State of Turkey ترکیه دولتی Türkiye Devleti | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1920–1923 | |||||||||||||||||
.svg) | |||||||||||||||||
| Motto: حاكميّت بلاقيد و شرط ملّتڭدر Ḥâkimiyet bilâ ḳaydü şarṭ milletiñdir "Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation" | |||||||||||||||||
| Anthem: استقلال مارشى İstiklal Marşı "Independence March" | |||||||||||||||||
 De Jure Situation in the Ottoman Empire following theTreaty of Sèvres. | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Ankara (de facto) | ||||||||||||||||
| Official languages | Turkish[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Islam (official)[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Provisional government under aparliamentary republic | ||||||||||||||||
| Speaker | |||||||||||||||||
• 1920–1923 | Mustafa Kemalab | ||||||||||||||||
| Caliph | |||||||||||||||||
• 1922–1923 | Abdülmecid II | ||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||||||
• 1920–1921 | Mustafa Kemal | ||||||||||||||||
• 1921–1922 | Mustafa Fevzi | ||||||||||||||||
• 1922–1923 | Hüseyin Rauf | ||||||||||||||||
• 1923 | Ali Fethi | ||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Grand National Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | War of Independence | ||||||||||||||||
| 23 April 1920 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3 May 1920 | |||||||||||||||||
| 20 January 1921 | |||||||||||||||||
| 11 October 1922 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 November 1922 | |||||||||||||||||
| 24 July 1923 | |||||||||||||||||
| 29 October 1923 | |||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||
• | 6–7 million[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Ottoman lira | ||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Turkey | ||||||||||||||||
TheGovernment of the Grand National Assembly (Turkish:Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti), self-identified as theState of Turkey (Türkiye Devleti) orTurkey (Türkiye),[3] commonly known as theAnkara Government (Ankara Hükûmeti),[4][5][6][7][8][9] or archaically theAngora Government, was the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based inAnkara (then known as Angora) during theTurkish War of Independence (1919–1923) and during thefinal years of theOttoman Empire. It was led by theTurkish National Movement, as opposed to the crumblingIstanbul government, which was led by theOttoman SultanMehmed VI Vahdeddin.
The provisional government was established on 23 April 1920, after the formaloccupation of Istanbul in March 1920, a decision supported by Mehmed VI. A brief civil war between Ankara and Istanbul erupted. The Istanbul government went on to sign theTreaty of Sèvres with the Allied powers, which would have left the Ottoman Empire a colonial satellite of the European powers. During the War of Independence, the Government of the Grand National Assembly amalgamated militia of theKuva-yi Milliye ("National Forces") into aregular army to fightGreece,Armenia,France,Britain, and Istanbul. After the war, the Ankara Government abolished the Sultanate in November 1922 and the next year proclaimed theRepublic of Turkey in October 1923. TheGrand National Assembly is today the parliamentary body of Turkey.
At the time the Ankara Government was proclaimed, there existed another Turkish government in theAllied-occupiedConstantinople (nowIstanbul), namely theImperial Ottoman Government, often known as the "Constantinople Government" (as opposed to the nationalist Ankara Government) and another Turkish parliament as theChamber of Deputies. On 12 November 1918, Constantinople was occupied by the Allied forces led by the British. However, the occupying forces did not touch the Parliament and government buildings. On 21 December 1918, the parliament was dissolved by Sultan Vahdettin to hold new elections. As a result of the elections, the last parliament held its first meeting on 12 January 1920. The newly elected Ottoman parliament in Istanbul did not recognize the occupation; they developed a National Pact (Misak-ı Milli). The British, disturbed by the declaration of the National Pact, decided to completely occupy the city with the Allied military forces and seize the government buildings. Following the military occupation of Istanbul on 16 March 1920, the parliament was officially closed on 11 April 1920, under pressure from the occupying forces, in violation of the constitution. While some deputies were arrested, most fled to Anatolia to join the resistance. The new parliament opened in Ankara as a joint effort of these fugitive deputies and the resistance structure in Anatolia, opened on 23 April 1920, shortly after the old parliament was forcibly closed. The new parliament in Ankara declared itself to be the continuation of the parliament closed in Istanbul on 11 April stated that it was loyal to the National Pact and began its work by holding the last meeting of the old parliament as its first meeting. The Ankara Government was officially loyal to the Ottoman Sultan and the Caliphate. The Ankara Government never claimed that it was a new or different state. However, it declared that the Istanbul Government could not govern the country and had no validity due to the occupation of Istanbul. For this reason, it did not use the title "nazır" (minister) for its own cabinet members. Instead, it used the titlevekil (acting minister).
