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In theUnited States, agovernor serves as the chief executive andcommander-in-chief in each of the fiftystates and in the five permanently inhabitedterritories, functioning ashead of state andhead of government therein.[nb 1] While like all officials in the United States, checks and balances are placed on the office of the governor, significant powers may include ceremonial head of state (representing the state), executive (overseeing the state's government), legislative (proposing, and signing or vetoing laws), judicial (granting state law pardons or commutations), and military (overseeing the militia and organized armed forces of the state).[1] As such, governors are responsible for implementing state laws and overseeing the operation of the stateexecutive branch. As state leaders, governors advance and pursue new and revised policies and programs using a variety of tools, among themexecutive orders, executive budgets, and legislative proposals and vetoes. Governors carry out their management and leadership responsibilities and objectives with the support and assistance of department and agency heads, many of whom they are empowered to appoint. A majority of governors have the authority to appoint state court judges as well, in most cases from a list of names submitted by a nominations committee.[2]
All with the exception of five states and one territory (Arizona,[nb 2]Maine,New Hampshire,Oregon,Puerto Rico, andWyoming) have alieutenant governor. The lieutenant governor succeeds to the gubernatorial office (the powers and duties but not the office, inMassachusetts andWest Virginia), if vacated by impeachment, death, or resignation of the previous governor. Lieutenant governors also serve as unofficial acting state governors in case the incumbent governors are unable to fulfill their duties, and they often serve as presiding officers of the upper houses of state legislatures. In such cases, they cannot participate in political debates, and they have no vote whenever these houses are not equally divided.
States are semi-sovereign republics sharing sovereignty with thefederal government of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under theUnited States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, holdingelections, creatinglocal governments, and ratifyingconstitutional amendments. Each state has its ownconstitution, grounded inrepublican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[3] Also, due to the sharedsovereignty between each state and thefederal government,Americans arecitizens of both thefederal republic and of the state in which theyreside.[4]
The governor heads the government's executive branch in each state or territory and, depending on the individual jurisdiction, may have considerable control over government budgeting, the power of appointment of many officials (including many judges), and a considerable role in legislation. The governor may also have additional roles, such as that ofcommander-in-chief of the state'sNational Guard (when not federalized) and of that state's respectivedefense force (which is not subject to federalization). In many states and territories the governor also has partial or absolute power tocommute orpardon acriminalsentence. All U.S. governors serve four-year terms except those inNew Hampshire andVermont, who serve two-year terms.
In all states, the governor is directly elected, and in most cases has considerable practical powers, though this may be moderated by thestate legislature and in some cases by other elected executive officials. In the five extant U.S. territories, all governors are now directly elected as well, though in the past many territorial governors were historically appointed by the President of the United States. Governors canveto state bills, and in all but seven states they have the power of theline-item veto on appropriations bills (a power the President does not have). In some cases legislatures can override a gubernatorial veto by a two-thirds vote, in others by three-fifths.
InAlabama,Indiana,Kentucky, andTennessee, the governor's veto can be overridden by asimple majority vote. InArkansas, a gubernatorial veto may be overridden by anabsolute majority. Thegovernor of North Carolina had no veto power until a 1996 referendum. In 47 of the 50 states, whenever there is a vacancy of one of the state'sU.S. Senate seats, that state's governor has the power to appoint someone to fill the vacancy until aspecial election is held; the governors ofOregon,Alaska, andWisconsin do not have this power.[5]
A state governor may give an annualState of the State address in order to satisfy a constitutional stipulation that a governor must report annually (or in older constitutions described as being "from time to time") on the state or condition of the state. Governors of states may also perform ceremonial roles, such as greeting dignitaries, conferring state decorations, issuing symbolic proclamations or attending thestate fair. The governor may also have anofficial residence (seeGovernor's Mansion).
