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Gonfalonier of the Church

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Military and political office of the Papal States

Part ofa series on the
Hierarchy of the
Catholic Church
Saint Peter
Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence)

TheGonfalonier of the Church orPapal Gonfalonier (Italian:Gonfaloniere della Chiesa, "standard-bearer";Latin:Vexillifer Ecclesiæ) was a military and political office of thePapal States. Originating from the use of thePapal banner during combat, the office later became largely ceremonial and political. At his nomination, the gonfalonier was given two banners, one with the arms of the Church (vexillum cum armis Ecclesiæ) and another with the arms of the reigningpope (cum armis suis). The gonfalonier was entitled to include ecclesiastical emblems (theKeys of St. Peter and theombrellino) upon his own arms, usually only during his term of office but on occasion permanently.Pope Innocent XII ended the rank, along with thecaptaincy general, and replaced them both with the position offlag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church (Italian:Vessilifero di Santa Romana Chiesa), which later became hereditary in the Naro Patrizi.[1]

List of gonfaloniers of the Church

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(September 2010)
The Gonzaga family arms, displaying the papal insignia acquired byFederico II as Papal Gonfalonier
The Montefeltro family arms, displaying the papal insignia acquired byFederico III as Papal Gonfalonier
Term of officePortraitGonfalonierAppointing PopeNotes
1059–1063
Robert GuiscardNicholas II
(1059–1061)		[2]
1063–1075Saint ErlembaldAlexander II
(1061–1073)
c. 1118Stephen the Norman[3]WithPier Leoni, rescuedPope Gelasius II fromCencio II Frangipane.
c. 1296James II of AragonBoniface VIII
(1294–1303)		King of Aragon and Valencia; Gonfalonier, admiral, andCaptain General of the Church; appointed to encourage him to wage war against his brotherFrederick III (cf.Sicilian Vespers)[4]
1372–?Galeotto I MalatestaGregory XI
(1370–1378)		Commander of the Papal Army againstBernabò Visconti, whom he defeated atMontechiaro.
1377–1384Ridolfo II da Varano di CamerinoGregory XI
(1370–1378)		Appointed by Gregory XI and served as Commander of the Papal Army during the final years of theAvignon Papacy.
1384–1385Charles III of NaplesUrban VI
(1378–1389)		King of Naples. Excommunicated and removed from office, his forces besieged the pope atNocera, while the pope later attempted to usurp Naples for hisnephew.[5]
1387–?
Carlo I MalatestaUrban VI
(1378–1389)		Acondottiero.
c. 1399Martin of AragonAntipope
Benedict XIII		King of Aragon andSicily. Gonfalonier of theWestern antipope, but refused to wage war against France during the siege of Avignon[6]
1403–?Niccolò III d'EsteBoniface IX
(1389–1404)		Acondottiero; alsoLord of Ferrara. Appointed in opposition to Milan. Possibly reappointed byPope Martin V.
1406–?Ladislaus of NaplesInnocent VII
(1404–1406)		King of Naples; appointed for his assistance in helping Innocent VII against the Roman mob.[7] Routed atRoccasecca in 1411, he abandonedPope Gregory XII in favor of theantipope John XXIII, who appointed him his gonfalonier.[8]
1409–1411Louis II of NaplesAntipope
Alexander V		Opposed to Ladislaus for theKingdom of Naples, was appointed gonfalonier by thePisan faction'santipope Alexander V. Despite winning a major victory at Roccasecca, though, abandoned the field and returned to France.[9]
1412–?Gianfrancesco I GonzagaGregory XII
(1406–1415)		Acondottiero; alsoLord of Mantua.
1431–?Niccolò FortebraccioEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Acondottiero; despite his failure to recaptureCittà di Castello, was hired as Gonfalonier to opposeSigismund of Hungary in Tuscany and thePrefetti di Vico in Lazio, but fired for using his position to advance his own interests. Thereafter went to war against the Papal States forMilan.
1433–1434Giovanni VitelleschiEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Commander of the Papal Armies for a short time underPope Eugene IV.
