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| Governor-General of the Philippines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gobernador y Capitán General de Filipinas Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas フィリピン総督 | |||||
| |||||
| Residence | Fort San Pedro (1565–1572) Palacio del Gobernador (1572–1863) Malacañang Palace (1863–1945) Mansion House (1942–1945) | ||||
| Appointer |  Viceroy of New Spain Monarch of Spain Monarch of Great Britain President of the United States Emperor of Japan | ||||
| Precursor | Various, thebarangay system | ||||
| Formation | April 27, 1565 | ||||
| First holder | Miguel López de Legazpi (underSpain) Dawsonne Drake (underGreat Britain) Wesley Merritt (under theUnited States) Masaharu Homma (under theEmpire of Japan) | ||||
| Final holder | Diego de los Ríos (underSpain) Dawsonne Drake (underGreat Britain) Frank Murphy (under theUnited States) Tomoyuki Yamashita (under theEmpire of Japan) | ||||
| Abolished | October 6, 1945 | ||||
Thegovernor-general of the Philippines (Tagalog:Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas;Spanish:Gobernador General de Filipinas;Japanese:フィリピン総督,romanized: Firipin sōtoku) was the title of thegovernment executive during the colonial period of thePhilippines, first bythe Spanish in Mexico City and later Madrid as "Captain General"–Spanish:Capitán General de Filipinas,Filipino:Kapitan Heneral ng Pilipinas) from 1565 to 1898 and theUnited States (1898–1946), and briefly byGreat Britain (1762–1764) andJapan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of theexecutive of the ruling power.
On November 15, 1935, theCommonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from American control. The governor-general was replaced by an electedFilipinopresident of the Philippine Commonwealth, as thechief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the governor-general. The former American governor-general then became known as thehigh commissioner to the Philippines.
From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565 to 1821, the governor and captain-general was appointed by theviceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of theSpanish Cortes and governed on behalf of themonarch of Spain to govern theCaptaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), theReal Audiencia in Manila appointed a temporary governor from among its members.
AfterMexico won its independence in 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.
After the Spanish defeat at theBattle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of theSpanish Empire and one of theBritish Empire.
Great Britain shortly occupiedManila and the naval port ofCavite as part of theSeven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government inBacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of State for the Southern Department | Prime Minister | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 46a | .svg) | Dawsonne Drake (1724–1784) | November 2, 1762 | May 31, 1764 | The Earl of Egremont (1761–1763) | The Earl of Bute (1762–1763) | George III (1760–1820) |
| George Grenville (1763–1765) | |||||||
| The Earl of Halifax (1763–1765) |
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of State for Indies | Viceroy of New Spain | First Secretary of State | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 47 |  | Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776) | October 6, 1762 | February 10, 1764 | Julián Arriaga y Ribera(1754–1776) | Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766) | Ricardo Wall(1754–1763) | Charles III (1759–1788) |
| Jerónimo Grimaldi(1763–1777) |
After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-GeneralFrancisco Javier de la Torre resumed administration of the Philippines under the authority of theViceroy of New Spain in modern-dayMexico (New Spain) as part of theSpanish Empire.
