139]
The Sacromonte neighbourhood is located on the Valparaíso hill, one of several hills that make up Granada. This neighborhood is known as the old neighbourhood of theRomani, who settled in Granada after the conquest of the city. It is one of the most picturesque neighborhoods, full of whitewashed caves cut into the rock and used as residences. The sound of strumming guitars may still be heard there in the performance of flamencocantes andquejíos, so that over time it has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in Granada.
At the top of this hill is the Abbey of Sacromonte and the College of Sacromonte, founded in the 17th century by the then Archbishop of GranadaPedro de Castro. The Abbey of Sacromonte was built to monitor and guard the alleged relics of the evangelists of Baetica. Those are of questionable authenticity, but since their finding the area has been a religious pilgrimage destination.[140]
The abbey complex consists of the catacombs, the abbey (17th–18th centuries), the Colegio Viejo de San Dionisio Areopagita (17th century) and the Colegio Nuevo (19th century). The interior of the church is simple and small but has numerous excellent works of art, which accentuate the size and rich carving of theCrucificado de Risueño, an object of devotion for the Romani people, who sing and dance in the procession of Holy Week. The facilities also include a museum, which houses the works acquired by the Foundation.[141]
The Charterhouse of Granada is a monastery of cloistered monks, located in what was a farm or Muslim almunia calledAynadamar ("fountain of tears") that had an abundance of water and fruit trees. The initiative to build the monastery in that place was begun byGonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, known asEl Gran Capitán. The charterhouse was founded in 1506; construction started ten years later, and continued for the following 300 years.
The street entrance to the complex is an ornate arch ofPlateresque style. Through it one reaches a large courtyard, at the end which is a wide staircase leading to the entrance of the church. The church, of early 16th century style and plan, has three entrances, one for the faithful and the other two for monks and clergy. Its plan has a singlenave divided into four sections, highlighting theretables ofJuan Sánchez Cotán and thechancel's glass doors, adorned withmother-of-pearl,silver, rare woods, andivory. Thepresbytery is covered byellipticalvaulting. The main altar, between the chancel arch and thechurch tabernacle, is gilded wood.
The church'stabernacle and sancta sanctorum are considered a masterpiece ofBaroque Spanish art in its blend of architecture, painting and sculpture. The dome that covers this area is decorated with frescoes by the Córdoba artistAntonio Palomino (18th century) representing the triumph of the Church Militant, faith, and religious life.
The courtyard, with galleries of arches onDoric order columns opening on it, is centered by a fountain. The Chapter House of Legos is the oldest building of the monastery (1517). It is rectangular and covered with groin vaulting.[143]
The new mosque was inaugurated in 2003 on the summit of the neighborhood of Albayzin. The mosque was built near the Church of San Salvador and the Church of San Nicolás. The Church of San Salvador was built on the site of the Great Mosque of Albayzin. The Society for the Return of Islam in Spain purchased the site in 1981, but it took many years for the plans to be approved. The mosque's initial funding was supplied byShaykh 'Abdalqadir as-Sufi al-Murabit who envisioned providing Granada's new Spanish Muslim community with a mosque. Additional funding came from Malaysia, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates. In 1991 the CIE (Comunidad Islámica en España) hired the architect Renato Ramirez Sanchez to design the mosque. In the 1990s, there was a heated debate pertaining to the design of the minaret. Construction eventually began in 2001. The mosque now serves about 500 people.[144]
ThePalace of the Marqués de Salar was built in one of the most emblematic streets of Granada, theCarrera del Darro, at number 5. This place is an architectural example of the classical Granada during theRenaissance transformation of the XVIth century. It was built by the Marqués de Salar, great-grandson of both Hernán Pérez del Pulgar (known by the name ofEl de la Hazañas [The One of the Valiant Deeds]) andGonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (El Gran Capitán [The Great Captain]), Captain-General of the Castilian-Aragonese forces that concluded the Reconquest of the peninsula. The palace is now the museum of perfumes El Patio de los Perfumes, with 1,500 square metres (16,000 sq ft) of floor space on two floors and 130 square metres (1,400 sq ft) of patio to relax surrounded by flowers and perfumes.
Thegastronomy of Granada is part of the Arabic-Andalusian cuisine tradition, with a strong Arab and Jewish heritage, which is reflected in its condiments and spices, such ascumin,coriander,nutmeg, cinnamon, raisins, almonds or honey. The writer Miguel Alcobendas, author of thetraditional cuisine of Granada, says that it has its origin in living together, from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century (when Granada surrendered to theCatholic Monarchs), of Muslims, Jews and Christians in theNasrid Kingdom from Granada. Subsequently, there was a miscegenation with the kitchen of the Christians, in which the pork acquired an importance in the kitchen of Granada more than in the rest of Spain, since its consumption allowed its eaters to demonstrate a certain distance from the persecuted religions, sinceboth Muslims and Jews have it banned.
