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 Logo of the Government of Catalonia | |
| Government of Catalonia overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 19 December 1359 (first inception) (665 years, 340 days) 17 April 1931 (established by theSecond Spanish Republic) (94 years, 221 days) 29 September 1977 (reestablished from exile) (48 years, 56 days) |
| Dissolved | 16 September 1714 (defeat in theWar of the Spanish Succession) (311 years, 69 days) 5 February 1939 (Francoist occupation duringSpanish Civil War) (86 years, 292 days) |
| Jurisdiction |  Catalonia |
| Headquarters | Palace of the Generalitat of Catalonia |
| Employees | 240,000[1] |
| Annual budget | €34.03 billion (2017)[2] |
| Government of Catalonia executives | |
| Website | gencat.cat |
TheGeneralitat de Catalunya (Catalan pronunciation:[ʒənəɾəliˈtaddəkətəˈluɲə];Spanish:Generalidad de Cataluña;Occitan:Generalitat de Catalonha), or theGovernment of Catalonia, is the institutional system by whichCatalonia isself-governed as anautonomous community of Spain. It is made up of theParliament of Catalonia, thePresident of the Government of Catalonia, and theExecutive Council of Catalonia (or council of ministers, also very often referred to asGovern, "Government"). Its current powers are set out in theStatute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006.
The origins of the Generalitat are in the 13th century when permanent councils of deputies (deputations) were created to rule administration of the Courts of the different realms that formed theCrown of Aragon which gave birth to the Deputation of the General of thePrincipality of Catalonia (1359), the Deputation of the General of theKingdom of Aragon (1362) and the Deputation of the General of theKingdom of Valencia (1412). The modern Generalitat was established in 1931, as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within theSpanish Republic. After the end of theCivil War in 1940 the President was executed and the Generalitat abolished. Notwithstanding, the presidency went into exile until it was reestablished in 1977.[3]
Its headquarters are at thePalau de la Generalitat, in the city ofBarcelona.
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Catalonia's political past as a territorially differentiated community with its own representative and separated institutions, materialized in the institutional systems of the combinedCatalan counties (9th–12th centuries), thePrincipality of Catalonia within theCrown of Aragon (1164–1714) and theMonarchy of Spain (1516–1714/1833), as well the establishment of Catalan self-government from 1931 onwards, can be divided into different stages, separated by ruptures in the legal/public order.
The Generalitat of Catalonia can trace its origins in theCatalan Courts, as during the reign ofJames I the Conqueror (1208–1276) they reunited and were convoked by the king, as representatives of the social statements of the time. Under the reign ofPeter the Great (1276–1285), the Catalan Courts gained institutional status, after the king obliged himself to celebrate an annual "General Court". The Catalan Courts exercised as Council and had legislative functions through its three branches (braços): the ecclesiastical (clergy), the military (nobility) and the popular (villages and towns submitted to direct rule of the king). This union of the tree branches was named "Lo General de Cathalunya", where "General" means the political community of the Catalans as a whole.
In 1289 the first step towards becoming an institution occurred when the courts met in the castle ofMontsó. (Although located in theKingdom of Aragon, Montsó had been ruled by theCount of Barcelona since the year 1151 AD when CountRamon Berenguer IV married PrincessPetronilla of Aragon). A body was appointed, designated the "Diputació del General" (Deputation of the General),[4] to temporarily collect the "services" or tributes that the "branches" granted the king on his demand. This tax was popularly known as "Drets Generals" (General Rights) or "generalitats" (generalities), similar to the French "Généralités", which were also founded as tax districts.
ThePau i Treva de Déu ("Peace and Truce of God") was a social movement born in the eleventh century promoted by the Church, united with the peasantry as the response to the violence perpetrated by feudal nobles. The hometowns, then, delimited a space protected of feudal violence. However, to ensure a coexistence climate, it was necessary to go further, establishing an authority that prohibited the practice of any type of violent act anywhere in the territory. This was the objective of the assemblies of Peace and Truce of God, the first of which, in the Catalan counties, took place in Toluges (Roussillon), in 1027, under the presidency ofAbbot Oliba, on behalf of BishopBerenguer d'Elna, absent from the diocese because he was on a pilgrimage. The origin of theCatalan Courts can be considered from the Peace of Truce of God.
TheGeneralitat of Catalonia stems from the medieval institution which ruled, in the name of the King as Count of Barcelona, some aspects of the administration of thePrincipality of Catalonia. The Catalan Courts were the main institution of the Principality during its existence as a polity and approved theCatalan constitutions. The first constitutions were that of the Courts of 1283.[5]
The Medieval precedent of the Generalitat, theDiputació del General de Catalunya ("Deputation of the General of Catalonia") was a permanent council of deputies established by the Courts in order to collect the new "tax of the General" (or tribute for the King) in 1359. The "general" refers to the combination of the three estates: nobility, church and people. The tax became known was thedrets del General orGeneralitats. The council gained important political power during the next centuries, assuming tasks including that ofprosecutor. In 1931, the name Generalitat was chosen by the legislators of the new self government to help legitimise their function.
Catalan institutions which depended on the Generalitat were abolished in what is currently known in Catalonia asNorthern Catalonia, one year after the signature of theTreaty of the Pyrenees in the 17th century, which transferred the territory from Spanish to French sovereignty.
Then, by the early 18th century, with the issue of the"Nueva Planta Decrees" after the Catalan defeat in theWar of the Spanish Succession, the institution, as well as the other political institutions of the Principality, was abolished.
The Generalitat was restored in the Catalonia under Spanish administration in 1931 during the events of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic whenFrancesc Macià, leader of theRepublican Left of Catalonia (ERC), declared theCatalan Republic within an Iberian Federation on 14 April but later reached an agreement with the Spanish ministers, in which the Catalan Republic was renamed Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya) and given its modern political and representative function as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic.[6] The restored Generalitat was ruled by a statute of autonomy approved by the Spanish Cortes in 1932 and included aparliament, apresidency, anexecutive council and acourt of cassation. It was presided by Francesc Macià (1931–1933) andLluís Companys (1933–1940). The governments of Macià and Companys enacted a progressive agenda, despite the internal difficulties, while fought to demand the complete transfer of the powers estipulated in the Statute.
After the right wing coalition won the Spanish elections in 1933, the leftist leaders of the Generalitat of Cataloniarebelled in October of 1934 against the Spanish authorities, and it was temporarily suspended from 1934 to 1936. After the victory of the left in the Spanish elections of February 1936 the new Spanish government pardoned the Catalan government and the self-government was fully restored.
Throughout theSpanish Civil War (1936–1939) the Generalitat remained loyal to the Republic, assuming powers in areas belonging to the State in Catalonia, such as border controls, coinage, justice and defense. However, due to therevolutionary situation created after the coup d'etat, the Generalitat lost most of the effective power over the territory, largely controlled by local committees under the command of theCentral Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia. As the weeks passed, the Catalan government progressively recovered somewhat control until May 1937.
In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War finished with the defeat of the Republican side, the Generalitat of Catalonia as an institution was abolished and remained so during theFrancoist dictatorship until 1975. The president of the Generalitat at the time,Lluís Companys, was tortured and executed on 15 October 1940 for the crime of 'military rebellion'. Nonetheless, the Generalitat maintained its official existencein exile, led by presidentsJosep Irla (1940–1954) andJosep Tarradellas (1954–1980).
The succession of presidents of the Generalitat was maintained in exile from 1939 to 1977, when Josep Tarradellas returned toCatalonia and was recognized as the legitimate president by the Spanish government. Tarradellas, when he returned to Catalonia, made his often quoted remark "Ciutadans de Catalunya: ja sóc aquí" ("Citizens of Catalonia: I am back!"), reassuming the autonomous powers of Catalonia, one of the historic nationalities of present-day Spain.