The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of theFirst French Empire in 1808 afterNapoleon overthrewFerdinand VII and installedJoseph Bonaparte asking until his abdication in 1813, as part of a disastrous consequence of Napoleon's1812 Russian campaign, thePeninsular Wars, particularly theBattle of Vitoria, and of forming theSixth Coalition.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of the Indies | Viceroy of New Spain | First Secretary of State | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48 |  | Francisco Javier de la Torre Acting Governor-General | March 17, 1764 | July 6, 1765 | Julián Arriaga y Ribera(1754–1776)[12] | Joaquín de Montserrat 1st Marquess of Cruillas (1760–1766) | Jerónimo Grimaldi(1763–1777) | Charles III (1759–1788) |
| 49 |  | José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez (1700–1773) | July 6, 1765 | July 1770 | ||||
| Carlos Francisco de Croix 1st Marquess of Croix (1766–1771) | ||||||||
| (47) | | Simón de Anda y Salazar (1709–1776) | July 1770 | October 30, 1776 | ||||
| Antonio María de Bucareli (1771–1779) | ||||||||
| Marquess of Sonora(1776–1787)[12] | ||||||||
| 50 |  | Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General | October 30, 1776 | July 1778 | ||||
| Count of Floridablanca(1777–1792) | ||||||||
| 51 |  | José Basco y Vargas (1733–1805) | July 1778 | September 22, 1787 | ||||
| Francisco Romá y Rosell Regent of the Audiencia (1779) | ||||||||
| Martín de Mayorga Captain General of Guatemala (1779–1783) | ||||||||
| Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo Captain General of Guatemala (1783–1784) | ||||||||
| Vicente de Herrera y Rivero Regent of the Audiencia (1784–1785) | ||||||||
| Bernardo de Gálvez 1st Count of Gálvez (1785–1786) | ||||||||
| Eusebio Sánchez Pareja Regent of the Audiencia (1786–1787) | ||||||||
| Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta Archbishop of Mexico (1787) | ||||||||
| Count of Floridablanca(1787) Interim[12] | ||||||||
| Manuel Antonio Flórez (1787–1789) | ||||||||
| Antonio Porlier[14] Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán(1787–1792)[15] | ||||||||
| (50) | | Pedro Sarrió Acting Governor-General | September 22, 1787 | July 1, 1788 | ||||
| 51 |  | Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1733–1826) | July 1, 1788 | September 1, 1793 | ||||
| Charles IV (1788–1808) | ||||||||
| Juan Vicente de Güemes 2nd Count of Revillagigedo (1789–1794) | ||||||||
| No secretary (affairs of Indies distributed among different secretariats) | Count of Aranda(1792) Interim | |||||||
| Manuel Godoy(1792–1798) | ||||||||
| 52 |  | Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León (1737–1806) | September 1, 1793 | August 7, 1806 | ||||
| Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca 1st Marquess of Branciforte (1794–1798) | ||||||||
| Francisco de Saavedra(1798–1799) | ||||||||
| Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe (1798–1800) | ||||||||
| Mariano Luis de Urquijo(1799–1800) | ||||||||
| Félix Berenguer de Marquina (1800–1803) | ||||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra(1800–1808) | ||||||||
| José de Iturrigaray (1803–1808) | ||||||||
| 53 |  | Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823) | August 7, 1806 | March 4, 1810 | ||||
| Gonzalo O'Farril(1808) | ||||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra(1808) | Ferdinand VII (1808) | |||||||
| Miguel José de Azanza 1st Duke of Santa Fe (1808–1813)[16] | Mariano Luis de Urquijo(1808–1813) | Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813) | ||||||
| Pedro de Garibay[17] (1808–1809) | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont Archbishop of Mexico (1809–1810)[17] | ||||||||
| 54 |  | Manuel González de Aguilar | March 4, 1810 | September 4, 1813 | ||||
| Pedro Catani (1810)[17] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier Venegas 1st Marquess of Reunión and New Spain (1810–1813)[17] | ||||||||
| Félix María Calleja del Rey 1st Count of Calderón (1813–1816)[17] | ||||||||
| No secretary | Juan O'Donojú(Interim 1813) | |||||||
| 55 | %2c_capit%25C3%25A1n_de_nav%25C3%25ADo_de_la_Real_Armada_-_An%25C3%25B3nimo.jpg) | José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia | September 4, 1813 | December 10, 1816 | ||||
| Fernando de Laserna(1813) Interim | ||||||||
| Manuel Antonio de la Bodega y Mollinedo(1813–1814)[18] | José Luyando(1813–1814) Interim | Ferdinand VII (1813–1833) | ||||||