The Ankara Government was founded to representTurkey because thede jure capital, Constantinople,was under occupation. The president of the GNA (renamed theGrand National Assembly of Turkey after 8 February 1921) and later of the Republic of Turkey, wasMustafa Kemal Pasha. Once theArmistice of Mudanya was signed, replacing theArmistice of Mundros (signed by the Ottoman Empire in 1918 at the end ofWorld War I) and ending theTurkish War of Independence, the GNAabolished the imperial Sultanate, which was accused of collaborating with theAllies during the occupation of Turkey.
The Constantinople Government, representing the Ottoman sultanate and the old imperial and monarchical order, initially refused to recognize theTurkish national movement and the Government of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, holding that it alone was the legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire. It attempted to militarily defeat the Ankara Government using itsKuva-yi Inzibatiye, i.e. the "Forces of Order", commonly known as the "Army of the Caliphate" (as opposed to the GNA's forces, theKuva-yi Milliye, the "Army of the Nation"), but failed to do so. In 1921, diplomatic teams from both the monarchist Constantinople Government and the republican Ankara Government appeared at theConference of London. In a surprising move, however, the Ottoman diplomatic team led byAhmet Tevfik Pasha gave in and allowed the Turkish diplomatic team led byBekir Sami Kunduh to be the sole representatives of the country at the conference. TheTreaty of Lausanne was signed on 24 July 1923, between the representatives of the Allies and of Ankara, thus officially recognizing the government of Ankara as the legitimate Turkish government.
On 29 October, the National Assembly declared theRepublic of Turkey.
The provisional government was aparliamentary republic where the unicameral parliament, theGrand National Assembly, practiced both executive and legislative powers.[10] As the main purpose of the government was to salvage the Ottoman Empire, and they in reality still recognized the Sultan, despite the capital wasunder occupation, there was no designated head of state position.[11]
Two days after the proclamation of the Grand National Assembly, the Temporary Executive Council (Turkish: Muvakkat İcra Encümeni) was established under Mustafa Kemal's leadership to handle transition matters until the composition of an organized government. The council was disbanded by Law No. 3 following the first election on 3 May 1920.[12]
The executive branch was a combination of military and civilian administrations. For instance, both the National Defense and the Chief of Staff were designated as ministries.[12] The Cabinet of the Executive Ministers was composed of eleven ministries, as follows:
| Title | Title inOttoman Turkish (romanized) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sharia and Foundations | Şer'iye ve Evkaf | |
| Health and Social Welfare | Sıhhiye ve Muavenet-i İçtimaiye | The ministry was in charge of handling nationwide cooperation between military, civilian, and local health centers. It operated twohospital trains during theGreek Summer Offensive[13] and established more than 20 stational and mobile hospitals. After theConstantinople government ban on vaccines and medical equipment supplies to Anatolia, the ministry focused on vaccine production and combating diseases.[13] |
| Economy | İktisat | |
| Education | Maarif | At the time of the proclamation of the Ankara Government, most schools were underfunded and the already few existing teachers were resigning to seek public service jobs.[14] The First Education Congress (Turkish: Birinci Maarif Kongresi) held in 1921 adjusted the national order in education: Elementary education was decreased from 6 to 4 years; many high schools were converted to vocational schools; the Copyright and Translation Council was founded to safeguard national heritage and commence first studies on theAlphabet Revolution.[14] As there was no university in Anatolia, some professors from Constantinople voluntarily taught at high schools, and the ministry offered bachelor's degrees. Schools of foreign origin were also forced into audit by the central government.[14] |
| Judiciary | Adliye | |
| Finance and Customs | Maliye ve Rüsumat | |
| Public Works | Nafia | |
| Interior | Dahiliye |
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| National Defense | Müdafaa-ı Milliye |
|
| Foreign Affairs | Hariciye | |
| Chief of Staff | Erkân-ı Harbiye |
Even though theConstitution of 1921 had emphasized decentralization through expanding local administrators' powers, it was aunitary state. The administrative order was composed ofvilayets, integratedlivas, independentlivas, andkazas.[16]
Shortly after theArmistice of Mundros, there were 15 vilayets, 35 integrated livas, 17 independent livas, and 392 kazas.[16] Vilayets had autonomy to some extent[17] through local councils (Turkish:vilâyet şurası) that were elected by the people and were allowed to amend and execute local laws, as long as they were compliant with the laws released by the central government.[16] Vilayets hadgovernors appointed by the Grand National Assembly for the representation and audit of vilayets, whilekaymakams were responsible for lower divisions.
The governments prior to the Republic were used to be called "Executive ministers of Turkey." They were:
