The main purpose of the Gotthard Base Tunnel is to increase local transport capacity through the Alpine barrier, especially for freight on the Rotterdam–Basel–Genoa corridor. The tunnel is specifically meant to shift freight to trains fromtrucks, and thereby to reduceenvironmental damage and deadly road crashes. The tunnel also provides a faster connection between the canton of Ticino and the rest of Switzerland, as well as between northern and southernEurope, cutting theBasel/Zürich–Lugano–Milan journey time for passenger trains by one hour (and fromLucerne toBellinzona by 45 minutes).[17]
After 64 percent of Swiss voters accepted the NRLA project in a1992 referendum, the first preparatory and exploratory work began in 1996. Construction began in November 1999 atAmsteg.[18] Drilling operations were completed in March 2011.[19] Completed in 2016, the final cost was reported to be CHF 12.2 billion (US$12 billion).[20]
The Gotthard Base Tunnel, with a length of 57.09 km (35.5 mi) and a total of 151.84 km (94.3 mi) of tunnels, shafts and passages, is thelongest railway tunnel in the world,[note 2] with ageodetic distance of 55.782 km (34.7 mi) between the two portals.[5][13] It is also the first flat route through theAlps or any other major mountain range, with a maximum elevation of 549 m (1,801 ft) above sea level,[5] corresponding to that ofBern. It is the deepest railway tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of 2,450 m (8,040 ft),[5] comparable to that of thedeepest mines on Earth. Without ventilation, the temperature inside the mountain reaches 46 °C (115 °F).[5]
Like the two other tunnels passing below the Gotthard, the Gotthard Base Tunnel connects two Alpine valleys across theSaint-Gotthard Massif: theUrner Reusstal in thecanton of Uri, in which flows the riverReuss, and theValle Leventina, the largest valley in thecanton of Ticino, in which the riverTicino flows. Unlike most other tunnels, the Gotthard Base Tunnel passes under several distinct mountain massifs, two of them being major subranges of the Alps, theGlarus Alps and theSaint-Gotthard Massif, with the valley of theAnterior Rhine, theSurselva in thecanton of Graubünden, between them. The tunnel passes under these two ranges more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) below theChrüzlistock (2,709 m or 8,888 ft) and thePiz Vatgira (2,983 m or 9,787 ft, near theLukmanier Pass). While the cantons of Uri and Ticino are part of the German- and Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland respectively, the Surselva is mainlyRomansh-speaking.
The north and south portals on the same spring day. Note the prevalence of coniferous trees and snow at the north portal and their absence at the south portal.
The Alps strongly influence theEuropean climate – andthat of Switzerland in particular – and there can be substantially different weather conditions at each end of the GBT, described by the Ticinese architectMario Botta: "The light changes at the Gotthard: that of the Mediterranean Sea is not the same as that of the continent, that of the central lands, that of Europe far away from the sea."[21] On average, the temperature is about 3 °C (5 °F) higher on the south side than the north side, but on some days, temperature differences are well over 10 °C (18 °F).[note 3]
The north portal lies in the north of the municipality ofErstfeld at an elevation of 460 m (1,510 ft), east of the Reuss. There, the tunnel penetrates the western slopes of theBälmeten andChli Windgällen (although only marginally) before passing below the valley of the Chärstelenbach, a creek in theMaderanertal. From there, the tunnel runs parallel to the small valley of Etzli, below theWitenalpstock. The main crest of the Glarus Alps, which is the watershed between the Reuss and the Anterior Rhine, is crossed below theChrüzlistock, the crest having an elevation of about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) at this point. From the crest and border, the tunnel runs parallel to the small valley of the river Strem (Val Strem) before passing belowSedrun and the Anterior Rhine. From the bottom of the valley, the tunnel proceeds towards the valley of the Rein da Nalps (Val Nalps) and passes east ofLai da Nalps, before crossing the