In a ranking of the power of the governorship in all 50 states, University of North Carolina political scientist Thad Beyle makes the distinction between "personal powers" of governors, which are factors that vary from person to person, season to season – and the "institutional powers" that are set in place by law. Examples of measurable personal factors are how large a governor's margin of victory was on election day, and standing in public opinion polls. Whether a governor has strong budget controls, appointment authority, andveto powers are examples of institutional powers.[6]
In colonial North America, governors were chosen in a variety of ways, depending on how the colony was organized. In thecrown colonies of Great Britain, France, and Spain, the governor was chosen by the ruling monarch of the colonizing power, or his designees; in British colonies, theBoard of Trade was often the primary decision maker. Colonies based on a corporate charter, such as theConnecticut Colony and theMassachusetts Bay Colony, elected their own governors based on rules spelled out in the charter or other colonial legislation. Inproprietary colonies, such as theProvince of Carolina before it became a crown colony (and was divided intoNorth andSouth), governors were chosen by theLords Proprietor who controlled the colony. In the early years of theAmerican Revolutionary War, eleven of theThirteen Colonies evicted (with varying levels of violence) royal and proprietary governors. The other two colonies (Connecticut andRhode Island) had corporate charters; Connecticut GovernorJonathan Trumbull was governor before and during the war period, while in Rhode Island, GovernorJoseph Wanton was removed from office in 1775 for failing to support the rebel war effort.
Before achieving statehood, many of the 37 states, after the initial 13, wereTerritories of the United States or parts of territories. Administered by the federal government, they had governors who were appointed by thepresident and confirmed by theSenate rather than elected by the resident population. Election of territorial governors began inPuerto Rico in 1948. The last appointed territorial governor,Hyrum Rex Lee inAmerican Samoa, left office in 1978.

As of January 2026, there are 26 states with aRepublican governor and 24 states with aDemocratic governor. Four Democrats (including theMayor of the District of Columbia), one Independent, and oneNew Progressive also occupy territorial governorships or mayorships. No independent and other third parties currently hold a state governorship.[7]
No limit No limit, two-year terms One; re-eligible after 4 years | Two; re-eligible after 4 years Two; re-eligible after 8 years Two, life |
For each term, governors serve four years in office. The exceptions areVermont andNew Hampshire where tenures are two years long.
The longest-serving current governor isGreg Abbott ofTexas, who was re-elected to his third term in 2022 and seeking re-election to a fourth term in 2026.
Thelongest-serving governor of all time wasTerry Branstad ofIowa, who was elected to his sixth (non-consecutive) term in2014. Governor Branstad resigned on May 24, 2017, to become the United States Ambassador to China. He held the title ofGovernor of Iowa for 22 years. On December 14, 2015, he became the longest-serving governor in US history, breaking the record held byGeorge Clinton ofNew York, who served 21 years from 1777 to 1795 and from 1801 to 1804.
In the majority of states and territories,term limit laws officially cap a governor's tenure.
The oldest current state governor isKay Ivey ofAlabama, who was born on (1944-10-15)October 15, 1944 (age 81). The youngest current state governor isSarah Huckabee Sanders ofArkansas, who was born on (1982-08-13)August 13, 1982 (age 43). Among territorial governors,Lou Leon Guerrero ofGuam, born on (1950-11-08)November 8, 1950 (age 75), is the oldest, andJenniffer González-Colón ofPuerto Rico, born on (1976-08-05)August 5, 1976 (age 49), is the youngest.