After this, the powers given to the autonomous Catalan government according to theSpanish Constitution of 1978 were transferred and theStatute of Autonomy of Catalonia (Estatut d'Autonomia) was passed after being approved both by referendum in Catalonia and by theSpanish parliament.
José Montilla, leader of the Catalan Socialist Party, was the president of the Generalitat from the2006 election until November 2010, leading a tripartite coalition of left-wing andCatalan nationalist political parties.
On 18 June 2006, areformed version of theStatute of Autonomy of Catalonia was approved by referendum and went into effect 9 August 2006.[7] The reform of the Statute was initially championed by both the leftist parties in the Catalan government and by the main opposition party (CiU), which were united in pushing for increased devolution of powers from the Spanish government level, enhanced fiscal autonomy and finances, and explicit recognition of Catalonia's national identity.[8] However the details of the Statute's final version were harshly fought over and continued to be controversial. At length, theRepublican Left of Catalonia (ERC), themselves members of the coalition government, finally opposed the Statute in the referendum.[8]
ThePartido Popular then filed an objection ofunconstitutionality against more than half the text before theConstitutional Court of Spain (including provisions that had previously been approved in the autonomy statutes of other autonomous communities).[9] Four years later, on 28 June 2010, theSpanish Constitutional Court gave their judgement, annulling 14 articles and dictating the interpretation for 27 more. The Court's decision led to amassive demonstration in Barcelona of more than a million people[10][11] under the slogan in CatalanSom una nació. Nosaltres decidim (transl. "We are a nation. We decide).
Artur Mas held the office of President of the Generalitat from December 2010[12] until his resignation in January 2016,[13] leading a minority government dependent on pacts with other parties including theSocialists' Party of Catalonia following the2010 election and the2015 election.
Former president Artur Mas was charged by the Spanish government for civil disobedience, after he organised and staged a referendum on independence in 2014.[citation needed]
In 2016,Carles Puigdemont, member of theCatalan European Democratic Party,[14] successor formation to the defunctConvergence and Union alliance.[15] was electedPresident of the Generalitat of Catalonia. He was suspended from office on 27 October 2017, by the Spanish government.[16][17]
After a number of attempts to invest a new president,Quim Torra i Pla became president on 17 May 2018, withTogether for Catalonia andRepublican Left of Catalonia votes in favor. He was subsequently inhabilitated by a spanish court for civil disobedience after refusing to remove a banner in support of thejailed catalan politicians from the main balcony of thePalace of the Generalitat. His vice-president,Pere Aragonès i Garcia became acting president untilhis own election as president in 2021.
On 8 August 2024,Salvador Illa i Roca from theSocialists' Party of Catalonia was elected the 133rd president of the Generalitat following an agreement with theRepublican Left of Catalonia andComuns Sumar.
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Statute and laws |
Public order
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The autonomous government consists of the Executive Council, the President and the Parliament. Some people wrongly apply this name only to the executive council (the cabinet of the autonomous government); however,Generalitat de Catalunya is the system of Catalan autonomous government as a whole.
The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. AfterNavarre and theBasque Country regions, Catalonia has the greatest level of self-government in Spain. When it is fully instated, theGeneralitat holds exclusive and wide jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments.[18] In many aspects relating to education, health and justice, the region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government.[19]
One of the examples of Catalonia's degree of autonomy is its own police force, theMossos d'Esquadra ("Auxiliary Force"), which has taken over most of the police functions in Catalonia which used to be served by theCivil Guard(Guardia Civil) and the SpanishNational Police Corps.
With few exceptions, most of the justice system is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish state, with the exception of some parts ofcivil law – especiallyfamily,inheritance, andreal estate law – that have traditionally been ruled by so-calledforal law.[20] The fields of civil law that are subject to autonomous legislation have been codified in theCivil Code of Catalonia(Codi civil de Catalunya) consisting of six books that have successively entered into force since 2003.[21]
Another institution stemming from the Catalan autonomy statute, but independent from theGeneralitat in its check and balance functions, is theSíndic de Greuges (ombudsman)[22] to address problems that may arise between private citizens or organizations and the Generalitat or local governments.
