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Gracilaria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of seaweeds
This article is about the genus of red algae. For the genus of moths, seeGracillaria.

Gracilaria
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Clade:Archaeplastida
Division:Rhodophyta
Class:Florideophyceae
Order:Gracilariales
Family:Gracilariaceae
Genus:Gracilaria
Greville, 1830
Species

see text

Gracilaria, also known asIrish moss orogonori,[1] is a genus ofred algae in the familyGracilariaceae. It is notable for its economic importance as anagarophyte meaning that it is used to makeagar, as well as its use as a food for humans and various species of shellfish. Various species in the genus are cultivated amongAsia,South America,Africa andOceania. They produce over 90% of the world's agar.[1]

Taxonomy

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Gracilaria contains the following subtaxa:[2]

Distribution

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Gracilaria are found in warm waters throughout the world, though they also occur seasonally in temperate waters. It can not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F).[clarification needed]Gracilaria are found in all oceans except theArctic. Their center of diversity is theWestern Pacific, where they have been traditionally cultivated as a source ofagar.[3][4]

Use

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Ogonori
Kkosiraegi-muchim (seasoned gracilaria)

Gracilaria is used as a food inFilipino,Hawaiian,Japanese,Korean andSri Lankan cuisines.[5][6] In Japanese cuisine, it is calledogonori orogo, and used to maketokoroten. In thePhilippines, it is calledgulaman and used to make agelatin substitute.[7] InJamaica, it is known asIrish moss.[8] In Korea, it is known askkosiraegi.

Gracilariaoligosaccharides withdegree of polymerization 6 prepared byagarase digestion from agar-bearingGracilaria sp.polysaccharides have been shown to be an effective prophylactic agent duringin vitro andin vivo experiments againstJapanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides fromGracilaria sp. seem to be promising candidates for further development as antiviral agents.[9]

In thePhilippines,Gracilaria have been harvested and used as food for centuries, eaten both fresh or sun-dried and turned into jellies. The earliest historical attestation is from theVocabulario de la lengua tagala (1754) by theJesuit priests Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar, wheregolaman orgulaman was defined as"una yerva, de que se haze conserva a modo de Halea, naze en la mar" ("an herb, from which a jam-like preserve is made, grows in the sea"), with an additional entry forguinolaman to refer to food made with the jelly.[10][11]

In Japan,Gracilaria has been used to producefunori (府海苔), an agar-based glue, since the 17th century.[12]

In Sri Lanka,Gracilaria has been used to make a seaweed soup that also incorporates coconut cream and lime.[6] It is also used to create seaweed jelly, a local sweetmeat in thePuttalam District of northwestern Sri Lanka.[6]

Irish moss has long been used as a clarifying agent during the brewing of beer, especially among home brewers, as an alternative to mechanical filtering.[13]

Gracilaria tikvahiae has been used as a model species to determine how well seaweed could be used as aresilient food in sun-blocking scenarios likenuclear winter.[14]

Aquarium trade

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Gracilaria commonly appears as a macroalgae for sale in the aquarium trade. It is highly palatable totangs[15] and many other herbivorous fish, and its nutrient uptake ability makes it a suitable choice for arefugium.[citation needed]

Ecology

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Gracilaria are susceptible to infection by theparasitic oomycetePythium porphyrae.[16] Reproduction byGracilaria gracilis is supported byIdotea balthica – the first known case of an animal helping algae reproduce.[17][18]

References

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  1. ^ab"Gracilaria spp".Seaweed Insights. Hatch Innovation Services. Retrieved24 April 2024.
  2. ^M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 17 September 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=14 ; searched on 03 August 2022
  3. ^McLachlan, J.; Bird, C.J. (1984)."Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Gracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature"(PDF).Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen.38 (3–4):319–334.Bibcode:1984HM.....38..319M.doi:10.1007/BF02027684.S2CID 20852797.
  4. ^de Oliveira, E.C.; Plastino, E.M. (1994). "Gracilariaceae". In Akatsuka, Isamu (ed.).Biology of Economic Algae. SPB Academic Publishing.ISBN 9789051030938.
  5. ^Kyaw, Aye,The Production ofGracilaria eduli in Burma, Report of the Training Course on Gracilaria Algae, Manila, Philippines, 1–30 April 1981, accessed 27 April 2013
  6. ^abcSubasinghe, S; Jayasuriya, A (1990).Gracilaria Production and Utilization in the Bay of Bengal: Report of a Seminar Held in Songkhla, Thailand, 23-27 October 1989. Bay of Bengal Programme for Fisheries Development, 1990. p. 72.
  7. ^Davidson, Alan (2004).Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes.Ten Speed Press. p. 197.ISBN 978-1-58008-452-9.
  8. ^Thomas J. Goreau; Robert Kent Trench (2013).Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration. CRC Press. pp. 193–.ISBN 978-1-4665-5773-4. Retrieved30 June 2013.
  9. ^Kazłowski B, Chiu YH, Kazłowska K, Pan CL, Wu CJ (August 2012). "Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides fromGracilaria sp. andMonostroma nitidum".Food Chem.133 (3):866–74.doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106.
  10. ^Albert H. Wells (1916). "Possibilities of Gulaman Dagat as a Substitute for Gelatin in Food".The Philippine Journal of Science.11:267–271.
  11. ^de Noceda, Juan; de Sanlucar, Pedro (1754).Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala. Imprenta de la compañia de Jesus. pp. 101, 215.
  12. ^Swider, Joseph R.; Smith, Martha (2005)."Funori: Overview of a 300-Year-Old Consolidant".Journal of the American Institute for Conservation.44 (2):117–126.doi:10.1179/019713605806082329.S2CID 191358224. Retrieved9 April 2022.
  13. ^"Take the Luck out of Clear Beer with Irish Moss". Retrieved28 Nov 2024.
  14. ^Jehn, Florian Ulrich; Dingal, Farrah Jasmine; Mill, Aron; Harrison, Cheryl; Ilin, Ekaterina; Roleda, Michael Y.; James, Scott C.; Denkenberger, David (January 2024)."Seaweed as a Resilient Food Solution After a Nuclear War".Earth's Future.12 (1).doi:10.1029/2023EF003710.
  15. ^Volynkin, Alex (2013-09-28)."Growing Gracilaria Parvispora". Salt Water Reefing. Retrieved2016-12-18.This brings me back to Achilles's diet. The guy apparently really likes Gracilaria macro algae. No wonder, especially considering that the grass is indigenous to Hawaii as well, and is considered the favorite food for tangs.
  16. ^Spencer, M. A. (2004)."Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria)".IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria.162 (Sheet 1617). Retrieved10 October 2017.A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
  17. ^Roth, Annie (28 July 2022)."Like Bees of the Seas, These Crustaceans Pollinate Seaweed".The New York Times. Retrieved21 August 2022.
  18. ^Lavaut, E.; Guillemin, M.-L.; Colin, S.; Faure, A.; Coudret, J.; Destombe, C.; Valero, M. (29 July 2022)."Pollinators of the sea: A discovery of animal-mediated fertilization in seaweed"(PDF).Science.377 (6605):528–530.Bibcode:2022Sci...377..528L.doi:10.1126/science.abo6661.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 35901149.S2CID 251159505.

External links

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