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Gour kingdom
600-900–1303
Capital	Borchola (first), Bank of Malini stream (royal) and Mona Rai hill (minister)
Languages	Sanskrit,Prakrit
Religion	Hinduism (official)
Government	Monarchy
Raja
• 630-660	Gurak (first (legendary))
• 1260-1303	Gour Govinda (last)
Chief minister
• 630-660	Marbel (first)
• 1060-1100	Vanamali Kar
• 1250-1260	Madan Rai
• 1260-1303	Mona Rai (last)
Historical era	Classical period
• Established	600-900
• Disestablished	1303
Preceded by Succeeded by Jaintia kingdom Taraf kingdom Lakhnauti Sultanate
Today part of	Bangladesh

TheGour kingdom was one of the greater of the manypetty kingdoms of the medievalSylhet region. According to legend, it was founded by Gurak, off-shooting fromKamarupa'sJaintia kingdom in 630. Much of its early history is considered legendary or mythological up until Navagirvana who is mentioned in the Bhatera copper-plate inscriptions. The Kings of Gour are described as patrons ofHindu revivalism in what was previously a predominantly Buddhist and animist populated land.

The 11th century king Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva is recognised for introducing thenavadinga (nine war boats) and heavily improving the kingdom's infantry, cavalry, and elephant power.^[1]Due to familial tensions, the kingdom split into two separate kingdoms in 1170;Gour (Northern Sylhet) andBrahmachal (Southern Sylhet), before being reunited byRaja Govardhan in the early years of his reign. However, this would be short-lasted as during Govardhan's reign, the kingdom would suffer attacks from neighbouring kingdoms of all directions; eventually leading to the latter's death and the annexation of Brahmachal from Gour toTwipra.Gour Govinda would be the last king to succeed him. In contrast to Govardhan, he would revive Gour back into a regional superpower, warding off all potential enemies, regaining lost territory, introducing defensive strategies likearchery in war for the first time inBengal's history and improving Gour's military status.^[2] Noted as a Hindu Revivalist, Gour Govinda encouraged the Hindu way of life . The kingdom came to an end after the Islamicconquest of Sylhet in 1303 led bySikandar Khan Ghazi,Syed Nasiruddin andShah Jalal, leading to the flight of Govinda and the royal family, and the subsequent incorporation of Sylhet with mainland MuslimBengal ruled by SultanShamsuddin Firuz Shah.^[3]

There are many theories behind the naming of the Gour kingdom. Some say that the name originated from the kingdom's founder; Gurak, the son of Raja Guhak just as Jaintia was named after Jayantak andLaur after Ladduk. Other theories are that it was named following the 1170 partition of the kingdom into two. The north was renamed Gour (also transliterated as Gauda inSanskrit) as in imitation of the great HinduGauda kingdom which ruledBengal from 590AD to 626AD.^[4]

The kingdom consisted of majority of the modern-daySylhet District. It included some eastern parts of the modern-dayMoulvibazar District until it split from Gour to become the independent kingdom of Brahmachal. The final king of Gour,Gour Govinda would reunite Brahmachal to the Gour kingdom. TheTungachal kingdom, to its southwest, was a vassal state of Gour, and later Brahmachal would be one as well. With Govinda turning Gour into a regional superpower, theLaur kingdom may have also been a vassal state as Takerghat (in Laur) was made the naval headquarters during Govinda's rule. In the 850s, much of the kingdom's territory was described to be "outside the pale of human habitation" with central and southwestern Sylhet forming a large sea.^[5] This explains the naval significance which the Kings of Gour boasted.^[6]

The early rulers of Gour were said to have belonged to an animist clan known as the Pator-Chutia or Patro which later converted toHinduism after Raja Guhak's interest in the religion and his initial invitation to Brahmins from Kamarupa to come and migrate to Sylhet. The small tribe remains in existence today and are also known by their endonym, theLaleng, and claim descent from these kings although this cannot be proven. Their traditions are a mixture of tribal animistic and Hindu beliefs. They have a distinct language toBengali andSylheti and many migrated toAssam andMeghalaya following the 1947Partition of India and 1971Bangladesh Liberation War.^[7]

Before the establishment of the Gour kingdom, the area was a part of the Jaintia kingdom in greater Kamarupa. When Guhak ascended the Jaintia throne, he married a princess from Kamarupa. Guhak had a deep interest inHinduism and migration ofBrahmins from Kamarupa to this area took place. On his way back, Guhak brought a stone image known asKangsa-Nisudhana, an image ofKrishna andBalarama murderingKamsa, as well as Grivakali and Janghakali, and they put it on top of a hill in modern-day where they would worship it. During the British colonialBengal Presidency, this hill was also home to the Civil Surgeon's Bungalow.^[4]

Guhak had three sons, Jayantak, Gurak and Ladduk, and two daughters, Sheela and Chatala. It is said that his eldest daughter, Sheela, was once bathing in a lake south of the Kangsa-Nisudhana hill and she was kidnapped. After being rescued by Guhak, Sheela started to become more religious and live a secluded life. Chatala indulged herself in an unlawful relationship with one of the palace servants, leading to her being disowned and dumped in a distant island in the middle of 2000 square mile lake to the south of the kingdom. After Sheela's death at a young age, Guhak gave up his kingdom to also lead a more ascetic life. This port-area around the lake, which was the largest centre in the Jaintia kingdom for trade, was named "Sheelahaat" in her honour. Sources such as theHattanath Tales mention Sheelachatal was named after both daughters for the region.^[8] This is one of many theories of howSylhet got its name.^[9]Xuanzang ofTang China mentions that he visited Sheelachatal in the 630s in his book, theGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions.

Guhak split the Jaintia kingdom into three for his three sons. He gave his eldest son, Jayantak, what would become the hilly Jaintia kingdom. He gave his second son, Gurak, the southern plains which would be named Gour, and he gave his third son, Luddak, the western plains which would become theLaur kingdom.^[10]

Gurak made the capital initially at Borchola, five miles northwest of modern-daySylhet, but moved it to Malini stream bank, 7 miles south of Sylhet. He appointed Marbel as his chief minister. The minister was stationed in a hillock (now known asMona Rai's Tila) nearthe port for ease in tax collection and civil duties.^[4]

Being separated from Kamarupa by the Jaintia kingdom, Gour started interacting more with the Hindu lands to its west such as Tripura and Prayagraj. Minister Marbel was ordered to find a wife for Gurak's son, Srihasta. He went south to theTwipra kingdom in eastern Bengal where he found a young princess for Srihasta. When Srihasta ascended the throne in 660, he too contributed to the increase ofHindu influence to the predominantlyTantric Buddhist and animist-populated land. He installed a stoneShivalingam, which he called Bateshwar Shiva, in modern-day Bondor Bazar which he obtained during a pilgrimage toAkshayavat inPrayagraj. It is said he did this to compete with the Buddhist Lokenath statue which a group of merchants installed in modern-day Kazir Bazar. Gour also bordered Bengal to the west which was ruled by the BuddhistPala Empire. The Buddhist and later Muslim rule in Bengal led to large numbers ofHindus to migrate to Gour, which was considered a Hindu stronghold. Srihasta's reign ended in 690 AD and he was succeeded by Kritti Pal. The names of the four kings who succeeded Kritti Pal is unknown until 870 AD, when Bhut Vishnudeva ascends the throne as the 7th king of Gour. He was known to have beenmute.

He was succeeded by Navagirvan Deva (also known as Ananta Deva Navagirvanta) who is mentioned in the Bhatera copper-plate inscription as Kharavana (sharp arrow thrower). The Bhatera copper-plate inscription mentions the rulers of Gour from Navagirvan up to Kesava Deva providing evidence of the chronicles of Gour in this period whilst the previous history before Navagirvan is consideredlegendary. Navagirvan is attributed for bringing prosperity to Srihatta. His son, Gokul Kishore Deva was described in the inscription to be so strong that he imposed inactivity to enemy kingdoms. Gokul's son, Narayana Deva had a minister named Nandaka and a son named Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva.^[11] He was faced with confronting a number of rebellions.^[12]

The 11th King of Gour was Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva, also known as the Ripuraj Gopi Govinda. He became king in 990 AD after the death of his father, Narayan Deva. He is considered to be one of the greatest kings of Gour. In 1027, he constructed a towering stoneKrishna temple on the Kangsa-Nisudhana hill (which became the hillock of the Civil Surgeon's Bungalow during British rule).^[13] A famed patron ofHinduism, he hosted hundreds ofBrahmins andVedic scholars fromMithila and other parts ofthe subcontinent, employing them upon the services of temples in his kingdom.^[14][8] He performed ayajna, distributing gold equivalent to his body weight.^[15] TheBrahmins who had migrated from Kamarupa were experienced in seafaring and navies. They built nine ships (navadinga), some being two-storied and with up to 120 oars. These boats; Chali, Hali, Jilkar, Hakaluka, Makarasya, Chatali, Damuria, Barua and Baral are said to be what the modern-dayhaors of Sylhet take their names from. TheNavadinga boasted the power of Gour's kings who would use them when warring with neighbouringpetty kingdoms as well as for trade.^[13] Kesava is also recognised for heavily improving the kingdom's infantry, cavalry, navy and elephant power.^[1] He practicedpolygyny and had two sons, Jadava and Kangsa from his first wife, Kamala. After invading the kingdom of Kuchunia to his north ruled by Uraj Mardan, he also married Mardan's daughter Chandana and had a son with her named Ishan Deva.^{[citation needed]} After the death ofSrichandra of eastern Bengal'sChandra dynasty, Kesava took advantage and conquered the southern parts of theSylhet region; extending the Gour kingdom south of theKushiyara River.^[16]

Kesava's singh gour reign ended in 1040, leaving behind three sons; Jadava Kesava, Kangsa Narayan and Ishan Deva. The elder son, Jadava was meant to be king though he was said to have been childless and diseased, and so his brother, Kangsa Narayan became the next king instead. Kangsa established asatra in the memory of his father, and dug Kamala Lake in memory of his mother, Kamala. Kangsa's rule was very short as he was killed by a wild elephant at a young age. His newly-wed and pregnant wife, Kalavati, a princess fromBihar, became the queen regent with Prince Ishan Deva, General Viradatta and Minister Vanamali Kar managing the kingdom. Kalavati gave birth to a son who was named Pravir Deva. To celebrate Pravir's birth, Ishan installed theMadhu-Kaitabhari Temple - which contained an image ofVishnu - on a hillock now known as Manik Pir's hill.^[8] The installation ceremony was conducted by a group ofBrahmins and they were rewarded by the administration by receiving excessive land grants in the kingdom. Ishan also possessed war-chariots.^[12] Pravir Deva became the Raja of Gour when he reached a mature age in 1080 AD. He had a son named Bhujavir.

In 1140 AD, after the death of Bhujavir Deva, his son Kshetra Pal ascended the throne. Raja Kshetra Pal also practisedpolygyny and had two wives; Ratnavati and Surama. During his reign, an earthquake took place which changed the country's contour and topography. It is said that a new river emerged in the town, which the King named after his second and favourite wife, Rani Surama, as theSurma River. The King's first son came from Surama and his name was Brahmajit. A few years later, Kshetra's first wife Ratnavati also gave birth to a son, called Dharmadhwaj. However, conspiracies emerged in the country as a number of people were suspicious of Ratnavati accusing her of jealousy and child illegitimacy as Kshetra was an old man by this time. After Kshetra died, his eldest son, Brahmajit stepped to the throne. His stepmother Ratnavati and her associates gave Brahmajit a hard time as she believed that as she was the elder wife, her son should have been the King.

Scared for his life, Brahmajit moved his capital to a place known as Brahmachal (now Baramchal,Kulaura), just north of theTwipra kingdom. He then appointed his stepbrother Dharmadhwaj to govern over the old capital, which retained its name as Gour. Conflict did not emerge as both rulers thought that they were in control of the kingdom as a whole, but gradually the two lands split to become two different kingdoms; Gour andBrahmachal in 1170 AD. The two stepsons worked together and hosted aVedicyajna at the Bhatera Homer Tila at Brahmachal which was arranged by Nidhipati Shastri, who was a descendant of Ananda Shastri - aBrahmin fromMithila who arrived in Sylhet during the rule of Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva. Another yajna was hosted by Raja Sengkwchak Dharmadhar of theTwipra kingdom with Nidhipati as a priest as well who was rewarded with what would become the Ita kingdom. Dharmadhwaj of Gour died in 1200, and was succeeded by his son, Rajadhwaj who ruled until his death in 1230 in which his son, Gouradhwaj Bhabananda took the throne.

Raja Govardhan rose to power in 1250 following the death of his father, Gouradhwaj. During this period, Upananda was the King ofBrahmachal. The long-lasted conflict between the north and south continued during Govardhan's reign. Govardhan appointed his chief minister,Madan Rai, to somehow find a way to lure Upananda's general,Amar Singh, to use him as a tool to infiltrate Brahmachal, as Govardhan was not fond of Upananda. Govardhan and Rai then made an agreement with Govardhan's general Virabhadra to give his daughter, Chandrakala, in marriage to Singh. The marriage was successful, despite protests, and Singh maintained a good relationship with General Virabhadra and a developing relationship with the Gour royal court. Singh had close ties with theKuki chiefs, the border guards for theTwipra kingdom south of Brahmachal. He managed to persuade the Kuki chiefs into raiding Raja Upananda's palace in the dead of the night, massacring most of its inmates. With the emergence of a civil war between Brahmachal and Gour, Raja Upananda was subsequently killed. Brahmachal became a part of the Gour kingdom again, and Govardhan appointedAmar Singh as its feudal governor. Babysat by the Upananda's older sister-in-law, Anna Purna, thirteen royal children managed to flee to the jungles where they stumbled across Giridhari, aBiharisannyasi, Giridhari took them toKamakhya Temple where they were trained into hermitage and would return to Gour a few years later during the tribal invasion.

Brahmachal which was ruled by Upananda contained the territory of Tungachal. In effect, this meant that the feudal ruler of Tungachal, Epivishnu - who was not given a choice - was effectively under the control ofAmar Singh. Having close ties with Brahmachal and Tripura, Epivishnu was adamant to Govardhan and Singh's amicable compromises. With Epivishnu refusing every pleasant proposal given to be a feudal ruler under Gour, Govardhan and Singh decided it was time that they dethrone Epivishnu and appoint someone else to govern Tungachal. The Gour forces entered Tungachal, and a battle emerged on the banks of the Ghungi Jurir Haor. Raja Epivishnu was murdered and his commander-in-chief General Raghu was kidnapped and taken as a captive back to Gour. Govardhan then appointed his second general, Shandul, to be the feudal ruler of Tungachal.

The Raja of theTwipra kingdom, Ratan Manikya was informed of Singh's treacherous actions and how he tricked the Kuki chiefs, he decided that he has to take action. He was also told of the murder of Raja Epivishnu, whom he was a friend of. Ratan believed the Gour administration was going too far and decided to also put a stop to Govardhan's scheme to invade other neighbouring kingdoms. He sent a contingent towards Brahmachal to attackAmar Singh. Singh's forces were outnumbered, and requested assistance from Govardhan. However, Govardhan was unable to help as Gour was facing an invasion in the north from the Jaintia kingdom. Singh was killed by the Tripura forces and the Kuki chiefs saw this as an opportunity for them to annex Brahmachal to theTwipra kingdom.Jaidev Rai, son of the minister of Raja Upananda, who was the king of Brahmachal before Amar Singh, was made the feudal ruler under the Tripuris. TheTripuris then proceeded to Tungachal, in an attempt to dethrone Shandul. Shandul decided to flee to Gour, thus enabling the Tripuris to bloodlessly annex Tungachal to its kingdom as well. The former minister of Tungachal, Bhadra Janardan, was appointed as the feudal ruler of Tungachal under the Twipra kingdom.

The Jaintia kingdom, north of Gour, attempted to invade and annex Gour to its kingdom as they could see that Govardhan was focused on the insurgencies in the southern areas of his kingdom and on securing Brahmachal and Tungachal. The various indigenous tribes and neighbouring kingdoms including theTripuris,Kukis,Kacharis andNagas joined forces with thePnar andKhasi of the Jaintia kingdom in attacking Northern Sylhet. Being attacked from both north and south directions, and having no support from neighbouring states, Govardhan was dethroned and killed in battle. However, the thirteen royals of Brahmachal who had fled toKamakhya during the civil war, had returned to Gour, guided by Giridhari, after receiving military training, religious and magical education from theKamrup region for a number of years.^{[17][failed verification][18]} Being led by Upananda's nephew,Gour Govinda, they defeated the rebels; warding them all off and recapturing Gour.^[4] Govardhan's heir,Garuda, was still a minor and so the queen-mother Apurna consented to Govinda being the King of Gour.^[19]