The climatic differences of the different regions of the province, from the coast to the peaks of theSierra Nevada propitiates a great variety of raw materials: vegetables, meats and sausages, and fish that are combined in a multitude of dishes and recipes for soups and stews.
The famous and reputed Trevélez ham comes from the Sierra of Granada, to which other pork derivatives are added, sausages such aschorizo,black pudding and pork tenderloin.
Ham and beans, two products of the land, are combined in one of its most typical dishes, beans with ham; Other known dishes are the Sacromonte tortilla, which among other ingredients must have cooked brains and veal crustaillas, chopped and sauteed before mixing with the egg. It is also worth mentioning "papas a lo pobre", potatoes which are usually served with egg and fried peppers, as well as with pieces of pork or ham.
Among the stews and potajes, the pot of San Antón stands out, which is eaten mainly towards the second half of January; cabbage stew, which combines vegetables and legumes; the stew of green beans and fennel; The thistle and pumpkin casserole, with noodles and aromatic herbs, or gypsy pottery are other dishes of the land.
Confectionery is well represented in the gastronomy of Granada, for sweets prepared by the nuns can be purchased in the numerous convents of the city: thepestiños of Vélez or those of theEncarnación, thepuff pastries of San Jerónimo, the ovos moles of San Antón, the Zafra biscuit, sweet potato rolls,cocas,roscos from Santo Tomas andmantecados. Aljojábanas, honey and cheese dumplings and some of the fritters calledalmohados, as well as fig bread, Moorishroscos and an almond cake calledsoyá are all of Arabic heritage.
Unlike in other provinces of Andalusia, in Granadatapas (appetizers or snacks) are usually free in bars and restaurants. "Bar hopping" (Ir de tapas) and eating tapas in the time between finishing work and having dinner is a deeply rooted traditional activity among the people of Granada. There are different tapas routes around the city.
In Granada there is a wide program of leisure and entertainment, which covers a large number of fields, available to both visitors and citizens themselves. Of the leisure activities carried out, the following can be highlighted:
The zambras of Sacromonte. Old bridal parties held by the gypsies of the city, and that disappeared for years before their current vindication. They develop in the caves of the Sacromonte neighborhood and have a unique character in the world of flamenco. There are also more classic flamenco shows in the Albaicín. These flamenco shows, usually linked to restaurants, are one of the city's cultural attractions.
Festivals. Granada has a very complete range of events: International Music and Dance Festival, International Jazz Festival, Granada Festival South Cinemas and International Tango Festival, among others.
Concerts. Throughout the year there is a stable program of concerts in the Manuel de Falla Auditorium and theater and opera performances in the Congress Palace.
Parties. Throughout the year several parties are held on significant dates for religious, civil or cultural reasons.
^The gate is known today as thePuente del Cadí ("Bridge of theQadi") or thePuerta de los Tableros ("Gate of the Boards"), and all that remains of it is one of its hexagonal towers with fragments of its largehorseshoe archway.[32][13]
^This minaret is attributed to the 13th century by most sources,[40][13] but at least some sources, such as theGrove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, attribute it to the Nasrid period of this century.[13]
^This mosque was converted in 1499 into the Church of San Salvador. Only the mosque'ssahn (courtyard) is preserved in the present-day building.[13][51]
^Boabdil, for example, exiled fromAdra toCazaza to establish inFes.
^One early example is the conversion of the "Almoravid Mosque" (Masjid al-Murabitun) into the Church of San José in 1494, with the mosque's former minaret preserved today as the church's bell tower.[51]
^abcdefghijklmnopM. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Granada".The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0195309911.
^abcHarvey, L. Patrick (2017) [2003]."Granada, City of". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.).Routledge Revivals: Medieval Iberia (2003): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 369.ISBN978-1-351-66578-0.
^García-Arenal, Mercedes (2014). Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill.ISSN1873-9830.During the Roman period, there was a township named Iliberris on the slopes of the Sierra de Elvira, where archaeological remains of Roman, Visigothic, and Arab origin have been found. The existence of a Roman settlement in the same place as Granada—or rather, the identification of Granada with Iliberis—has been a bone of contention among historians of Granada since the 10th century. In the era of the so-called Christian "reconquest" of southern Spain, the notion of such continuity allowed the conquerors to speak of a "restoration" of Christianity in Granada. Some experts argue strongly for continuity between the Roman city and Granada, as against the possibility (supported by the Arabic sources) that Granada was, in fact, a Muslim foundation: archaeological evidence has not been decisive either way.