The youngest person to ever serve as a governor in the United States wasStevens T. Mason of theMichigan Territory, first elected in 1835 having just turned 24. Mason would later become the first governor of the state ofMichigan when it was admitted to the Union in January 1837, when he was 25. Mason was re-elected in November 1837, then age 26.[8]
The second youngest governor ever elected wasHenry C. Warmoth ofLouisiana, who was elected during reconstruction in 1868 at the age of 26. The third youngest governor wasWilliam Sprague IV ofRhode Island, who was elected in 1860 at the age of 29. When future PresidentBill Clinton was electedGovernor of Arkansas in 1978 at age 32, he became the youngest governor sinceHarold Stassen ofMinnesota, elected in 1938 at age 31.[9]
In 35 states, the minimum age requirement of the governor is age 30 years old or older, though in some it is age 25 years old or older (7), age 21 years old or older (1), or age 18 years old or older (5). Oklahoma is the only state with an older minimum age requirement, age 31 years old or older. Some states require the governor to be a qualified elector/voter, implying a minimum age of 18. Vermont requires candidates to be residents of the state for at least four years as of Election Day, which would preclude small children from running, but has no other implicit or explicit age limit.[10]

As of January 2026, 36 men and 14 women serve as state governors. The 14 female governors are:Kay Ivey ofAlabama,Katie Hobbs ofArizona,Sarah Huckabee Sanders ofArkansas,Kim Reynolds ofIowa,Laura Kelly ofKansas,Janet Mills ofMaine,Maura Healey ofMassachusetts,Gretchen Whitmer ofMichigan,Kelly Ayotte ofNew Hampshire,Mikie Sherrill ofNew Jersey,Michelle Lujan Grisham ofNew Mexico,Kathy Hochul ofNew York,Tina Kotek ofOregon, andAbigail Spanberger ofVirginia. Of those, Ayotte, Huckabee Sanders, Ivey, and Reynolds areRepublicans, while Healey, Hobbs, Hochul, Kelly, Kotek, Lujan Grisham, Mills, Sherrill, Spanberger, and Whitmer areDemocrats. This record of 14 was briefly matched for less than two weeks in January 2025 following the inauguration ofKelly Ayotte ofNew Hampshire on January 9 but prior to the departure ofBethany Hall-Long ofDelaware on January 21.
4 territorial governors are male; one territorial governor and the mayor of Washington, D.C. are female.
44 women have served or are currently serving as state or territorial governors, including two in an acting capacity.
The first female governor wasNellie Tayloe Ross ofWyoming (widow of the late Wyoming GovernorWilliam B. Ross) who was elected on November 4, 1924, and sworn in on January 5, 1925, succeedingFrank Lucas. Also elected on November 4, 1924, wasMiriam A. Ferguson ofTexas (wife of former Texas GovernorJames E. Ferguson), succeedingPat Morris Neff on January 21, 1925. The first female governor elected without being the wife or widow of a past state governor wasElla T. Grasso ofConnecticut, elected in 1974 and sworn in on January 8, 1975.
Connecticut,Arizona,New Hampshire,New Jersey, andNew Mexico are the only five states to have elected female governors from both major parties. Arizona was the first state where a woman followed another woman as governor (they were from different parties). Arizona also has had the most female governors with a total of five, and is the first state to have three women in a row serve as governor.Washington was the first state to have both a female governor and female U.S. Senators serving at the same time (Christine Gregoire;Patty Murray;Maria Cantwell, respectively), from 2005 to 2013.New Hampshire was the first and currently only state to have a female governor and entirely female Congressional delegation serving at the same time, from 2013 to 2015.
There are currently three governors from theLGBTQ community:Jared Polis (Colorado), who is gay, along withTina Kotek (Oregon) andMaura Healey (Massachusetts), who are both lesbian.[11]
Ethnic minorities asdefined by the United States Census currently constitute 38.9% of the total population of the U.S. as of 2018.[12] There are currently 47 state governors who are non-Hispanic whites ofEuropean American background. There are 3 minority governors:Wes Moore ofMaryland, who is black,Michelle Lujan Grisham ofNew Mexico, who is of Hispanic descent; andKevin Stitt ofOklahoma, who is a member of theCherokee Nation. Stitt is aRepublican, while Grisham and Moore areDemocrats.