| Miguel de Lardizabal(1814–1815)[18] | José Miguel de Carvajal-Vargas(1814) | |||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra(1814–1816) | ||||||||
| No secretary | Jaun Estebán Lozano de Torres(1816) | |||||||
| Pedro Cevallos Guerra(1816) | ||||||||
| Juan Ruiz de Apodaca 1st Count of Venadito (1816–1821) | ||||||||
| José García de León(1816–1818) | ||||||||
| (53) | | Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General (1766–1823) | December 10, 1816 | September 15, 1821 | ||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo(1818–1819) Interim | ||||||||
| Manuel González Salmón(1819) Interim | ||||||||
| Joaquín José Melgarejo(1819–1820) | ||||||||
| Antonio González Salmón(1820) Interim[19] | ||||||||
| Juan Jabat Aztal(1820) | ||||||||
| Antonio Porcel Román(1820)[19] | ||||||||
| Evaristo Pérez de Castro(1820–1821) | ||||||||
| Ramón Gil de la Cuadra(1820–1821)[19] | ||||||||
| Antonio de Guilleman(1821) Interim[19] | Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca(1821) Interim | |||||||
| Francisco de Paula Escudero(1821) Interim | ||||||||
| Ramón Olaguer Feliú(1821)[19] | ||||||||
| Eusebio Bardají y Azara(1821–1822) | ||||||||
| Ramón López Pelegrín(1821–1822)[19] | ||||||||
| Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo (1821) | ||||||||
| Juan O'Donojú (1821) |
After the 1821Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. TheViceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed fromMadrid, under the Spanish Crown.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Minister of Overseas[20] | First Secretary of State | Regent | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (53) | | Mariano Fernández de Folgueras Acting Governor-General(1766–1823) | September 16, 1821 | October 30, 1822 | Ramón López-Pelegrín(1821–1822)[19] | Eusebio Bardají y Azara(1821–1822)[11] | No regency | Ferdinand VII (1813–1833) |
| Ramón López-Pelegrín(1822) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| José Gabriel de Silva-Bazán(1822) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| Ramón López-Pelegrín(1822) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| Manuel de la Bodega Mollinedo(1822)[19] | Francisco Martínez de la Rosa(1822)[11] | |||||||
| Diego Clemencín(1822)[19] | ||||||||
| José Manuel de Vadillo(1822–1823)[19] | Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel(1822–1823)[11] | |||||||
| 54 |  | Juan Antonio Martínez | October 30, 1822 | October 14, 1825 | José Manuel de Vadillo(1823) Interim[11] | |||
| Pedro Urquinaona(1823)[19] | Santiago Usoz y Mozi(1823) Interim[11] | |||||||
| José María Pando de la Riva(1823)[11] | ||||||||
| Francisco de Paula Ossorio y Vargas(1823) Interim[19] | ||||||||
| Luis María de Salazar y Salazar(1823) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| Juan Antonio Yandiola Garay(1823) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| José Luyando(1823)[11] | ||||||||
| Víctor Damián Sáez(1823)[11] | ||||||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo(1823)[11] | ||||||||
| Narciso Heredia(1823–1824)[11] | ||||||||
| Francisco Cea Bermúdez(1824–1825)[11] | ||||||||
| 55 |  | Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca (1776–1846) | October 14, 1825 | December 23, 1830 | ||||
| Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo(1825–1826)[11] | ||||||||
| Manuel González Salmón(1826–1832)[11] | ||||||||
| 56 |  | Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo (1772–1836) | December 23, 1830 | March 1, 1835 | ||||
| Antonio de Saavedra y Jofré(1832) Interim[11] | ||||||||
| Francisco Cea Bermúdez(1832–1834)[11] | ||||||||
| Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies(1833–1840) | Isabella II (1833–1868)u | |||||||
| Francisco Martínez de la Rosa(1834–1835)[21] | ||||||||
| 57 |  | Gabriel de Torres | March 1, 1835 | April 23, 1835 | ||||
| 58 | _Pillars_of_Hercules_Variant.svg) | Joaquín de Crame Acting Governor-General | April 23, 1835 | September 9, 1835 | José María Quiepo de Llano(1835)[21] | |||
| 59 |  | Pedro Antonio Salazar y Salazar[22] Acting Governor-General (1782–1861) | September 9, 1835 | August 27, 1837 | ||||
| Miguel Ricardo de Álava(1835)[21] | ||||||||
| Juan Álvarez Mendizábal(1835–1836) Interim[21] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz(1836)[21] | ||||||||
| José María Calatrava(1836–1837)[21] | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of the Navy | ||||||||
| 60 |  | Andrés García Camba (1793–1861) | August 27, 1837 | December 29, 1838 | Baldomero Espartero(1837)[21] | |||
| Eusebio Bardají y Azara(1837)[21] | ||||||||
| Narciso Heredia(1837–1838)[21] | ||||||||
| Bernardino Fernández de Velasco(1838)[21] | ||||||||
| Evaristo Pérez de Castro(1838–1840)[21] | ||||||||
| 61 |  | Luis Lardizábal | December 29, 1838 | February 14, 1841 | ||||
| Antonio González(1840)[21] | ||||||||
| Valentín Ferraz(1840)[21] | ||||||||
| Modesto Cortázar(1840) Interim[21] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero(1840–1841)[21] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero(1840–1843) | ||||||||
| 62 | .jpg) | Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri (1788–1851) | February 14, 1841 | June 17, 1843 | ||||
| Joaquín María Ferrer(1841)[21] | ||||||||
| Antonio González(1841–1842)[21] | ||||||||
| José Ramón Rodil(1842–1843)[21] | ||||||||
| Joaquín María López(1843)[21] | ||||||||
| Álvaro Gómez Becerra(1843)[21] | ||||||||
| 63 |  | Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre | June 17, 1843 | July 16, 1844 | ||||
| Joaquín María López(1843)[21] | ||||||||
| Salustiano Olózaga(1843)[21] | No regency | |||||||
| Luis González Bravo(1843–1844)[21] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez(1844–1846)[21] | ||||||||
| 64 | .jpg) | Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa 1st Count of Manila(1795–1851) | July 16, 1844 | December 26, 1849 | ||||
| Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores(1846)[21] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez(1846)[21] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz(1846–1847)[21] | ||||||||
| Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 2nd Marquis of Casa Irujo(1847)[21] | ||||||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Joaquín Francisco Pacheco(1847)[21] | ||||||||
| Florencio García Goyena(1847)[21] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez(1847–1849)[21] | ||||||||
| Serafín María de Sotto(1849)[21] | ||||||||
| Ramón María Narváez(1849–1851)[21] | ||||||||
| 65 |  | Antonio María Blanco Acting Governor-General | December 26, 1849 | July 29, 1850 | ||||
| 66 |  | Juan Antonio de Urbiztondo, Marquis of La Solana (1803–1857) | July 29, 1850 | December 20, 1853 | ||||
| Juan Bravo Murillo(1851–1852)[23][21] | ||||||||
| Federico Roncali, Count of Alcoy(1852–1853)[23][21] | ||||||||
| Francisco Lersundi(1853)[23][21] | ||||||||
| Luis José Sartorius, Count of San Luis(1853–1854)[23][21] | ||||||||
| 67 | .jpg) | Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General | December 20, 1853 | February 2, 1854 | ||||
| 68 |  | Manuel Pavía y Lacy 1st Marquess of Novaliches(1814–1896) | February 2, 1854 | October 28, 1854 | ||||
| Depending on the Minister of State | Fernando Fernández de Córdoba(1854)[21] | |||||||
| Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas(1854)[21] | ||||||||
| Baldomero Espartero(1854–1856)[21] | ||||||||
| (67) | | Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General | October 28, 1854 | November 20, 1854 | ||||
| 69 | .jpg) | Manuel Crespo y Cebrían (1793–1868) | November 20, 1854 | December 5, 1856 | ||||
| No minister | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of Development | ||||||||
| Depending on the Minister of State | Leopoldo O'Donnell(1856)[21] | |||||||
| Ramón María Narváez(1856–1857)[21] | ||||||||
| (67) | | Ramón Montero y Blandino Acting Governor-General | December 5, 1856 | March 9, 1857 | ||||
| 70 |  | Fernando de Norzagaray y Escudero (1808–1860) | March 9, 1857 | January 12, 1860 | ||||
| Francisco Armero(1857–1858)[21] | ||||||||
| Francisco Javier de Istúriz(1858)[21] | ||||||||
| Leopoldo O'Donnell(1858–1863)[23] | ||||||||
| 71 |  | Ramón María Solano y Llanderal | January 12, 1860 | August 29, 1860 | ||||
| 72 |  | Juan Herrera Dávila Acting Governor-General | August 29, 1860 | February 2, 1861 | ||||
| 73 | .jpg) | José Lémery e Ibarrola (1811–1886) | February 2, 1861 | July 7, 1862 | ||||
| 74 |  | Salvador Valdés Acting Governor-General | July 7, 1862 | July 9, 1862 | ||||
| 75 | .jpg) | Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham (1815–1915) | July 9, 1862 | March 24, 1865 | ||||
| Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores(1863) | Manuel Pando, 6th Marquess of Miraflores(1863–1864)[21] | |||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana(1863) Interim | ||||||||