1434–1442Francesco I SforzaEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Acondottiero; while working for Milan, received the position of Gonfalonier along withAncona as part of the terms of a peace with Eugene, then led the campaign against former Gonfalonier and his former ally Niccolò Fortebraccio.[10] Lost his position after Milan allied with the Papacy against him.[11]
1442–?Niccolò PiccininoEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Acondottiero. Originally helped Fortebraccio and Sforza against the Papacy, appointed Gonfalonier to recover Sforza's holdings in theMarche.
1444–?Louis, Dauphin of FranceEugene IV
(1431–1447)		Appointed for his actions inSwitzerland against theCouncil of Basel and theantipope Felix V.
c. 1455Francesco I SforzaSecond term.[12] Now uninvestedduke of Milan.
1456–1458[13]Pedro Luis BorgiaCallixtus III
(1455–1458)		AlsoCaptain General.Rodrigo Borgia's older brother.
1462[14]–1468Federico da MontefeltroPius II
(1458–1464)		Acondottiero; alsoConte di Urbino. Appointed againstSigismondo Malatesta, lord ofRimini. Originally reappointed byPope Paul II to opposeVenice, but challenged in his acquisition of Rimini following the victory atMolinella, switched sides.[15]
1474–1482Federico da MontefeltroSixtus IV
(1471–1484)		Second term. Now styledDuke of Urbino; married his daughter to Pope Sixtus'sfavorite nephew, who inherited the duchy following the death of Federico'sown son.
1484[16]–1489Giovanni della RoverePope Innocent VIII
(1484–1492)		AlsoCaptain General.
1489[17]–1496Niccolo OrsiniPope Innocent VIII
(1484–1492)		AlsoCaptain General.
1496[18]–1497Giovanni BorgiaAlexander VI
(1492–1503)		Son;Duke of Gandia and alsoCaptain General; assassinated by unknown agents.
29 March 1500[19]–1503Cesare BorgiaAlexander VI
(1492–1503)		Son; formercardinal,Duke of Valentinois and alsoCaptain General.
1504–1508?Guidobaldo da MontefeltroJulius II
(1503–1513)		Acondottiero; alsoDuke of Urbino. Son of Federico da Montefeltro; adoptedFrancesco Maria I della Rovere, his nephew and the pope's.[15][20]
19 April 1509 – 1510[21]Alfonso I d'EsteJulius II
(1503–1513)		AlsoDuke of Ferrara andCaptain General.[22] Commanded forces againstVenice during the second phase of theWar of the League of Cambrai. Removed from his post and excommunicated with all his family in order to return Ferrara to direct Papal administration.[23]
1510[24]–?Francesco GonzagaJulius II
(1503–1513)		AlsoDuke of Mantua andCaptain General.
1513–1516Giuliano de'MediciLeo X
(1513–1521)		AlsoCaptain General andDuke of Nemours.[25]
1516–?Lorenzo II de'Medici[15]Leo X
(1513–1521)		AlsoCaptain General: commanded the papal army in theWar of Urbino (1517), before being wounded at the siege ofMondolfo
1519–?Federico II GonzagaJulius II
(1503–1513)		AlsoDuke of Mantua andCaptain General of the Church, as well asCaptain General of the Republic of Venice.[26] Was not required to oppose theHoly Roman Empire and so failed to intervene in theSack of Rome[22][27]
1 February 1537 – 1547Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of ParmaPaul III
(1534–1549)		Son of Paul III; alsoDuke of Parma, Piacenza, andCastro.[22]
1547–1551Ottavio FarnesePaul III
(1534–1549)		Son of Pier Luigi Farnese; alsoDuke of Parma, Piacenza, andCastro[28]
c. 1565Jacques Annibal de Hohenembs(or Count Hannibal of Altemps.)[1]
1566–?Ottavio FarnesePius V
(1566–1572)		Second term.[29]
1572–1585Giacomo BoncompagniGregory XIII
(1572–1585)		Son; also Captain General of Spanish Milan, purchased theDuchies of Sora and Arce,Aquino andArpino. Removed as Gonfalonier upon the election ofPope Sixtus V.
c.1621–?Odoardo FarneseGregory XV
(1621–1623)		AlsoDuke of Parma and Piacenza. Excommunicated and prohibited from use of Gonfalonier emblems byPope Urban VIII.[1]
?–1630Carlo BarberiniUrban VIII
(1623–1644)		Brother ofPope Urban VIII andAntonio Marcello Barberini. Father ofTaddeo Barberini.
1630–1636(?)Torquato ContiUrban VIII
(1623–1644)		Duke of Guadagnolo andField Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire
1639–1644Taddeo BarberiniUrban VIII