TheParliament of Catalonia (Catalan:Parlament de Catalunya) is the unicameral legislative body of the Generalitat and represents the people of Catalonia. Its 135 members (diputats) are elected byuniversal suffrage to serve for a four-year period. According to the Statute of Autonomy, it has powers to legislate over devolved matters such as education, health, culture, internal institutional and territorial organization, nomination of the President of the Generalitat and control the Government, budget and other affairs. The last Catalan electionwas held on 12 May 2024, and its current speaker (president) isJosep Rull, incumbent since 11 June 2024.
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ThePresident of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan:president de la Generalitat de Catalunya) is the highest representative of Catalonia, and is also responsible of leading the government's action, presiding the Executive Council. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain, thePresidents of Catalonia have beenJosep Tarradellas (1977–1980, president in exile since 1954),Jordi Pujol (1980–2003),Pasqual Maragall (2003–2006),José Montilla (2006–2010),Artur Mas (2010–2016),Carles Puigdemont (2016–2017) and, after the imposition of direct rule from Madrid,Quim Torra (2018–2020),Pere Aragonès (2020–2024) andSalvador Illa (2024–).
TheExecutive Council (Catalan:Consell Executiu) or Government (Govern), is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power, being accountable to the Catalan Parliament. It comprises the President of the Generalitat, theFirst Minister (conseller primer) or theVice President, and the ministers (consellers) appointed by the president. Its seat is thePalau de la Generalitat, Barcelona. The current government is formed by the center-left pro-independenceRepublican Left of Catalonia (ERC) after a political crisis in which the center-right member of the coalitionTogether for Catalonia (Junts) abandoned in 2022 its ministerial seats.[23] It is made up of 14 ministers, alongside to the President and a secretary of government.
As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia is not recognized as a sovereign state by any sovereign state. However, as Catalonia has progressively gained a greater degree of self-government in recent years, the Catalan Government has established nearly bilateral relationships with foreign bodies. For the most part, these relationships are with the governments of other powerful subnational entities such asQuebec[24] orCalifornia.[25] In addition, like most Spanish autonomous communities, Catalonia has permanent delegations before international organizations, such as theEuropean Union.[26]
More recently, Catalonia has embarked upon an expansion process of its international representation by opening a number of delegations worldwide. As of 2017, these exceeded 40.[27][28] Most of these offices are located in major world cities likeLondon,New York City,Los Angeles,Paris,Tokyo and others. Each office has specific duties assigned by their ministry or department agency. Generally, the functions of these are the representation of specific interests of the Government of Catalonia, trade and foreign investment, Catalan culture and language support, tourist promotion, and international cooperation activities.[28][29]
There are no specific Catalan political institutions inNorthern Catalonia, other than the Frenchdépartement ofPyrénées-Orientales. However, since 5 September 2003, there has been aCasa de la Generalitat inPerpignan, which aims to promote the Catalan culture and facilitate exchanges between each side of theFranco–Spanish border.[30]
Under application of article 155 of theConstitution following theconstitutional crisis of 2017 Catalonia only retained one delegation abroad, after the rest were closed, this delegation was the one ofBrussels, Belgium. The Catalan Government elected after 21 December election began the process to restore the closed delegations, achieving the goal and opening new ones. Currently there are 15 fully deployed delegations.
This is the list of the currentdelegations of the Government of Catalonia abroad:[31]
Brussels, Belgium (delegation before the
European Union)
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Vienna, Austria
Zagreb, Croatia
Paris, France
Berlin, Germany
Rome, Italy
Mexico City, Mexico
Lisbon, Portugal
Seoul, South Korea
Stockholm, Sweden
Geneva, Switzerland
Tunis, Tunisia
London, United Kingdom
Washington, D.C., United States
Media related toGeneralitat de Catalunya at Wikimedia Commons
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