| Francisco Permanyer Tuyets(1863) | ||||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana(1863–1864) Interim | ||||||||
| Alejandro de Castro y Casal(1864) | Lorenzo Arrazola(1864)[21] | |||||||
| Diego López Ballesteros(1864) | Alejandro Mon y Menéndez(1864)[21] | |||||||
| Manuel Seijas Lozano(1864–1865) | Ramón María Narváez(1864–1865)[21] | |||||||
| 76 |  | Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez Acting Governor-General | March 24, 1865 | April 25, 1865 | ||||
| 77 |  | Juan de Lara e Irigoyen | April 25, 1865 | July 13, 1866 | ||||
| Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1865–1866) | Leopoldo O'Donnell(1865–1866)[21] | |||||||
| Alejandro de Castro Casal(1866–1867) | Ramón María Narváez(1866–1868)[21] | |||||||
| 78 |  | José Laureano de Sanz y Posse Acting Governor-General(1819–1898) | July 13, 1866 | September 21, 1866 | ||||
| 79 | | Antonio Osorio y Mallén (1808-1881)Acting Governor-General | September 21, 1866 | September 27, 1866 | ||||
| (76) | | Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez | September 27, 1866 | October 26, 1866 | ||||
| 80 |  | José de la Gándara y Navarro (1820–1885) | October 26, 1866 | June 7, 1869 | ||||
| Carlos Marfori y Callejas(1867–1868) | ||||||||
| Luis González Bravo(1868)[21] | ||||||||
| Tomás Rodríguez Rubí(1868) | ||||||||
| José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquess of Havana(1868)[21] | ||||||||
| José Nacarino Bravo(1868) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala(1868–1869) | Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la Torre(1868–1869)[21] | Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la TorreRegent(1868–1870) | ||||||
| Juan Bautista Topete(1869) Interim | ||||||||
| (81) |  | Manuel Maldonado Acting Governor-General | June 7, 1869 | June 23, 1869 | Juan Prim(1869–1870)[21] | |||
| 82 |  | Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada (1809–1879) | June 23, 1869 | April 4, 1871 | ||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez(1869–1870) | ||||||||
| Segismundo Moret(1870) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala(1870–1871) | Juan Bautista Topete(1870–1871) Interim[21] | |||||||
| No regency | Amadeo I (1870–1873) | |||||||
| 83 | .jpg) | Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (1820–1883) | April 4, 1871 | January 8, 1873 | Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la Torre(1871)[21] | |||
| Tomás Mosquera(1871) | Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla(1871)[21] | |||||||
| Víctor Balaguer(1871) | José Malcampo(1871)[21] | |||||||
| Juan Bautista Topete(1871–1872) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1871–1872)[21] | |||||||
| Cristóbal Martín de Herrera(1872) | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala(1872) | Francisco Serrano 1st Duke of la Torre(1872)[21] | |||||||
| Eduardo Gasset y Artime(1872) | Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla(1872–1873)[21] | |||||||
| Tomás Mosquera(1872–1873) | ||||||||
| (84) |  | Manuel MacCrohon Acting Governor-General | January 8, 1873 | January 24, 1873 | ||||
| 85 |  | Juan Alaminos y Vivar (1813–1899) | January 24, 1873 | March 17, 1874 | ||||
| Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso(1873) | Estanislao Figueras President of the Executive Power(1873) | |||||||
| José Cristóbal Sorní y Grau(1873) | ||||||||
| Francesc Pi i Margall President of the Executive Power(1873) | ||||||||
| Francisco Suñer(1873) | ||||||||
| Eduardo Palanca(1873) | Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso President of the Executive Power(1873) | |||||||
| Santiago Soler y Pla(1873–1874) | Emilio Castelar President of the Executive Power(1873–1874) | |||||||
| Víctor Balaguer(1874) | Francisco Serrano(1874)[21] | No regency | Francisco Serrano President(1874) | |||||
| Antonio Romero Ortiz(1874) | Juan Zavala de la Puente(1874)[21] | |||||||
| 86 |  | Manuel Blanco Valderrama Acting Governor-General | March 17, 1874 | June 18, 1874 | ||||
| 87 | .jpg) | José Malcampo 3rd Marquess of San Rafael(1828–1880) | June 18, 1874 | February 28, 1877 | ||||
| Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1874)[21] | ||||||||
| Adelardo López de Ayala(1874–1877) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1874–1875)[21] | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1874–1875)[24] | Alfonso XII (1874–1885) | |||||
| No regency | ||||||||