(1623–1644)		Nephew ofPope Urban VIII andPrince ofPalestrina. AppointedCommander of the Papal Army during theWars of Castro. Went into exile after the 1644 election ofPope Innocent X and died, without returning to Rome, in 1647. Dates are approximate.
1649–?Maffeo BarberiniInnocent X
(1644–1655)		Son ofTaddeo Barberini who was appointed to his father's previous titles after the reconciliation of thePamphili andBarberini families.
?–1689Livio OdescalchiInnocent XI (1676–1689)Nephew of Innocent XI; alsoCaptain General[30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcLevillain, Philippe.The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. "Heraldry." Accessed 5 June 2010.
  2. ^Alighieri, Dante. Trans. Musa, Mark.Divine Comedy: Inferno. Accessed 5 June 2010.[full citation needed]
  3. ^Montalembert, Charles F.The Monks of the West from St. Benedict to St. Bernard, Vol. 6. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  4. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Pope Boniface VIII" .Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  5. ^Baddeley, Welbore.Charles III of Naples and Urban VI. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  6. ^Chaytor, H.J.A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  7. ^Muratori, Lodovico Antonio.Annali d'Italia ed altre opere varie: Dall'anno 1358 all'anno 1687,Vol. IV. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  8. ^Catholic Encyclopedia."Antipope John XXIII." Accessed 5 June 2010.
  9. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911."Alexander V."Archived 8 December 2015 at theWayback Machine Accessed 5 June 2010.
  10. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò.History of Florence.Archived 8 December 2015 at theWayback Machine Accessed 5 June 2010.
  11. ^Ady, Cecilia M.A History Of Milan Under The Sforza. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  12. ^Vasari, Giorgio.Lives of the Most Eminent Painters Sculptors and Architects, Vol. III. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  13. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. pp. 56, 77.
  14. ^Mourby, Adrian.The Independent."In search of: Federico in Urbino." 13 November 2001. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  15. ^abcSloan, John."Dukes of Urbino."Archived 9 May 2012 at theWayback Machine Accessed 5 June 2005.
  16. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. p. 141.
  17. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. p. 149.
  18. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. p. 213.
  19. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. pp. 257, 259.
  20. ^Passavant, J.D.Rafael of Urbino and his Father, Giovanni Santi. Op. cit.The National Quarterly Review. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  21. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. pp. 341, 342.
  22. ^abcBascapè, Giacomo & al.Insegne e Simboli, Araldica Pubblica e Privata Medievale e Moderna. Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Roma: 1983. Op. cit."Heraldry in Pre-Unification Italy." Accessed 5 June 2010.
  23. ^Roscoe, William.The life and pontificate of Leo the Tenth, Vol. II. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  24. ^Hollingsworth, Mary (2011):The Borgias. History's Most Notorious Dynasty. Quercus.ISBN 978-0857389169. pp. 342.
  25. ^Symonds, John A.Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  26. ^Setton, Kenneth M.The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1574).Vol. III.The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III.
  27. ^Hare, Christopher & al.Courts & Camps of the Italian Renaissance. 1908.
  28. ^Muratori, Lodovico Antonio.Annali d'Italia dal principio dell'era volgare sino all'anno MDCCXLIX,Vol. XIV. Accessed 5 June 2010.
  29. ^Ed. Crosby, Allan J.Calendar of State Papers, Foreign: Elizabeth. Vol. 8 (1566–1568)."Elizabeth: February 1566." Accessed 5 June 2010.
  30. ^"In honor of Livio Odescalchi, Gonfaloniere (Standard-Bearer) of the Holy Roman Church".The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved25 November 2023.
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