King Gustavus Adolphus founded Gothenburg byroyal charter in 1621 as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony. In addition to the generous privileges given to his Dutch allies during the ongoingThirty Years' War, e.g. tax relaxation, he also attracted significant numbers of his German and Scottish allies to populate his only town on the western coast; this trading status was furthered by the founding of theSwedish East India Company. At a key strategic location at the mouth of theGöta älv, where Scandinavia's largestdrainage basin enters the sea, thePort of Gothenburg is now the largest port in the Nordic countries.[8] The presence of theUniversity of Gothenburg andChalmers University of Technology has led Gothenburg to become home to many students.Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927,[9] with both the original Volvo Group and the separateVolvo Cars still headquartered on the island ofHisingen in the city. Other key companies in the area areAstraZeneca,Ericsson, andSKF.
Gothenburg is served byGöteborg Landvetter Airport 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the city centre. The smallerGöteborg City Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, was closed to regular airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts theGothia Cup, the world's largest youth football tournament, and the Göteborg Basketball Festival, Europe's largest youth basketball tournament, alongside some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia. TheGothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival and attracts over 155,000 visitors each year.[10] In summer, a wide variety of music festivals are held in the city, including the popularWay Out West Festival.
The city was named Göteborg in the city's charter in 1621[11] and simultaneously given the German and English name Gothenburg.[12] The Swedish name was given after theGöta älv, calledGöta River in English,[13] and other cities ending in-borg.[14][15][16] The city's name is often abbreviated toGbg.[17][18]
Both the Swedish and German/English names were in use before 1621 and had already been used for the previous city founded in 1604 that burned down in 1611.[19] Gothenburg is one of few Swedish cities to still have an official and widely usedexonym.
The city council of 1641 consisted of four Swedish, three Dutch, three German, and two Scottish members. InDutch,Scots, English, and German, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is or was (in the case of German) used for the city.
Variations of the official German/English name Gothenburg in the city's 1621 charter existed or exist in many languages. The French form of the city name isGothembourg, but in French texts, the Swedish nameGöteborg is more frequent.
In 2003, the city decided to promote the nameGöteborg in international contexts, a decision which was reversed six years later.[20] However, the traditional forms ("Gothenburg" in English, orGotemburgo in Spanish and Portuguese) are sometimes replaced with the use of the SwedishGöteborg, for example byThe Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However,Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, changed its name to theUniversity of Gothenburg in 2008.[21] The Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts.[22]
In 2009,Göteborg & Co, the municipaldestination management organisation ofGothenburg[23] launched a new promotional logo for Gothenburg spelled "Go:teborg". Since the name "Göteborg" containsthe Swedish letter "ö", they planned to make the name more "international" and "up to date" by turning the "ö" sideways. As of 2015[update], the name was spelled "Go:teborg" on logos on various signs around the city.[24] In March 2021, the city removed the "Go:teborg" branding from its English communications and switched back to using the logo with "Gothenburg".[25][26]
In theearly modern period, the configuration of Sweden's borders made Gothenburg strategically critical as the only Swedish gateway toSkagerrak, theNorth Sea andAtlantic, situated on the west coast in a very narrow strip of Swedish territory between DanishHalland in the south and NorwegianBohuslän in the north. After several failed attempts, Gothenburg was successfully founded in 1621 byKing Gustavus Adolphus (Gustaf II Adolf).[27]
View from Älvsborg Bridge