Among the five U.S. territories, one Hispanic (Jenniffer González-Colón ofPuerto Rico), one Black (Albert Bryan of theU.S. Virgin Islands), and threePacific Islander Americans (Lou Leon Guerrero ofGuam,Pula Nikolao Pula ofAmerican Samoa, andArnold Palacios of theNorthern Mariana Islands) currently serve as governor. African-AmericanMuriel Bowser is the currentMayor of the District of Columbia, an office equivalent to a governor.
In 1990,Douglas Wilder ofVirginia became the first African-American governor of any state since theReconstruction era.
Seventeen of the current state governors were born outside of the state they are serving as governor.Mike Dunleavy of Alaska (born in Pennsylvania),Ned Lamont of Connecticut (born in Washington, D.C.),Josh Green of Hawaii (born in New York),J. B. Pritzker of Illinois (born in California),Laura Kelly of Kansas (born in New York),Maura Healey of Massachusetts (born in Maryland),Tim Walz of Minnesota (born in Nebraska),Greg Gianforte of Montana (born in California),Mikie Sherrill of New Jersey (born in Virginia),Abigail Spanberger of Virginia (Born in New Jersey),Kevin Stitt of Oklahoma (born in Florida),Tina Kotek of Oregon (born in Pennsylvania),Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania (born in Missouri),Mark Gordon of Wyoming (born in New York), andPatrick Morrisey of West Virginia (born in New York City). One governor,Joe Lombardo of Nevada, was born outside the United States (born in Sapporo, Japan).
State constitutions have varying requirements for the length of citizenship and residency of the governor but unlike the President, state governors do not need to benatural-born citizens. There is some ambiguity in some state constitutions if a governor must be a citizen or just a resident.
Two legally blind governors have served:Bob C. Riley, who was acting governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975, andDavid Paterson, who was governor of New York from 2008 until 2011.
The current governor of Texas,Greg Abbott, has beenparaplegic since an accident in 1984; he has used a wheelchair ever since. Governor of New YorkFranklin D. Roosevelt was paraplegic; he later became the first wheelchair-using president. Governor of AlabamaGeorge Wallace was paralyzed from the waist down after being shot in 1972. He never walked again.
The average salary of a state governor in 2009 was $124,398. The highest salary currently being accepted is that ofNew York GovernorKathy Hochul at $225,000. The lowest salaries are those of Maine GovernorJanet Mills andJenniffer González-Colón of Puerto Rico at $70,000 each.[13]
There have been several instances where the governor of a state has either refused their salary in its entirety or instead only taken $1.00 per year. Alabama GovernorRobert J. Bentley refused his yearly salary of $119,950.00 until the state reached full employment. Michigan GovernorRick Snyder took a $1.00 yearly salary. Texas GovernorGreg Abbott has returned his salary to the state during each year he has held office. During his tenure asGovernor of California,Arnold Schwarzenegger also did not accept his salary of $170,000 per year. However, several governors instead have decided to take a reduction in their salary instead of refusing it entirely. New York GovernorAndrew Cuomo took a 5% reduction in his salary in 2015, and Kentucky GovernorSteve Beshear reduced his salary by 10% during the same year.
