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Golden ages of China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Prosperous eras in the history of China
For periods of regional peace maintained by Chinese hegemony, seePax Sinica.
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ThroughoutChinese history, China had multiple periods ofgolden age. InChinese historiography, golden ages on a large scale are known asshèngshì (盛世, lit. Prosperous Era), while golden ages on a smaller scale are termed aszhìshì (治世, lit. Well-Governed Era).

List of Chinese golden ages

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This is a list of the golden ages in the history of China, sorted bydynasty.

Golden agePresided byPeriodDescription
Shang dynasty
Restoration of Pan Geng[1]
盤庚中興		Pan Geng1300–1292 BCESocial stability following the relocation of the Shang capital toYin.
Rule of Wu Ding[2]
武丁之治		Wu Ding1250–1190 BCEPeak of the Shang dynasty.
Zhou dynasty
Rule of Cheng and Kang[3]
成康之治		King Cheng of Zhou
King Kang of Zhou		1043–1005 BCESuppressed theRebellion of the Three Guards and instituted theFengjian system.
Restoration of King Xuan[4]
宣王中興		King Xuan of Zhou828–797 BCERecovery of the society following the tyrannical rule of theKing Li of Zhou.
Han dynasty
Rule of Wen and Jing[5]
文景之治		Emperor Wen of Han
Emperor Jing of Han		180–141 BCELaid the economic foundation for the subsequentconquest of the Xiongnu by theEmperor Wu of Han.
Golden Age of the Emperor Wu of Han[6]
漢武盛世		Emperor Wu of Han141–87 BCEPacification of the Xiongnu, establishment of contact with theWestern Regions, and centralization of power. Peak of theWestern Han.
Rule of Zhao and Xuan[7]
昭宣之治		Emperor Zhao of Han
Emperor Xuan of Han		87–49 BCEStabilization of the society following theHan–Xiongnu War, and establishment of theProtectorate of the Western Regions.
Guangwu Restoration[8]
光武中興		Emperor Guangwu of Han25–57 CERestoration of the Han dynasty following a 16-year interregnum.
Rule of Ming and Zhang[9]
明章之治		Emperor Ming of Han
Emperor Zhang of Han		57–88 CESubmission of theSouthern Xiongnu.
Prosperity of Yongyuan[10]
永元之隆		Emperor He of Han92–105 CEDestruction of theNorthern Xiongnu. Peak of theEastern Han.
Jin dynasty
Reign of Taikang[11]
太康之治		Emperor Wu of Jin280–289 CEReunification of China following the conquest of theEastern Wu, and economic recovery.
Liu Song
Reign of Yuanjia[12]
元嘉之治		Emperor Wen of Liu Song424–450 CEPeace and stability as a result of good governance and reforms.
Northern Wei
Reforms of Xiaowen[13]
孝文改革		Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei471–499 CEPolitical and cultural development following the policy ofSinicization.
Southern Qi
Reign of Yongming[14]
永明之治		Emperor Wu of Southern Qi482–493 CEEstablishment of peaceful relations with theNorthern Wei, promotion of domestic education, and good management of the bureaucracy.
Liang dynasty
Reign of Tianjian[15]
天監之治		Emperor Wu of Liang464–549 CEPeace and stability.
Chen dynasty
Reign of Tianjia[16]
天嘉之治		Emperor Wen of Chen559–566 CEEconomic recovery and prosperity following the rebellion ofHou Jing.
Sui dynasty
Reign of Kaihuang[17]
開皇之治		Emperor Wen of Sui581–604 CEEstablishment of the Sui dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.
Tang dynasty
Reign of Wude[18]
武德之治		Emperor Gaozu of Tang618–626 CEEstablishment of the Tang dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.
Reign of Zhenguan[19]
貞觀之治		Emperor Taizong of Tang626–649 CEGood governance, development of culture and production, and strengthening of territorial boundaries.
Reign of Yonghui[20]
永徽之治		Emperor Gaozong of Tang649–683 CEContinuation of policies introduced by theEmperor Taizong of Tang. Territorial height of the Tang dynasty.
Reign of Kaiyuan[21]
開元盛世		Emperor Xuanzong of Tang712–741 CEPeak of the Tang dynasty.
Yuanhe Restoration[22]
元和中興		Emperor Xianzong of Tang805–820 CEStability following theAn Lushan Rebellion.