The site of the first church built in Gothenburg, subsequently destroyed by Danish invaders, is marked by a stone near the north end of theÄlvsborg Bridge in theFärjenäs Park. The church was built in 1603 and destroyed in 1611.[28] The city was heavily influenced by the Dutch, Germans, and Scots, and Dutch planners and engineers were contracted to construct the city as they had the skills needed to drain and build in the marshy areas chosen for the city. The town was designed like Dutch cities such asAmsterdam,Batavia (Jakarta) andNew Amsterdam (Manhattan).[27] The planning of the streets and canals of Gothenburg closely resembled that of Jakarta, which was built by the Dutch around the same time.[29] The Dutchmen initially won political power, and it was not until 1652, when the last Dutch politician in the city's council died, that Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg.[30] During the Dutch period, the town followed Dutch town laws and Dutch was proposed as the official language in the town. Robust city walls were built during the 17th century. In 1807, a decision was made to tear down most of the city's wall. The work started in 1810 and was carried out by 150 soldiers from the Bohus regiment.[31]
Along with the Dutch, the town was also heavily influenced by Scots who settled down in Gothenburg. Many became people of high-profile.[32]William Chalmers, the son of a Scottish immigrant, donated his fortunes to set up what later became theChalmers University of Technology.[33] In 1841, the ScotsmanAlexander Keiller founded theGötaverken shipbuilding company that was in business until 1989.[34] His son James Keiller donated Keiller Park to the city in 1906.[35]
In theTreaty of Roskilde (1658),Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish province of Halland, in the south, and the Norwegian province of Bohus County orBohuslän in the north, which left Gothenburg less exposed. Gothenburg grew into a significant port and trade centre on the west coast, because it was the only city on the west coast that, along withMarstrand, was granted the rights to trade with merchants from other countries.[30]
In the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731, theSwedish East India Company was founded, and the city flourished due to its foreign trade with highly profitable commercial expeditions to China.[37]
The harbour developed into Sweden's main harbour for trade towards the west, and when Swedish emigration to the United States increased, Gothenburg became Sweden's main point of departure for these travellers. The impact of Gothenburg as a main port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected byGothenburg, Nebraska, a small Swedish settlement in the United States.[38]
With the 19th century, Gothenburg evolved into a modern industrial city that continued on into the 20th century. The population increased tenfold in the century, from 13,000 (1800) to 130,000 (1900).[39][40][41] In the 20th century, major companies that developed includedSKF (1907)[42] andVolvo (1927).[43]
Panoramic view of Gothenburg's downtown coast line
Gothenburg is located on the west coast, in southwestern Sweden, about halfway between the capital cities ofCopenhagen (Denmark) andOslo (Norway). The location at the mouth of the Göta älv, which feeds into theKattegat, an arm of the North Sea, has helped the city grow in significance as atrading city. Thearchipelago of Gothenburg consists of rough, barren rocks and cliffs, which also is typical for the coast of Bohuslän.[44] Due to theGulf Stream, the city has a mild climate and moderately heavy precipitation.[45] It is the second-largestcity in Sweden after its capitalStockholm.[46]
Angered, a suburb outside Gothenburg, consists of Hjällbo, Eriksbo, Rannebergen, Hammarkullen, Gårdsten, and Lövgärdet.[48] It is aMillion Programme part of Gothenburg, likeRosengård in Malmö andBotkyrka in Stockholm.[49] Angered had about 50,000 inhabitants in 2015.[50][?] It lies north of Gothenburg and is isolated from the rest of the city.Bergsjön is another Million Programme suburb north of Gothenburg, it has 14,000 inhabitants. Biskopsgården is the biggest multicultural suburb on the island ofHisingen, which is a part of Gothenburg but separated from the city by the river.
Gothenburg has anoceanic climate (Cfb according to theKöppen climate classification). Despite its northerly latitude, temperatures are quite mild throughout the year and warmer than places at a similar latitude such asStockholm; this is mainly because of the moderating influence of theGulf Stream.[45] During the summer, daylight extends 18 hours and 5 minutes, but lasts 6 hours and 32 minutes in late December. The climate has become significantly milder in later decades, particularly in summer and winter; July temperatures used to be below Stockholm's 1961–1990 averages, but have since been warmer than that benchmark.
Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F) and lows of 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F), but temperatures of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F) occur on many days during the summer. Winters are cold and windy with temperatures of around −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F), though it rarely drops below −20 °C (−4 °F). Precipitation is regular but generally moderate throughout the year. Snow mainly occurs from December to March, but is not unusual in November and April and can sometimes occur even in October and May.[51]
Gothenburg has several parks andnature reserves ranging in size from tens of square meters to hundreds of hectares. It also has many green areas that are not designated as parks or reserves.
Selection of parks:
Kungsparken, 13 ha (32 acres), built between 1839 and 1861, surrounds the canal that circles the city centre.[57]
Garden Society of Gothenburg, a park and horticultural garden, is located next toKungsportsavenyen. Founded in 1842 by the Swedish king Carl XIV Johan and on initiative of the amateur botanist Henric Elof von Normann, the park has a noted rose garden with some 4,000 roses of 1,900 cultivars.[58]
Slottsskogen, 137 ha (340 acres), was created in 1874 by August Kobb. It has a free "open" zoo that includesharbor seals, penguins, horses, pigs,deer,moose, goats, and many birds. The Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska Museet) and the city's oldest observatory are located in the park.[58] The annual Way Out West festival is held in the park.[59]
Änggårdsbergens naturreservat, 320 ha (790 acres), was bought in 1840 by pharmacist Arvid Gren, and donated in 1963 to the city by Sven and Carl Gren Broberg, who stated the area must remain a nature andbird reserve. It lies partly in Mölndal.[60]
Delsjöområdets naturreservat, about 760 ha (1,900 acres),[61] has been in use since the 17th century as a farming area; significant forest management was carried out in the late 19th century. Skatås gym and motionscentrum is situated here.
Rya Skogs Naturreservat, 17 ha (42 acres), became a protected area in 1928. It contains remnants of a defensive wall built in the mid- to late-17th century.[62]
Keillers park was donated by James Keiller in 1906. He was the son of Scottish Alexander Keiller, who founded theGötaverken shipbuilding company.[35][48]
S A Hedlunds park:Sven Adolf Hedlund, newspaper publisher and politician, bought the 15 ha (37 acres) Bjurslätt farm in 1857, and in 1928 it was given to the city.
Flunsåsparken, built in 1950, has many free activities during the summer such as concerts and theatre.[64]
Gothenburg Botanical Garden, 175 ha (430 acres), opened in 1923.[65] It won an award in 2003, and in 2006 was third in "The most beautiful garden in Europe" competition. It has around 16,000 species of plants and trees. The greenhouses contain around 4,500 species including 1,600 orchids.[58] It is considered to be one of the most importantbotanical gardens in Europe with three stars in the FrenchGuide Rouge.
Very few buildings are left from the 17th century when the city was founded, since all but the military and royal houses were built of wood.[66] Some structures which do survive from this early phase in the city's history areKronhuset and theTorstenson Palace, and the fortressesSkansen Kronan[67] andSkansen Lejonet.