Gannaretsch range below the western summit ofPiz Vatgira (2,981 m or 9,780 ft). This is the deepest point of the tunnel, with a rock layer of 2,450 m (8,040 ft) above it. The tunnel then passes below the valley of the Rein da Medel (Val Medel) and west ofLai da Sontga Maria. After a few kilometres the tunnel crosses the watershed between the Anterior Rhine and the Ticino, just north ofPizzo dell'Uomo (2,525 m or 8,284 ft). This point corresponds to themain chain of the Alps, and is the main drainage divide between theRhine and thePo. For a few kilometres, the tunnel passes below two western tributaries of theBrenno in theValle Santa Maria before crossing the last range, west of thePasso Predèlp (about 2,500 m or 8,200 ft) and east ofFaido. It then follows the eastern slopes of the largeValle Leventina, the valley of the Ticino, for about 18 km (11 mi) to the south portal atBodio, at an elevation of 312 m (1,024 ft), just 3 km (1.9 mi) beforeBiasca, where the Brenno converges with the Ticino.[note 4]
The closest railway stations to the portals areAltdorf andBiasca. The first regularly served railway stations on the base line (as of 2016/17) are those ofArth-Goldau (Schwyz), a railway node with links toLucerne andZürich, andBellinzona (the "Gate of Ticino"), with links toLocarno,Luino andLugano (via theMonte Ceneri Rail Tunnel). The journey from Arth-Goldau to Bellinzona takes not more than an hour. The station of Altdorf is planned to be served by 2021. There also have been talks of using that of Biasca. The travel between Altdorf and Biasca would last less than 25 minutes.
Accesses to the GBT complex
Erstfeld, north portal, 460 m (1,510 ft) a.s.l.
Amsteg portal (maintenance access), 507 m (1,663 ft) a.s.l.
Sedrun portal (maintenance access, bridge over the Anterior Rhine), 1,334 m (4,377 ft) a.s.l.
Faido portal (maintenance access), 757 m (2,484 ft) a.s.l.
Aerial view of theUri Reuss Valley and the 3,073-metre-high (10,082 ft)Bristen peak from the north portal. The historic routes on the Gotthard (road and railway) follow the Reuss upwards, which flows west of the Bristen.
Since the 13th century, the 2,106 m-high (6,909 ft) Gotthard Pass has been an important trade route from northern to southern Europe. Control of its access routes led to the birth of theSwiss Confederacy. The Gotthard Pass is located halfway betweenLake Lucerne andLake Maggiore. It is the shortest link between the navigableRhine and thePo. Before modern transport, the traverse of the pass took days, and snow makes it a challenge in winter.[22]
Quite late, compared to other current top-importance routes through the Alps (e.g.Simplon,San Bernardino,Brenner,Mont Cenis), namely in 1830, the first Saint-Gotthard Pass road was established after centuries-long usage of abridle path. From 1842 onwards, a daily course by theGotthard Post, a stagecoach drawn by five horses with ten seats, still took about 23 hours fromComo toFlüelen. It would last until 1921.
Old vertex railway with SBB tilting intercity train atWassen
In 1882, with the inauguration of theGotthard Railway Tunnel, the travel time betweenAltdorf andBiasca was reduced dramatically to only hours, though often accompanied with overnight stays in largeFin de siècle-hotels, for example in Biasca. In those days, it was still an adventure and it was only affordable to the rich. Electrification of the railway line in 1922 significantly reduced travel time again. Refilling water boilers of steam locomotives was no longer necessary. There were also the technical advantages of electrical engines and future technical improvements.
From 1924, car transport on trains through the railway tunnel began. The road betweenGöschenen andAirolo over the summit of the pass, comporting notably theSchöllenen ravine and theTremola, had countless hairpin turns and serpentine curves, dropping 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in altitude. It posed a huge challenge for automobiles of those days. From 1953 onwards, the pass road was sequentially improved and expanded at several sections along the Gotthard route, finally ending in 1977 with the opening of an expressway fully circumventing the Tremola. In winter, however, due to the snow, cars could only cross the Gotthard on the train.
