TheGoodall focus was a Hopewellian culture from the MiddleWoodland period peoples that occupied WesternMichigan and northernIndiana from around 200 BCE to 500 CE. Extensive trade networks existed at this time, particularly among the many local cultural expressions of theHopewell communities. The Goodall pattern stretched from the southern tip ofLake Michigan, east across northern Indiana, to the Ohio border, then northward, covering central Michigan, almost reaching toSaginaw Bay on the east andGrand Traverse Bay to the north. The culture is named for theGoodall site in northwest Indiana.[1]
Glacial Kame is a widespread of the northern late archaic cultural manifestations. Cemeteries were customarily made in sand and gravel ridges formed byglacial outwash called "kames". Not all human burials in a kame are necessarily from the same time period, those which reflect similar methods and are associated with similar materials are related to some degree.
Glacial Kame cemeteries contain from only a few to several dozen burials. The tightly flexed human remains, usually singly but sometimes paired, were placed in circular pits barely large enough to permit placement of the body.
If a stratum of hardsilt overlay the more easily removed sands and gravels, only the narrowest possibledisturbance was created through the former.
Males and females representing all age groups were placed in these cemeteries.[2]
Powderedochre, containsiron oxides and ranges in color from bright yellow to a rich orange-red.
Large drilled sandal-sole-shaped and circular gorgets were cut from wall sections of marine molluscans.
A distinctive artifact is the so-called "birdstone." Commonly carved from slate, it has a profile resembling the head, body, and tail of a stylized bird.
A symbolic spear-thrower weight comparable to that of the bannerstone. There is no clear associations to confirm this idea.[clarification needed]
Other artifacts include copper and shell beads, some made from thecolumella of marine shells, long bone pins, and bone awls.[2]
Ceramics tend to come frommiddens and contain expanding and contracting stemmed projectile points andobsidian flakes. Research has been on-going through the 1990s at sites in northwest Indiana, theGalien River Basin, theKalamazoo River Basin and theGrand River basin.[1]
^abHopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996
^abKellar, James H.; An Introduction to the Prehistory of Indiana; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Society; Indianapolis, Indiana; 1973
Cunningham, Wilbur M. A Study of the Glacial Kame Culture in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. Occasional Contributions from the Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan 12. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1948, 12.
Greenman, E.F. "Ohio". The Indianapolis Archaeological Conference: A Symposium Upon the Archaeological Problems of the North Central United States Area. 1935-12, Indianapolis. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, [1937?], 17.
Drennen, Bert C., III. National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Zimmerman Kame. National Park Service, 1974-01-22.
Hopewell Archeology: The Newsletter of Hopewell Archeology in the Ohio River Valley; 4. Current Research on the Goodall Focus; Volume 2, Number 1, October 1996
Quimby, George I., Jr.;The Goodall focus: an analysis of ten Hopewellian components in Michigan and Indiana / Ohio; Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society, 1941.