The first major architecturally interesting period is the 18th century when the East India Company made Gothenburg an important trade city. Imposing stone houses inNeo-Classical style were erected around the canals. One example from this period is the East India House, which today houses theGöteborg City Museum.[68]
In the 19th century, the wealthy bourgeoisie began to move outside the city walls which had protected the city. The style now was an eclectic, academic, somewhat overdecorated style which the middle-class favoured. The working class lived in the overcrowded city districtHaga in wooden houses.[69]
In the 19th century, the first comprehensive town plan after the founding of city was created, which led to the construction of the main street,Kungsportsavenyen.[70] Perhaps the most significant type of houses of the city,Landshövdingehusen, were built in the end of the 19th century – three-storey houses with the first floor in stone and the other two in wood.[71]
The early 20th century, characterized by theNational Romantic style, was rich in architectural achievements.[69]Masthugg Church is a noted example of the style of this period.[72][73] In the early 1920s, on the city's 300th anniversary, theGötaplatsen square with itsNeoclassical look was built.[69]
After this, the predominant style in Gothenburg and rest of Sweden wasFunctionalism which especially dominated the suburbs such asVästra Frölunda andBergsjön. The Swedish functionalist architectUno Åhrén served as city planner from 1932 through 1943.[69] In the 1950s, the big stadiumUllevi was built when Sweden hosted the1958 FIFA World Cup.[74]
The modern architecture of the city has been formed by such architects asGert Wingårdh,[75] who started as aPost-modernist in the 1980s.[76]
Gustaf Adolf Square is a town square located in central Gothenburg. Noted buildings on the square include Gothenburg City Hall (formerly the stock exchange, opened in 1849) and theNordic Classicism law court. The main canal of Gothenburg also flanks the square.[69]
TheGothenburg Central Station is in the centre of the city, next to Nordstan and Drottningtorget.[77] The building has been renovated and expanded numerous times since the grand opening in October 1858. In 2003, a major reconstruction was finished which brought the 19th-century building into the 21st century expanding the capacity for trains, travellers, and shopping.[78] Not far from the central station is theSkanskaskrapan, or more commonly known as "The Lipstick". It is 86 m (282 ft) high with 22 floors and coloured in red-white stripes. The skyscraper was designed byRalph Erskine and built bySkanska in the late 1980s as the headquarters for the company.[79]
By the shore of the Göta Älv atLilla Bommen is The Göteborg Opera. It was completed in 1994. The architect Jan Izikowitz was inspired by the landscape and described his vision as "Something that makes your mind float over the squiggling landscape like the wings of a seagull."[80]
Feskekörka fishmarket
Feskekörka, orFiskhallen, is an indoor fishmarket by the Rosenlundskanalen in central Gothenburg. Feskekörkan was opened on 1November 1874 and its name from the building's resemblance to aGothic church.[81] TheGothenburg city hall is in theBeaux-Arts architectural style. TheGothenburg Synagogue at Stora Nygatan, near Drottningtorget, was built in 1855 according to the designs of the German architect August Krüger.[82]
TheGunnebo House is a country house located to the south of Gothenburg, in Mölndal. It was built in a neoclassical architecture towards the end of the 18th century.[83] Created in the early 1900s was theVasa Church. It is located inVasastan and is built of granite in a neo-Romanesque style.[84]
Karlatornet, a skyscraper set to be fully completed in 2025, stands as the tallest building in the Nordics, reaching a height of 246 meters.[85][86]
The Poseidon Statue at Götaplatsen, a well-known cultural symbol and landmark
The sea, trade, and industrial history of the city are evident in the cultural life of Gothenburg.[88] It is also a popular destination for tourists on the Swedish west coast.
Many of the cultural institutions, as well as hospitals and the university, were created by donations from rich merchants and industrialists, for example theRöhsska Museum.[89] On 29December 2004, theMuseum of World Culture opened nearKorsvägen.[90][91] Museums include theGöteborgs Konsthall,Gothenburg Museum of Art, and several museums of sea and navigation history, natural history, the sciences, and East India.[92]Aeroseum, close to the Göteborg City Airport, is an aircraft museum in a former military underground air force base.[93] TheVolvo Museum has exhibits of the history of Volvo and the development from 1927 until today. Products shown include cars, trucks, marine engines, and buses.[94]
Universeum is a public science centre that opened in 2001, the largest of its kind in Scandinavia. It is divided into six sections, each containing experimental workshops and a collection of reptiles, fish, and insects.[95] Universeum occasionally host debates between Swedish secondary-school students andNobel Prize laureates or other scholars.[96]
The most noted attraction is the amusement parkLiseberg, located in the central part of the city. It is the largest amusement park in Scandinavia by number of rides,[97] and was chosen as one of the top ten amusement parks in the world (2005) byForbes.[97] It is the most popular attraction in Sweden by number of visitors per year (more than 3 million).[98]
The main boulevard is called Kungsportsavenyn (commonly known asAvenyn, "The Avenue"). It is about 1 km (0.6 mi) long and starts at Götaplatsen – which is the location of theGothenburg Museum of Art, the city's theatre, and the city library, as well as the concert hall – and stretches all the way toKungsportsplatsen in the old city centre of Gothenburg, crossing a canal and a small park.[100] TheAvenyn was created in the 1860s and 1870s as a result of an international architecture contest, and is the product of a period of extensive town planning and remodelling.[101]Avenyn has Gothenburg's highest concentration of pubs and clubs. Gothenburg's largest shopping centre (8th largest in Sweden),Nordstan, is located in central Gothenburg.[102]
The Haga district
Gothenburg'sHaga district is known for its picturesque wooden houses[98] and its cafés serving the well-knownHaga bulle – a large cinnamon roll similar to thekanelbulle.[103]
Five Gothenburg restaurants have a star in the 2008Michelin Guide: 28+ Basement, Fond, Kock & Vin, Fiskekrogen, and Sjömagasinet.[104] The city has a number of star chefs. In 2007, seven Swedish Chef of the Year awards of the previous twelve years had been won by people from Gothenburg.[105]
TheGustavus Adolphus pastry, eaten every 6November in Sweden,Gustavus Adolphus Day, is especially connected to, and appreciated in, Gothenburg because the city was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus.[106]
One of Gothenburg's most popular natural tourist attractions is the southernGothenburg archipelago, which is a set of several islands that can be reached by ferry boats mainly operating fromSaltholmen. Within the archipelago are theÄlvsborg fortress,Vinga andStyrsö islands.[98]
TheInternational Science Festival in Gothenburg is an annual festival since April 1997, in central Gothenburg with thought-provoking science activities for the public. The festival is visited by about100,000 people each year.[110] This makes it the largest popular-science event in Sweden[111] and one of the leading popular-science events in Europe.[112]
Bands such asThe Soundtrack of Our Lives[117] andAce of Base are well-known pop representatives of the city. During the 1970s, Gothenburg had strong roots in the Swedish progressive movement (progg) with such groups asNationalteatern,Nynningen, and Motvind. The record company Nacksving and the editorial office for the magazine Musikens Makt which also were part of the progg movement were located in Gothenburg during this time as well.[118]
Many music festivals take place in the city every year. TheMetaltown Festival was a two-day festival featuringheavy metal music bands, held in Gothenburg. It used to be arranged annually since 2004, taking place at the Frihamnen venue.[135] In June 2012, the festival included bands such as In Flames,Marilyn Manson,Slayer,Lamb of God, andMastodon.[136] Another popular festival, Way Out West, focuses more on rock,electronic, andhip-hop genres.[137][138]
The only Swedish heavyweight champion of the world in boxing,Ingemar Johansson, who took the title from Floyd Paterson in 1959, was from Gothenburg.[154]
Gothenburg hosted the XIII FINA World Masters Championships in 2010.[166] Diving, swimming, synchronized swimming and open-water competitions were held on 28July to 7August. The water polo events were played on the neighboring city ofBorås.[167]
Gothenburg is also home to the Gothenburg Sharks, a professional baseball team in theElitserien division of baseball in Sweden.[168]
With around 25,000 sailboats and yachts scattered about the city, sailing is a popular sports activity in the region, particularly because of the nearby Gothenburg archipelago.[169] In June 2015, theVolvo Ocean Race, professional sailing's leading crewed offshore race, concluded in Gothenburg,[170] as well as an event in the 2015–2016America's Cup World Series in August 2015.[171]
Due to Gothenburg's advantageous location in the centre of Scandinavia, trade and shipping have always played a major role in the city's economic history, and they continue to do so. Gothenburg port has come to be the largest harbour inScandinavia.[8]
Apart from trade, the second pillar of Gothenburg has traditionally been manufacturing and industry, which significantly contributes to the city's wealth.[172] Major companies operating plants in the area include SKF, Volvo (both cars and trucks), andEricsson.Volvo Cars is the largest employer in Gothenburg, not including jobs in supply companies. The blue-collar industries which have dominated the city for long are still important factors in the city's economy, but they are being gradually replaced by high-tech industries.[173][174]
Banking and finance are also important, as well as the event and tourist industry.[8]
Gothenburg is the terminus of the Valdemar-Göteborg gaspipeline, which brings natural gas from the North Sea fields to Sweden, through Denmark.[175]
Gothenburg became a city municipality with an elected city council when the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863.[181] The municipality has an assembly consisting of 81 members,[182] elected every fourth year.[183] Political decisions depend on citizens considering them legitimate. Political legitimacy can be based on various factors: legality, due process, and equality before the law, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of public policy. One method used to achieve greater legitimacy for controversial policy reforms such as congestion charges is to allow citizens to decide or advise on the issue in public referendums.
In December 2010 a petition for a local referendum on the congestion tax, signed by 28,000 citizens, was submitted to the City Council. This right to submit so-called "people's initiatives" was inscribed in the Local Government Act, which obliged local governments to hold a local referendum if petitioned by 5% of the citizens unless the issue was deemed to be outside their area of jurisdiction or if a majority in the City Council voted against holding such a referendum.[184] A second petition for a referendum, signed by 57,000 citizens, was submitted to the local government in February 2013. This petition followed a campaign organised by a local newspaper – Göteborgs Tidningen – whose editor-in-chief argued that the paper's involvement was justified by the large public response to a series of articles on the congestion tax, as well as out of concern for the local democracy.[185][184]
Gothenburg Municipality population pyramid in 2022
In 2019, approximately 28% (159,342 residents) of the population of Gothenburg were foreign born and approximately 46% (265,019 residents) had at least one parent born abroad.[187] In addition, approximately 12% (69,263 residents) were foreign citizens.[188]
In 2016, 45% of Gothenburg's immigrant population is from other parts of Europe, and 10% of the total population is from another Nordic country.[189]The city's population increased by 9,292 during 2022.[190]
Gothenburg has two universities, both of which started as colleges founded by private donations in the 19th century. TheUniversity of Gothenburg has about 38,000 students and is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia,[191] and one of the most versatile in Sweden.Chalmers University of Technology is a well-known university located in Johanneberg 2 km (1 mi) south of the inner city, lately also established at Lindholmen in Norra Älvstranden,Hisingen.[192]
In 2015, there were tenadult education centres in Gothenburg:Agnesbergs folkhögskola,Arbetarrörelsens folkhögskola i Göteborg,Finska folkhögskolan,Folkhögskolan i Angered,Göteborgs folkhögskola,Kvinnofolkhögskolan,Mo Gård folkhögskola,S:ta Birgittas folkhögskola,Västra Götalands folkhögskolor andWendelsbergs folkhögskola.[193]
The west coast motorwayE6/E20 in Gothenburg, coming from Malmö. In the interchange (Olskroksmotet) the motorway E20 continue in east direction to Stockholm and E6 continue in north direction to Oslo.