Transit time was further dramatically reduced with the opening of theGotthard Road Tunnel and the finalization of the northern part ofA2 motorway through theUrner Reusstal (in close proximity to the railway), with many additional tunnels (then leading from Basel to the Gotthard Road Tunnel), in 1980. With the completion in 1986 of the A2 motorway in theValle Leventina, the main valley leading from Airolo down toBellinzona, and the surmounting of theMonte Ceneri between Bellinzona andLugano in 1983, finally a continuous motorway was established from the northern border of Switzerland inBasel to the southern border inChiasso, or the shortest motorway route from North-GermanHamburg as far as South-ItalianSicily, bringing down the competitiveness of the railway line.[23] Passenger speed was also increased on the railway line with the use of tilting trains, notably theICN, although maximum speed remaining far lower than on a modern straight high-speed line. Both modern motorway and historic railway rely on heavy rockfall and avalanche protection equipments and are exposed to harsh weather condition in winter.
After the opening of the auto tunnel, in 1980, traffic increased more than tenfold. The existing tunnel was at its capacity by 2013.[24] A second tunnel will be built next to the first, following a national referendum.[25][26] Construction started in 2021 and is scheduled to finish in 2027.
Relative location and size of Gotthard Tunnel (1882) and Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016), both shown in yellow. Open-air rail shown in red.
As early as 1947, engineerEduard Gruner imagined a two-story base tunnel fromAmsteg to Biasca, both rail and road, with a stop at Sedrun, to provide a faster and flatter passage through theSwiss Alps. Similarly to Gruner's idea, the GBT cuts through theGotthard Massif some 600 m (2,000 ft) below the older tunnel. On the historic track only the Gotthard Railway trains up to 1,300 t (2.9×10^6lb)[27] when using two locomotives or up to 1,500 t (3.3×10^6 lb) with an additionalbank engine at the end of the train are able to pass through the narrow mountain valleys and throughspiral tunnels climbing up to the portals of the old tunnel at a height of 1,151 m (3,776 ft) above sea level. Since the GBT is in full service, standard freight trains of up to 3,600 t (7.9×10^6 lb) are able to pass this natural barrier.
Because of ever-increasing international truck traffic, Swiss voters chose a shift in transportation policy in September 1992 by accepting the NRLA proposal. A second law, theAlpine Protection Act of February 1994,[28] requires a shift of as much tonnage as possible from truck transport to train transport.
The goal of both the laws is to transport trucks, trailers and freight containers through Switzerland, fromBasel toChiasso, and beyond by rail to relieve the overused roads, and that of theGotthard in particular, by usingintermodal freight transport androlling highways (where the entire truck is transported). The GBT substantially contributes to the requirements of both laws and enables a direct flat route from the ports of theNorth Sea (notably Rotterdam) to those of theMediterranean Sea (notably Genoa), via the Rhine corridor.
Although the technical maximum speed is 250 km/h (155 mph) through the GBT, the maximal authorized speed has been reduced to 230 km/h (145 mph) for ecological and economical reasons, while the operating speed of passenger trains is restricted to 200 km/h (125 mph) in order to accommodate the freight traffic, with the possibility to accelerate up to 230 km/h (145 mph) in case of delay.[6][7][8] At opening the GBT reduced travel times for trans-Alpine train journeys by about 40 minutes, and by one hour when the adjacentZimmerberg andCeneri Base Tunnels were completed. This is viewed as a revolution, especially in the isolated region of Ticino, which is separated from the rest of the country by the Alps and the Gotthard. The two stations ofBellinzona andLugano (respectively named "Gate of Ticino" and "Terrace of Ticino") were entirely renovated for the opening of the GBT, among other improvements.[citation needed]
As of 2016, the Gotthard Base Tunnel is thelongest railway tunnel in the world. It is the third Swiss tunnel to bear this title, after theGotthard Tunnel (15 km or 9.3 mi, 1882) and theSimplon Tunnel (19.8 km or 12.3 mi, 1905).[29] It is the third tunnel built under the Gotthard, after the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Road Tunnel.
To cut construction time in half, four access tunnels were built so that construction could start at four different sites simultaneously: Erstfeld, Amsteg, Sedrun, and Faido. A fifth at Bodio was added later. The two tunnels are joined approximately every 325 m (1,066 ft) by connecting galleries. Trains can move between the tunnels in the two multifunction stations atSedrun andFaido. These stations house ventilation equipment and technical infrastructure and serve as emergency stops and evacuation routes.[16]
Access to the Sedrun station site is by a level access tunnel 1 km (0.6 mi) long from the valley floor near Sedrun. At the end of the access tunnel, two vertical shafts lead 800 m (2,625 ft) down to the base tunnel level. A proposal to construct a functioning railway station, calledPorta Alpina (fromRomansh, "Alpine Gate"), at this site was evaluated, but the project was put on hold in 2007 and definitively cancelled by the federal authorities in 2012 as uneconomical.[33]
The final breakthrough in the east tube occurred on 15 October 2010 at 14:17 +02:00.[34] The final breakthrough in the west tube occurred on 23 March 2011 at 12:20.[35][36]
On 30 August 2013, the tunnel was entirely traversed for the first time from Bodio to Erstfeld in six hours, by diesel train, buses and by foot.[37]
On 16 December 2013, the operational test phase started on a 13-kilometre (8.1 mi) stretch in the southern section of the west tube between Faido and Bodio. Its purpose was to test the infrastructure and any ancillary systems.[38]
On 31 October 2014, the railway track installation was completed. A goldsleeper on the very last part of the track was installed during the event to mark this milestone of progress.[39][40]
On 1 October 2015, following permission by the Federal Office of Transport, the first tests on the entire length of the GBT were performed, with steadily increasing speed. On 8 November, a train reached the top speed of 275 km/h (171 mph).[41]
A diagram showing the mountains above the Gotthard Base Tunnel, and the locations and directions the tunnel was excavated from.
Aerial view of the Erstfeld area (north portal) in 2009
The contracts were awarded in sections:
Erstfeld (the 7.7 km (4.8 mi) section from Erstfeld toAmsteg), with twotunnel boring machines (TBM) boring the two tubes. The break-through of the east tube between Erstfeld and Amsteg took place on 15 June 2009. The portal area wassurface-mined.
Amsteg (the 11.3 km (7.0 mi) section from Amsteg to north ofSedrun), ARGE AGN (Strabag and Züblin Murer) received the contract for work in this sector.[42] On 9 December 2009, the Amsteg section was officially delivered to the owner for fitting-out,[43] with civil engineering, construction, concrete and lining work completed in early 2010.[44]
Sedrun (the 8.6 km (5.3 mi) East tube and 8.7 km (5.4 mi) West tube in the section immediately north and south of Sedrun), along with work performed by Transco (Bilfinger SE,Implenia,Frutiger andImpresa Pizzarotti).[45][46] The final breakthrough in the west tube occurred in March 2011.[47] The northbound tubes from Amsteg to the Sedrun multifunction station (north) were handed over to the railway systems contractor Transtec Gotthard on 15 September 2011, the date specified in the construction schedule.[48]
Faido (13.4 km (8.3 mi) East tube and 13.6 km (8.5 mi) West tube in the section from south of Sedrun to Faido), with Consorzio TAT (Alpine Mayreder Bau, CSC Impresa costruzioni,Hochtief andImplenia andImpregilo).[49]
Bodio (15.9 km (9.9 mi) East tube and 15.6 km (9.7 mi) West tube in the section from Faido to Bodio), with work performed by Consorzio TAT (Alpine Mayreder Bau, CSC Impresa costruzioni, Hochtief, Implenia and Impregilo).[49] Civil engineering construction, concrete and lining works were completed in early 2010.[44]
Nine workers died during construction; one in the Amsteg section, two in the Sedrun section, and three each in the southernmost Faido and Bodio sections.[50]
Date
Nationality
Details
8 June 2000
German
Hit by a boring bar that fell 700 m (2,300 ft).[51]
Inauguration days, where the public was allowed to experience high-speed travel below the Alps for the first time, and to move quickly between the exhibitions held in Erstfeld and Bodio.
In 2016, several events, including festivities and special exhibitions, were held around the Gotthard, culminating in the inaugurations in early June, dubbedGottardo 2016. Public institutions joined the celebrations:Swiss Post issued a specialstamp commemorating the Gotthard Base Tunnel,[61][62] andSwissmint issued gold and silver coins dedicated to the opening.
On 31 May 2016, a day before the inauguration, the nine people who died during construction were commemorated in a ceremony at the north portal inErstfeld that was led by a Catholicvicar general, a vicar of theEvangelical-Reformed Church of Uri, a Jewish rabbi, and a Muslim imam. A bronze memorial plaque with their names — four coming from Germany, three from Italy, and one from each of South Africa and Austria – was unveiled by AlpTransit Gotthard AG CEO Renzo Simoni.[50] A Catholic shrine toSaint Barbara, the patron of miners, stands inside the tunnel as a memorial.[63]
Sedrun multifunction station viewed from the control cab of a Gottardino train.
The tunnel was officially inaugurated on 1 June 2016.[63] At the northern entrance in Erstfeld, President of the ConfederationJohann Schneider-Ammann spoke of a "giant step for Switzerland but equally for our neighbours and the rest of the continent", while a live relay carried a speech given by Transport MinisterDoris Leuthard at the southern entrance inBodio. The first journey carried hundreds of Swiss citizens who had won tickets in a draw, while the assembled guests in Erstfeld, including the Federal Council in corpore, heads of state and government from neighbouring countries and transport ministers from European countries, attended the opening showSacre del Gottardo byVolker Hesse featuring 600 dancers, acrobats, singers and musicians celebrating Alpine culture andmyths around the Gotthard.[63] On the following weekend, popular festivities and special exhibitions, attended by more than 100,000 visitors, were held.
From 2 August to 27 November 2016, theSwiss Federal Railways ran a special train service through the tunnel called "Gottardino" which was open to the public. It was a once-daily service fromFlüelen railway station toBiasca railway station and in reverse. The trains made a stop inside the tunnel, to allow passengers to visit an exhibition inside the underground multifunction station inSedrun which would normally be used in emergency only.[64]
During 2016, the GBT was tested extensively[65][66] before its integration into the regular schedule on 11 December.[67] On 5 December, theSwiss Federal Railways were granted permission from the Federal Transport Office to use the new base line. While the base tunnel is used for InterCity trains (ICN) and EuroCity trains (EC), the vertex line remains in use for regional trains.[65] Since 2019, the Gotthard axis is served by theStadler EC250 (Giruno) high-speed train and future flagship of theSBB fleet.
From the Amsteg portal, guided tours are organised inside the Gotthard Base Tunnel complex. A window allows visitors to watch the trains running in the tunnel.
On 10 August 2023, a freight train derailed while traveling through the tunnel, causing extensive damage to the tunnel infrastructure.[68] The incident occurred near the multi-functional station of Faido, in the canton of Ticino. No one was injured, and no hazardous materials were released.The tunnel was closed to both passenger and freight traffic for repairs. It returned to normal service on 2 September 2024.
This access at Sedrun was to have served thePorta Alpina station in the middle of the tunnel. The project was abandoned for cost reasons.