^abcCarvajal López, José C. (2020)."Material culture". In Fierro, Maribel (ed.).The Routledge Handbook of Muslim Iberia. Routledge. pp. 490, 505 (see note 18).ISBN978-1-317-23354-1.The location of the town of Ilbīra was a burning issue in Granada since the 16th century. The Catholic propaganda after 1492 pushed the identification of Ilbīra with Granada, and also with the Roman municipium Illiberis, where the first Church Council of Iberia took place in the early 4th century. If Granada was indeed Illiberis, the town was associated with one important early Christian centre and the right of the kings of Spain to take it over was providentially justified. However, there were enough mentions in the written sources, not only in Arabic, and even material evidence that suggested that Ilbīra, the first Islamic capital, was located near the village of Atarfe, about 15 kilometres north-west of Granada. The similarity in names suggested that Illiberis had been in Ilbīra and that Granada was a town founded by Muslims, ideas which implicitly supported the notion that Islam was an integral part of Spain rather than merely an enemy against which the nation had been built. After a debate four centuries long, M. Gómez Moreno compiled cases of the material evidence collected around the area of Atarfe by spoilers and even undertook an excavation in 1872 in which he found the mosque of the town, finally proving without any doubt that Ilbīra was located there. [p. 490] (...) See Gómez Moreno, Medina Elvira for the description of the debate and of the different interventions. It is interesting to note that this solves the question of the location of Ilbīra, but not of Illiberis, at least in the time of the Council. Excavations in Granada have uncovered strong evidence that suggests that the Iberian and Roman towns of the same name were located there (e.g. Sotomayor Muro, "¿Donde estuvo Iliberri?"). It seems that at some point in late Antiquity, possibly before the Islamic conquest, the town of Illiberis was moved to the location where it later became Madīna Ilbīrah (e.g. Adroher et al., "Discusión", pp. 202–206). To a certain extent, the debate still continues. [p. 505, note 18]
^abcBush, Olga (2013). "Granada art and architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill.ISBN9789004161658.
^Eisenberg, Daniel (1990)."Judaism, Sephardic". In Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.).Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. Garland. pp. 644–648.ISBN0824065441.Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved2018-04-02.
^Franco, Ángela."Madrasa Palace".Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved26 November 2020.
^Capitan-Vallvey, L.F.; Manzano, E.; Medina Florez, V.J. (1994). "A Study of the Materials in the Mural Paintings at the 'Corral del Carbon' in Granada, Spain".Studies in Conservation.39 (2):87–99.
^O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014).The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 244.ISBN978-0812245875.
^Menor Toribio (1997). "Transformaciones recientes en la organización territorial de la Vega de Granada: del espacio agrario tradicional a la aglomeración urbana actual".Estudios Regionales (48):190–191.ISSN0213-7585.
^Hussain, Farhat A (2014)."The Gardens of the Alhambra". In Harney, Marion (ed.).Gardens and Landscapes in Historic Building Conservation. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 421–429.ISBN9781118508145.
^Jerez Mir, Carlos:Architecture guide of Granada, Ministry of Culture of Andalusia, pág. 59,ISBN84-921824-0-7
^Fromherz, Allen (2021). "The Berber Empires in Granada (6th–7th/12th–13th Centuries). Revolution or Continuity?". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).A Companion to Islamic Granada. Brill. p. 113.ISBN978-90-04-42581-1.
^Perez, Jesus; Girón-Irueste, Fernando; Gurpegui, Manuel; Baldessarini, Ross; de Leon, Jose (2013). "The Lions of Granada Maristan".American Journal of Psychiatry.170 (2):152–153.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12081066.PMID23377635.
Harvey, L.P. (1990).Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. University of Chigaco Press.ISBN0226319628.
Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012)."Granada".Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-539536-5. Retrieved5 November 2014.
Kennedy, Hugh (1996).Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus. Routledge.ISBN9781317870418.
López, Jesús Bermúdez (2011).The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide. TF Editores.ISBN9788492441129.
Viguera-Molíns, María Jesús (2021). "Sources and Historiography. Searching for the City's Textual Foundations". In Boloix-Gallardo, Bárbara (ed.).A Companion to Islamic Granada. Brill. pp. 19–37.ISBN978-90-04-42581-1.
Cortés Peña, Antonio Luis and Bernard Vincent.Historia de Granada. 4 vols. Granada: Editorial Don Quijote, 1983.
Historia del reino de Granada. 3 vols. Granada: Universidad de Granada, Legado Andalusí, 2000.
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