| Joaquín Jovellar(1875)[21] | ||||||||
| Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1875–1879)[21] | ||||||||
| Cristóbal Martín de Herrera(1877–1878) | ||||||||
| 88 |  | Domingo Moriones y Murillo (1823–1881) | February 28, 1877 | March 20, 1880 | ||||
| José Elduayen Gorriti(1878–1879) | ||||||||
| Manuel Orovio Echagüe(1879) Interim | Arsenio Martínez-Campos(1879)[21] | |||||||
| Salvador Albacete(1879) | ||||||||
| José Elduayen Gorriti(1879–1880) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1879–1881)[21] | |||||||
| Cayetano Sánchez Bustillo(1880–1881) | ||||||||
| 89 |  | Rafael Rodríguez Arias Acting Governor-General(1819–1898) | March 20, 1880 | April 15, 1880 | ||||
| 90 |  | Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella(1831–1921) | April 15, 1880 | March 10, 1883 | ||||
| Fernando León y Castillo(1881–1883) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1881–1883)[21] | |||||||
| Gaspar Núñez de Arce(1883) | ||||||||
| (91) | | Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General(1824–1889) | March 10, 1883 | April 7, 1883 | ||||
| 92 |  | Joaquín Jovellar y Soler (1819–1892) | April 7, 1883 | April 1, 1885 | ||||
| Estanislao Suárez Inclán(1883–1884) | José Posada Herrera(1883–1884)[21] | |||||||
| Manuel Aguirre de Tejada(1884–1885) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1884–1885)[21] | |||||||
| (91) | | Emilio Molíns Acting Governor-General(1824–1889) | April 1, 1885 | April 4, 1885 | ||||
| 92 |  | Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1827–1890) | April 4, 1885 | April 25, 1888 | ||||
| German Gamazo(1885–1886) | Maria Christina of Austria (1885–1902) | Vacant (1885–1886)[25] | ||||||
| Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1885–1890)[21] | ||||||||
| Alfonso XIII (1886–1931) | ||||||||
| Víctor Balaguer(1886–1888) | ||||||||
| 93 |  | Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio Acting Governor-General | April 25, 1888 | June 4, 1888 | ||||
| 94 | | Federico Lobatón y Prieto Acting Governor-General | June 4, 1888 | June 5, 1888 | ||||
| 95 |  | Valeriano Weyler 1st Marquess of Tenerife(1838–1930) | June 5, 1888 | November 17, 1891 | ||||
| Trinitario Ruiz Capdepón(1888) | ||||||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez(1888–1890) | ||||||||
| Antonio María Fabié(1890–1891) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1890–1892)[21] | |||||||
| 96 |  | Eulogio Despujol y Dusay 1st Count of Caspe(1834–1907) | November 17, 1891 | March 1, 1893 | ||||
| Francisco Romero Robledo(1891–1892) | ||||||||
| Antonio Maura(1892–1894) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1892–1895)[21] | |||||||
| 97 |  | Federico Ochando Acting Governor-General(1848–1929) | March 1, 1893 | May 4, 1893 | ||||
| 98 |  | Ramón Blanco 1st Marquess of Peña Plata(1833–1906) | May 4, 1893 | December 13, 1896 | ||||
| Manuel Becerra y Bermúdez(1894–1895) | ||||||||
| Buenaventura Abárzuza Ferrer(1894–1895) | ||||||||
| Tomás Castellano Villarroya(1895–1897) | Antonio Cánovas del Castillo(1895–1897)[21] | |||||||
| 99 |  | Camilo Garcia de Polavieja 1st Marquess of PolaviejaActing Governor-General(1838–1914) | December 13, 1896 | April 15, 1897 | ||||
| 100 |  | José de Lachambre Acting Governor-General(1846–1903) | April 15, 1897 | April 23, 1897 | ||||
| (90) | | Fernando Primo de Rivera 1st Marquess of Estella(1831–1921) | April 23, 1897 | April 11, 1898 | ||||
| Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero(1897)[21] | ||||||||
| Segismundo Moret(1897–1898) | Práxedes Mateo Sagasta(1897–1899)[21] | |||||||
| 101 |  | Basilio Augustín[26] (1840–1910) | April 11, 1898 | July 24, 1898 | ||||
| Vicente Romero Girón(1898–1899) | ||||||||
| 102 |  | Fermín Jáudenes[26] Acting Governor-General(1836–1915) | July 24, 1898 | August 13, 1898 | ||||
| 103 |  | Francisco Rizzo[26] Acting Governor-General(1831–1910) | August 13, 1898 | September 18, 1898 | ||||
| 104 | .jpg) | Diego de los Ríos[26] Acting Governor-General(1850–1911) | September 18, 1898 | June 3, 1899 | ||||
| Raimundo Fernández-Villaverde(1899)[27] | Francisco Silvela(1899–1899)[21] | |||||||
| Office abolished | ||||||||
The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898.[28] On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[28] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[28]