Only nine states (Massachusetts,[14] California, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Pennsylvania, North Carolina,[15] and Virginia) currently offer their governors a higher salary than the $174,000 paid to members of Congress. In many states, the governor is not the highest-paid state employee; most often, that distinction is held by the headfootball or men'sbasketball coach at a major state university.[citation needed]
This table listed below displays the gubernatorial salary by state as of the most recent year data is available. This includes the money that is allocated towards their salary whether or not a state governor decides to take that salary or not. The Governor of Maine was the lowest paid governor being paid $70,000 in 2023 while the highest paid state Governor was the Governor of New York who was paid $250,000 in 2023.[16]
| State | Salary |
|---|---|
| Alabama | $131,800 |
| Alaska | $145,000 |
| Arizona | $95,000 |
| Arkansas | $158,739 |
| California | $224,020 |
| Colorado | $90,000 |
| Connecticut | $226,711 |
| Delaware | $171,000 |
| Florida | $141,400 |
| Georgia | $180,000 |
| Hawaii | $184,860 |
| Idaho | $151,400 |
| Illinois | $205,700 |
| Indiana | $134,051 |
| Iowa | $130,000 |
| Kansas | $110,707 |
| Kentucky | $164,355 |
| Louisiana | $125,185 |
| Maine | $70,000 |
| Maryland | $184,000 |
| Massachusetts | $222,185 |
| Michigan | $159,300 |
| Minnesota | $127,629 |
| Mississippi | $122,160 |
| Missouri | $140,596 |
| Montana | $118,397 |
| Nebraska | $105,000 |
| Nevada | $170,062 |
| New Hampshire | $146,172 |
| New Jersey | $175,000 |
| New Mexico | $110,000 |
| New York | $250,000 |
| North Carolina | $165,750 |
| North Dakota | $143,646 |
| Ohio | $171,059 |
| Oklahoma | $147,000 |
| Oregon | $98,600 |
| Pennsylvania | $229,642 |
| Rhode Island | $163,295 |
| South Carolina | $106,078 |
| South Dakota | $139,100 |
| Tennessee | $204,336 |
| Texas | $153,750 |
| Utah | $182,900 |
| Vermont | $201,136 |
| Virginia | $175,000 |
| Washington | $198,257 |
| West Virginia | $150,000 |
| Wisconsin | $165,568 |
| Wyoming | $140,000 |
All states except for Louisiana hold gubernatorial elections on the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November. The earliest possible date for the election is therefore November 2 (if that date falls on a Tuesday), and the latest possible date is November 8 (if November 1 falls on a Tuesday). Louisiana holds its gubernatorial primary on the third or fourth Saturday of October and the general election (commonly referred to as the runoff within the state) on the third Saturday of November, but the general election is canceled if one candidate wins the primary outright (see primary section below).
The other 48 states hold gubernatorial elections every four years.
All states except for California, Louisiana, and Washington hold primaries in which each political party holds a primary election, and the winner of the primary election moves on to compete in a general election. In California, Louisiana, and Washington, all the candidates run in ablanket primary against each other. Regardless of political party, the top two candidates move on to the general election. In Louisiana, the general election occurs between the top two candidates if no candidate obtains more than 50% of the votes cast, and is canceled if one of the candidates receives more than 50%. In California and Washington, the top two vote getters proceed to the general election regardless of how many votes the top vote getter received in the primary, and California prohibitswrite-in candidates from competing in the general election.
In most states, governors can serve two four-year terms.

The type of relationship between the governor and the lieutenant governor greatly varies by state. In some states the governor and lieutenant governor are completely independent of each other, while in others the governor gets to choose (prior to the election) who would be their lieutenant governor.

With the notable exception of Kansas,[17][18] each of the states specifies in itsconstitution its qualifications for Governor.
| State and statute | Minimum age | Residency | U.S. citizenship | Registered voter/elector | Sole employment | Sole office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 7 years (at election) | 10 years (at election) | Yes | Federal positions and any other state positions are precluded | |||
| 30 | 7 years (at filing) | 7 years (at filing) | Yes | Yes | "qualified voter of the State..." "The governor shall not hold any other office or position of profit under the United States, the State, or its political subdivisions." | ||
| 25 | 5 years (at election) | 5 years (at election) | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 7 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | "May not hold any federal office, any civil or military commission, any office in another state, or any other office in Arkansas." | |||
| 18(by virtue that the candidate must be a registered voter) | 5 years (at election) | 5 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | |||
| 30 | 2 years (at election) | Yes | Any legislative or judicial office is precluded | The standard for residency is not affected by time out of the state due to civil or military service | |||
| 30 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 6 years (at election) | 12 years (at election) | "...and have been a citizen and inhabitant of the United States twelve years next before the day of his election, and the last six years of that term an inhabitant of this State, unless he shall have been absent on public business of the United States or of this State." | ||||
| 30 | 7 years | 7 years | |||||
| 30 | 6 years (at election) | 15 years (at election) | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | "The governor shall not hold any other office or employment of profit under the State or the United States during the governor's term of office." | ||||
| 30 | 2 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 25 | 3 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | 5 years (at election) | Yes | The governor may not hold any other state or federal office during his term | |||
| 30 | 2 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 18 | No requirements set forth in the Constitution, however a law was passed in 2018 requiring gubernatorial candidates to be residents of the state and at least 18 years of age. | ||||||
| 30 | 6 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 25 | 5 years | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 30 | 5 years | 15 years | Yes | Yes | During his/her tenure in office, a statewide elected official shall hold no other public office | ||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | 5 years (at election) | ||||
| 30 | 7 years (at election) | ||||||
| 30 | Yes | Yes | 4 years (at election) | ||||
| 25 | 1 year (at election) | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 5 years | 20 years | |||||
| 30 | 10 years | 15 years | |||||
| 25 | 2 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 5 years | Yes | |||||
| 25 | 2 years | Yes | Yes | While in office, the governor may not hold any federal level office. | |||
| 30 | 7 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 7 years | 20 years | Yes | No governor shall hold office in any other state or under the federal government, nor shall a sitting governor be elected to any legislative seat. Governors who accept any state or federal position or profit are considered to have vacated their seat. | |||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 2 years | 5 years | |||||
| 30 | 5 years | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 18 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | A candidate for the governor's office may not hold any congressional or federal office or any other state office. | ||
| 31 | 10 years | 10 years | |||||
| 30 | 3 years | Yes | The age requirements do not apply to someone who succeeds to office under Section 8a of Article V. | ||||
| 30 | 7 years | Yes | Yes | The governor may not hold Congressional office, any other office under the Commonwealth, or any federal office. The exception is that the governor may be a reserve member of theNational Guard. | |||
| 30 days | 30 days | Yes | Yes | Governors shall not be serving a sentence for, on probation for, or on parole for any felony. | |||
| 30 | 5 years | Yes | Yes | The statute that a candidate for the governor must believe in the existence of the "Supreme Being" was declared unconstitutional by the South Carolina Supreme Court in 1996; although it has not been repealed, it is unenforceable. Furthermore, the Governor may not hold office or a commission under any other power, excepting that of amilitia. | |||
| 21 | 2 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 7 years (at election) | Yes | |||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | Yes | The Governor... shall not hold any other office: civil, military or corporate; nor shall he practice any profession, and receive compensation, reward, fee, or the promise thereof for the same; nor receive any salary, reward or compensation or the promise thereof from any person or corporation, for any service rendered or performed during the time he is Governor, or to be thereafter rendered or performed. | ||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Sitting Governors may not hold any federal office, any state office other than the governorship, or be elected to the United States Senate during his term. | ||
| 4 years (at election) | Yes | Governors may not hold any legislative office or any other constitutional office. Excepting positions inmilitary reserves, they also may not hold any office under the federal government. Nor is the governor eligible for any appointed position made by any branch of the Vermont government. | |||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | 1 year (at election) | ||||
| 18 | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Under Article IV, Section 10, no individual who has fought a duel with deadly weapons, sent a challenge for such a duel, or knowingly acted as a second in such a duel in West Virginia or in any other state may hold any office in West Virginia. | ||
| 18 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partially | No gubernatorial may hold any office, honor or profit under any foreign power, nor hold any federal office, be a convicted felon, or be convicted of any misdemeanor involving a violation of the public trust. | ||
| 30 | 5 years (at election) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Any governor who asks for, receives, or agrees to receive a bribe automatically forfeits his office and his right to hold any other office in Wyoming upon his conviction. |