The realization of the GBT, as the centrepiece of theNRLA, is also a prototypical example ofdirect democracy in Switzerland. In order to accomplish this mega-project thepolitical institutions also had to overcome many parliamentary sessions and several majorpopular votes, including the following:[69]
27 September 1992,NRLA proposal (mandatory referendum): The final proposal by theFederal Council was accepted by 63.6% yes votes (declined by 1+2/2 cantons, turnout 45.9%)[70][71]
20 February 1994,Alps Initiative (federal popular initiative): Initiated by a few private people with the goal to protect the Alpine environment from the negative impact of traffic was accepted[72] by 51.9% yes votes (declined by 7 cantons, turnout 41%).[73][74] The initiative was accepted despite the recommendation by the Federal Council from 12 February 1992 to decline the initiative without any counterproposal,[74][75] and despite the parliamentary recommendation (both chambers) from 18 June 1993 to decline the initiative.[74][76]
29 November 1998,Public Transport Funding (mandatory referendum): A total budget of CHF 30 billion for several public transport projects was accepted by 63.5% yes votes (declined by 1+3/2 cantons, turnout 38.3%); "the NRLA is to receive CHF 13.6 billion"[77][78]
21 May 2000,Bilateral EU Agreements / 40-tonne Trucks / Heavy Traffic Fee (optional referendum): As part of a whole package of several bilateral agreements with the EU the Swiss also accepted by 67.2% yes votes (declined by 2 cantons, turnout 48.3%) the shift of an upper limit for trucks from 28 tonnes (62 thousand pounds) to 40 tonnes (88 thousand pounds), but at the same time the EU agreed to a new heavy-traffic fee, which would also be used to finance the NRLA[79][80]
17 December 2003,Ceneri Base Tunnel (parliamentary session): The controversial funding of theCeneri Base Tunnel was finally passed by parliamentary approval only; the possibility for an optional referendum was not raised by any political groups, nor by the public. The then-in-charge transport minister, Federal CouncilorMoritz Leuenberger, was quoted as saying "This is the only way to make the railway [the Gotthard axis] a flat line between Basel and Chiasso."[81]
Amount of excavated rock: 28,200,000 t (31,100,000short tons; 27,800,000long tons),[5][83] 13,300,000 m3 or 17,400,000 cu yd, the equivalent of 5 Giza pyramids
Number oftunnel boring machines (TBM): FourHerrenknecht Gripper TBMs. Machine numbers S-210 and S-211 operated northbound from Bodio to Faido and Sedrun and were nicknamedSissi andHeidi respectively; Machines S-229 and S-230 operated southbound from Erstfeld to Sedrun and were known asGabi I andGabi II.
Total length: 440 m (1,440 ft) (including back-up equipment)
Total weight: 3,000 t (3,300 short tons; 3,000 long tons)
This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2018)
The safety requirements on the rolling stock are similar to those of other long Swiss tunnels, including the ability for theemergency brake to be overridden.
One simulation indicates that ground surface displacements are primarily caused by water drainage induced by the tunnel and the consolidation of surrounding rock masses in the deep subsurface. Additionally, its findings suggest that the construction of the tunnel could lead to fault shearing due to the diffusion of pressure from drainage and resulting poroelastic stresses.[87]
On 10 August 2023, a freight train heading north derailed inside the tunnel, damaging around 8 km (5.0 mi) of tracks, 20,000 concrete sleepers, and a lane change gate that separates the tunnel's two tubes.[88][89] Both tubes were closed to traffic. Trains scheduled to use the tunnel were cancelled or redirected to the "panorama route" which added about one to two hours to journeys. Since the alternate route was unable to accommodate bi-level equipment, passenger capacity was reduced by around two-thirds.