Gour Govinda dramatically restored Gour's reputation as a regional superpower by constructing forts all over his kingdom, guarding his kingdom with large stones (shil; from which the name Shilhot/Sylhet is theorised to have come from) and establishing a number of military training camps. He built a seven-storey stone brick tower in Penchagor which he called Gorduar, which would serve as the new capital.^[20] Govinda is credited to introducingarchery in war for the first time in theHistory of Bengal.^[2] To prove his might, he tied theKhasi king to ropes, bringing him to Gour. The Khasi paid a ransom to Gour to free their king. Using Puni beel as his battlefield against states likeLaur andJaintia, Govinda "drowned his challengers" to such an extent that Gour was described to be "free of enemies" during his reign.^[2] By making peace with Ratan Manikya of Tripura and gifting him an elephant, he was able to retrieve Brahmachal andTungachal back to Gour administration. He appointed his brother-in-law, Achak Narayan, to govern Tungachal.^[4]

Govinda successfully settled manyBrahmins from all over the Muslim-conquered lands ofDeccan, Central India and Bengal to live in his kingdom; which they recognised as a Hindu stronghold. They gained some authority in the kingdom, being favoured by Govinda over the native Hindus for their religious orthodoxy. The elitist Brahmins cooperatively led a movement against members of other religions in Gour. They favoured the Brahmins of Brahmachal brought over during the reign of Brahmajit. The followers ofTantric Buddhism were treated asdalits (untouchables) of the lowest social status. The Brahmins fromCentral India brought by Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva, were looked down upon by the Deccan Brahmins as low-class "Govinda Brahmins" as well, in addition to the HinduNamasudras,Kaivartas and Dasas who were influenced too much by Buddhism.^[4]

A small number ofMuslim families from neighbouring Bengal also settled in Gour, possibly followingMalik Ikhtiyaruddin Iuzbak's 1254Azmardan Invasion. One day,Ghazi Burhanuddin - who lived with his family in Tultikar - sacrificed a cow for theaqiqah of his newborn son, Gulzar Alam.Gour Govinda, in a fury for what he saw as sacrilege due to hisHindu beliefs, had the newborn killed as well as having Burhanuddin's right hand cut off. Shortly after this incident, Qadi Nuruddin of Taraf celebrated his son's marriage ceremony by slaughtering a cow for them to eat. The Qadi was executed by the feudal ruler Achak Narayan. After both men being punished, Burhanuddin and Nuruddin's brother, Halimuddin, travelled to lower Bengal where they addressed their issue with SultanShamsuddin Firoz Shah. This marked the start of theConquest of Sylhet in 1303, with the Sultan appointing his nephew,Sikandar Khan Ghazi, to lead an army against the Raja. A number of battles took place, with Govinda managing to defeat the Muslims of Bengal. However, in the final battle, Govinda fled with his family following the arrival of the warrior-saintShah Jalal and his companions, numbering over three hundred.Sikandar Khan Ghazi was appointed the first Wazir of Sylhet, and Tungachal would subsequently be captured off Achak Narayan in the following year bySyed Nasiruddin and his 12lascars.ghaturam

In 1877, two copper-plate inscriptions were discovered in the Itertilla or Homer Tila mound in the estate of Babu Jagachchandra Deb Choudhury in the village of Bhatera. It was found 8 feet deep whilst the folks were removing old bricks from the foundations of an ancient building. H. Luttman-Johnson, the deputy commissioner of Sylhet, passed copies of these onto Sanskrit scholars. The first 29 lines are inSanskrit, the next 22 lines are inearly Bengali and the last four lines are in an unknown language with a possibility of it being inKukish. The first plate was written during the reign of Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva and mentions the land grants he made as well as the three kings who preceded him, starting with Navagirvan.^[11] The second plate was written during Ishan Deva's reign, the son of Kesava.^[12]

• Sylhet region
• History of Sylhet

• Gupta, K M (1927–1928).Hirananda Krishna Sastri (ed.)."49. The Bhatera Copper-plate Inscription of Govinda-Kesavadeva (C. 1049 A.D.)".Epigraphia Indica.XIX.Sylhet:277–286.

• Sylhet District
• History of Sylhet
• Former monarchies of South Asia
• Medieval Indian monarchies
• 6th-century establishments in India
• 13th-century disestablishments in India

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