During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of War[29] | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | .JPG) | Wesley Merritt (1836–1910) | August 14, 1898[30] | August 30, 1898[31] | Russell A. Alger(1897–1899) | William McKinley (1897–1901) |
| 2 |  | Elwell Stephen Otis (1838–1909) | August 30, 1898 | May 5, 1900 | ||
| Elihu Root(1899–1904) | ||||||
| 3 |  | Arthur MacArthur Jr.[32] (1845–1912) | May 5, 1900 | July 4, 1901 | ||
| 4 | .jpg) | Adna Chaffee[33] (1842–1914) | July 4, 1901 | July 4, 1902 | ||
| Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) |
On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of theSecond Philippine Commission who had the title ofCivil Governor, a position appointed by thePresident of the United States and approved by theUnited States Senate. For the first year, aMilitary Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.[34] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[35] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[33] Chaffee remained commander of the Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[36]
After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointedSecretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress[37] of the titleGovernor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".[28] The term "insular" (frominsula, theLatin word forisland)[38] refers to U.S.island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. Allinsular areas were under the authority of the U.S.Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of theUS War Department.[39][40]
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Secretary of War[29] | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | William Howard Taft (1857–1930) | July 4, 1901 | February 1, 1904 | Elihu Root(1899–1904) | William McKinley (1897–1901) |
| Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) | ||||||
| 2 |  | Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) | February 1, 1904 | November 3, 1905 | William Howard Taft(1904–1908) | |
| 3 |  | Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) | November 3, 1905 | September 19, 1906 | ||
 | James Francis Smith (1859–1928) | September 20, 1906 | November 11, 1909 | |||
| 4 | Luke Edward Wright(1908–1909) | |||||
| Jacob M. Dickinson(1909–1911) | William Howard Taft (1909–1913) | |||||
| 5 |  | William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) | November 11, 1909 | September 1, 1913 | ||
| Henry L. Stimson(1911–1913) | ||||||
| Lindley Miller Garrison(1913–1916) | Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) | |||||
| – | .jpg) | Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) Acting Governor-General | September 1, 1913 | October 6, 1913 | ||
| 6 |  | Francis Burton Harrison (1873–1957) | October 6, 1913 | March 5, 1921 | ||
| Newton D. Baker(1916–1921) | ||||||
| John W. Weeks(1921–1925) | Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) | |||||
| – | .jpg) | Charles Yeater (1861–1943) Acting Governor-General | March 5, 1921 | October 14, 1921 | ||
| 7 |  | Leonard Wood (1860–1927) | October 14, 1921 | August 7, 1927 | ||
| Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929) | ||||||
| Dwight F. Davis(1925–1929) | ||||||
| – | .jpg) | Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General | August 7, 1927 | December 27, 1927 | ||
| 8 |  | Henry L. Stimson (1867–1950) | December 27, 1927 | February 23, 1929 | ||
| – | | Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) Acting Governor-General | February 23, 1929 | July 8, 1929 | ||
| James W. Good(1929) | Herbert Hoover (1929–1933) | |||||
 | Dwight F. Davis (1879–1945) | July 8, 1929 | January 9, 1932 | |||
| 9 | ||||||
| Patrick J. Hurley(1929–1933) | ||||||
| – | .jpg) | George C. Butte (1877–1940) Acting Governor-General | January 9, 1932 | February 29, 1932 | ||
| 10 |  | Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1886–1944) | February 29, 1932 | July 15, 1933 | ||
| George Dern(1933–1936) | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) | |||||
| 11 |  | Frank Murphy (1890–1949) | July 15, 1933 | November 14, 1935 |
On November 15, 1935, theCommonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office ofPresident of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country'schief executive. The Governor-General became theHigh Commissioner of the Philippines withFrank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved fromMalacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now theEmbassy of the United States in Manila.
After thePhilippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner,Paul McNutt, became the firstUnited States Ambassador to the Philippines.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Frank Murphy (1890–1949) | November 14, 1935 | December 31, 1936 | Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945) |
| – |  | J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner | December 31, 1936 | April 26, 1937 | |
| 2 |  | Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955) | April 26, 1937 | July 12, 1939 | |
| – | | J. Weldon Jones (1896–1982) Acting High Commissioner | July 12, 1939 | October 28, 1939 | |
| 3 |  | Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. (1885–1972) | October 28, 1939 | October 12, 1942 | |
| 4 |  | Harold L. Ickes (1874–1952) | October 12, 1942 | September 14, 1945 | |
| Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) | |||||
| 5 | | Paul V. McNutt (1891–1955) | September 14, 1945 | July 4, 1946 |
In December 1941, theCommonwealth of the Philippines wasinvaded byImperial Japan as part ofWorld War II. The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during thewartime period, followed by the formal establishment of thepuppetSecond Philippine Republic underJose P. Laurel.[41]
On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from theUnited States was proclaimed by theTreaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installingManuel Roxas as thefifthPresident of the Philippines and ushering in theThird Philippine Republic.
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Emperor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Masaharu Homma (1887–1946) | January 3, 1942 | June 8, 1942 | Hirohito (1926–1989) |
| 2 |  | Shizuichi Tanaka (1887–1945) | June 8, 1942 | May 28, 1943 | |
| 3 |  | Shigenori Kuroda (1887–1952) | May 28, 1943 | September 26, 1944 | |
| 4 | .jpg) | Tomoyuki Yamashita (1885–1946) | September 26, 1944 | September 2, 1945 |
On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence.[42]
| No. | Portrait | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Luke Edward Wright (1846–1922) [33] | October 29, 1901 | January 31, 1904 |
| 2 | | Henry Clay Ide (1844–1921) [33] | February 1, 1904 | March 30, 1906 |
| 3 | | William Cameron Forbes (1870–1959) [33] | July 31, 1908 | November 10, 1909 |
| 4 | | Newton W. Gilbert (1862–1939) [33] | February 14, 1910 | November 30, 1913 |
| 5 |  | Henderson S. Martin [33] | December 1, 1913 | June 28, 1917 |
| 6 | | Charles Yeater (1861–1943) [43] | June 29, 1917 | January 25, 1922 |
| 7 | | Eugene Allen Gilmore (1871–1953) [44] | January 26, 1922 | June 20, 1930 |
| – |  | Nicholas Roosevelt (1893–1982) Ad interim [45] | July 29, 1930 | September 24, 1930 |
| 8 | | George C. Butte (1877–1940) [46] | December 31, 1930 | June 30, 1932 |
| 9 |  | John H. Holliday [47] | August 13, 1932 | September 1, 1933 |
| 10 |  | Joseph R. Hayden (1887–1945) [48] | November 7, 1933 | November 15, 1935 |
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