Experts from theSwiss Transportation Safety Investigation Board (STSB) were dispatched to the site to preserve and document evidence of the crash. Investigators found fragments of a wheel and signs of derailment several kilometers before the crash site. At the Faido station, they discovered a pile of derailed wagons. The STSB's mission is to determine the causes of accidents to ensure or improve safety, rather than to assign guilt or responsibility.[90]The STSB believes that the derailment was likely caused by a broken wheel tread inside the tunnel. All fragments of the wheel were found, consisting of several large pieces.[90] The cause of the breakage has not yet been determined. External influence or fatigue fracture are possible explanations. The wheel fragments will be subjected to metallurgical analysis to determine the cause.Despite the broken wheel, the wagon was dragged by the train for several kilometers. At the switching point of the multi-functional station, where trains can switch between the two tubes of the tunnel, the wagon derailed, pulling more than 20 following wagons off the tracks.[90]
The tunnel's repair work was extensive. Originally expected to be completed by the end of 2023, it was announced in November 2023 that the repairs would not be finished before September 2024, with the tunnel operating at reduced capacity until then.[91] This was due to repairs requiring a complete replacement of seven kilometers of rails, including 20,000 sleeper blocks and their concrete foundations, a damaged lane-change gate, two high-speed switches and many other safety and operationally relevant parts.[92] Freight trains were allowed to use the east tunnel from 23 August due to a temporary maintenance gate replacing the damaged one whilst passenger services remained rerouted.[93][88]
Freight capacity in the tunnel was gradually increased on weekdays, while passenger services saw expansion on weekends. In case of emergency, passengers would be evacuated through the other tunnel tube.[94] Following the reopening of the undamaged northern third of the western tube, additional freight and passenger services were scheduled to use the tunnel, with a full reopening and a return to normal service commencing on 2 September 2024.[95]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(July 2025)
South portal: Intercity on the base line and regional train on the vertex line
Since the opening date on 1 June 2016, between 130 and 160 trains on an average working day operated through the Gotthard Base Tunnel, which in March 2019 marked the 100,000th transit. Around two-thirds of the passages were freight trains and the remaining quota were passenger trains, both national and international.[96]
After the opening of the tunnel there was an increase in passengers crossing the trans-alpine line, with 2.3 million passengers in the first 8 months, an increase of 30% over the previous year.[97]
In August 2017, an average of 10,400 people crossed the tunnel daily. Train services from Italy to Switzerland through the line are expected to become faster from 2020,[needs update] with the opening of theCeneri Base Tunnel, with an expected further increase in passenger numbers.[98]There are plans for a train service betweenZürich andMilan with a journey time of 2:45 hours, down from 3:50 hours.[97]
^"Construction begins". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved4 July 2016.
^Mario Botta (27 May 2016).Der Gotthard-Basistunnel. / La galleria di base del San Gottardo (Trailer) (in Italian). Bern, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS. Event occurs at 1:45.Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved12 December 2016 – via YouTube.la luce del Mare Nostrum, è diversa rispetto alla luce del mondo interno, del mondo dell'altopiano, del mondo dell'Europa lontana dal mare Mediterraneo
^"Politics". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved18 June 2016.
^"Yes to the NRLA". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 1 December 1992. Retrieved18 June 2016.
^Duc-Quang Nguyen (6 June 2016)."How direct democracy has grown over the decades".swissinfo.ch – a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting CorporationSRG SSR. Explore 600 national votes. Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Broadcasting CorporationSRG SSR. Retrieved24 July 2016.
^"Yes to the Alps Initiative". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved18 June 2016.
^"Yes to public transport funding". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved18 June 2016.
^"The end of the 28-tonne limit". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved18 June 2016.
^"Yes to the Ceneri Base Tunnel". Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Archives SFA, Swiss Federal Office of Transport FOT, Swiss Confederation. 2016. Retrieved18 June 2016.Federal Councilor Moritz Leuenberger: «This is the only way to make the railway a flat line between Basel and Chiasso.»
^ab"600 – 2006"(PDF).www.fahrplanfelder.ch (official document). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Transport. November 2005. pp. 740, 741. Retrieved21 July 2022.EC170, CIS156
^ab"600 – 2016"(PDF).www.fahrplanfelder.ch (official document). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Transport. November 2015. pp. 842, 841. Retrieved21 July 2022.EC12, ICN866
^ab"600 – 2022"(PDF).www.fahrplanfelder.ch (official document). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Transport. 16 November 2021. p. 4. Retrieved21 July 2022.EC312, IC2 866
^Zhao, Chenxi; Lei, Qinghua; Zhang, Zixin; Loew, Simon (October 2023). "Causal mechanism of Gotthard Base Tunnel-induced ground deformation: Insights from 3D fully-coupled hydro-mechanical simulation and comparison to field measurements".International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences.170 105515.Bibcode:2023IJRMM.17005515Z.doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105515.hdl:20.500.11850/622062.
^Green, Anitra (4 August 2017)."Strong start for Gotthard Base Tunnel".International Railway Journal. Falmouth, Cornwall, UK: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Inc. Retrieved19 December 2017.
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