With over 80 km (50 mi) of double track, theGothenburg tram network covers most of the city and is the largest tram/light rail network in Scandinavia. Gothenburg also has a bus network. Boat and ferry services connect theGothenburg archipelago to the mainland. The lack of asubway is due to the soft ground on which Gothenburg is situated. Tunneling is very expensive in such conditions.[195]
The Gothenburgcommuter rail with three lines services some nearby cities and towns.[196]
Map showing the locations of airports around Gothenburg
Gothenburg is served byGöteborg Landvetter Airport (IATA:GOT,ICAO:ESGG), located about 20 km (12 mi) east of the city centre. It is named after nearby localityLandvetter.Flygbussarna offer frequent bus connections to and from Gothenburg with travel time 20–30 minutes.Swebus,Flixbus andNettbuss also serve the airport with several daily departures to Gothenburg,Borås and other destinations alongEuropean route E4.Västtrafik, the local public transport provider in the area, offers additional connections toLandvetter.[198]
The airport is operated by Swedish national airport operatorSwedavia, and with 6.8 million passengers served in 2017, it is Sweden's second-largest airport afterStockholm Arlanda.[199] It serves as a base for several domestic and international airlines, e.g.Scandinavian Airlines,Norwegian Air Shuttle andRyanair. Göteborg Landvetter, however, does not serve as a hub for any airline. In total, there are about 50 destinations with scheduled direct flights to and from Gothenburg, most of them European. An additional 40 destinations are served via charter.[200]
The second airport in the area,Göteborg City Airport (IATA:GSE,ICAO:ESGP), is closed. On 13January 2015, Swedish airport operatorSwedavia announced that Göteborg City Airport will not reopen for commercial services following an extensive rebuild of the airport started in November 2014, citing that the cost of making the airport viable for commercial operations again was too high, at 250 million kronor ($31 million). Commercial operations will be gradually wound down.[201] The airport was located 10 km (6 mi) northwest of the city centre. It was formerly known asSäve Flygplats. It is located within the borders ofGothenburg Municipality. In addition to commercial airlines, the airport was also operated by a number of rescue services, including the Swedish Coast Guard, and was used for othergeneral aviation.[202] Most civil air traffic to Göteborg City Airport was vialow-cost airlines such asRyanair andWizz Air. Those companies have now been relocated to Landvetter Airport.[203]
The "England ferry" (Englandsfärjan) to Newcastle viaKristiansand (run by the Danish companyDFDS Seaways) ceased at the end of October 2006,[205] after being a Gothenburg institution since the 19th century.[206] DFDS Seaways' sister company, DFDS Tor Line, continues to run scheduled cargo ships between Gothenburg and several English ports, and these used to have limited capacity for passengers and their private vehicles. Also freight ships to North America and East Asia leave from the port.[207]
Gothenburg is an intermodal logistics hub and Gothenburg harbour has access to Sweden and Norway via rail and trucks. Gothenburg harbour is the largest port in Scandinavia with a cargo turnover of 36.9 million tonnes per year in 2004.[208]
Two of the noted people from Gothenburg are fictional, but have become synonymous with "people from Gothenburg". They are a working class couple calledKal and Ada, featured in "Gothenburg jokes" (göteborgsvitsar), songs, plays and names of events.[209][210] Each year two persons who have significantly contributed to culture in the city are given the honorary titles of "Kal and Ada".[211] A bronze statue of the couple made by Svenrobert Lundquist, was placed outside the entrance toLiseberg in 1995.[212]Other notable people from Gothenburg include:
Felix Kjellberg (born 1989), YouTuber known asPewDiePie; for many years the most subscribed-to individual on the platform, with over 100 million subscribers.[214]
Gothenburg has performed well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below:The Global Destination Sustainability Index has named Gothenburg the world's most sustainable destination every year since 2016.[215]
In 2019 Gothenburg was selected by the EU as one of the top 2020 European Capitals of Smart Tourism.[216]
In 2020 Business Region Göteborg received the 'European Entrepreneurial Region Award 2020' (EER Award 2020) from the EU.[216]
The Gothenburg Award is the city's international prize that recognises and supports work to achieve sustainable development – in the Gothenburg region and from a global perspective.[217] The award, which is one million Swedish crowns, is administered and funded by a coalition of the City of Gothenburg and 12 companies.[218] Past winners of the award have includedKofi Annan,Al Gore, and Michael Biddle.[219]
WithLyon (France) there is no formal partnership, but "a joint willingness to cooperate".[222]Gothenburg had signed an agreement with Shanghai in 1986 which was upgraded in 2003 to include exchanges in culture, economics, trade and sport. The agreement was allowed to lapse in 2020.[223]
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