Huichang Restoration[23]
會昌中興		Emperor Wuzong of Tang840–846 CEIncrease in government revenue, and consolidation of imperial influence.
Reign of Dazhong[24]
大中之治		Emperor Xuanzong of Tang846–859 CEDomestic stability, and restoration of control over theGuiyi Circuit.
Wu Zhou
Continuation of the Order of Zhenguan[25]
貞觀遺風		Wu Zhao690–705 CEContinuation of the policies introduced during the Reign of Zhenguan.
Song dynasty
Reign of Jianlong[26]
建隆之治		Emperor Taizu of Song960–976 CEEstablishment of the Song dynasty, and conquest of the remainingTen Kingdoms with the exception of theNorthern Han.
Reign of Xianping[27]
咸平之治		Emperor Zhenzong of Song997–1022 CEConclusion of theChanyuan Treaty which heralded the start of a century-long peace with theLiao dynasty.
Prosperous Rule of the Emperor Renzong of Song[28]
仁宗盛治		Emperor Renzong of Song1022–1063 CEPeak of the Song dynasty.
Reign of Qianchun[29]
乾淳之治		Emperor Xiaozong of Song1162–1189 CEConclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with theJin dynasty.
Liao dynasty
Restoration of the Emperor Jingzong of Liao[30]
景宗中興		Emperor Jingzong of Liao969–982 CEStability and prosperity following the policy ofSinicization.
Reign of Taiping[31]
太平之治		Emperor Shengzong of Liao1021–1031 CEPeak of the Liao dynasty.
Western Xia
Rule of Chong and Ren[32]
崇仁之治		Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia
Emperor Renzong of Western Xia		1086–1193 CEPeak of the Western Xia.
Jin dynasty
Prosperous Age of Dading[33]
大定盛世		Emperor Shizong of Jin1161–1189 CEConclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with theSong dynasty, increase in government revenue, and good governance.
Reign of Mingchang[34]
明昌之治		Emperor Zhangzong of Jin1189–1208 CEPeak of the Jin dynasty; the Jin dynasty was the most powerful and prosperous state in East Asia during the time.
Yuan dynasty
Prosperous Age of Zhiyuan[35]
至元盛世		Emperor Shizu of Yuan1271–1294 CEUnification of China under the Yuan dynasty, and political and economic reforms.
Prosperous Age of Dade[36]
大德盛世		Emperor Chengzong of Yuan1295–1307 CEDomestic stability, reduction of taxation, economic growth, and institutionalization ofConfucianism in the government.
Ming dynasty
Reign of Hongwu[37]
洪武之治		Hongwu Emperor1368–1398 CEEstablishment of the Ming dynasty.
Prosperous Age of Yongle[38]
永樂盛世		Yongle Emperor1402–1424 CEMilitary campaigns against the Mongols,establishment of Chinese rule in Vietnam, and commissioning ofsix large-scale maritime expeditions.
Reign of Ren and Xuan[39]
仁宣之治		Hongxi Emperor
Xuande Emperor		1424–1435 CEPeak of the Ming dynasty.
New Order of Chenghua[40]
成化新風		Chenghua Emperor1464–1487 CEGood governance, liberal political policies, economic prosperity, and domestic stability.
Hongzhi Restoration[41]
弘治中興		Hongzhi Emperor1487–1505 CEEconomic prosperity, and domestic stability.
New Governance of Longqing[42]
隆慶新政		Longqing Emperor1567–1572 CENormalization of relations with foreign adversaries, and introduction of a series of new domestic policies.
Wanli Restoration[43]
萬曆中興		Wanli Emperor1573–1582 CEImplementation of reforms led byZhang Juzheng, domestic stability, and increase in government revenue.
Qing dynasty
High Qing era[44]
康雍乾盛世		Kangxi Emperor
Yongzheng Emperor
Qianlong Emperor		1662–1799 CEPeak of the Qing dynasty.

See also

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References

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  2. ^Chen, Pei Fen (1995).Ancient Chinese Bronzes: In the Shanghai Museum. Scala Books.ISBN 9781857591149.
  3. ^Deng, Gang (2002).The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility. Routledge.ISBN 9781134716562.
  4. ^Li, Feng (2006).Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9781139456883.
  5. ^Zhao, Dingxin (2015).The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780190463618.
  6. ^Zhang, Qizhi (2015).An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Springer.ISBN 9783662464823.
  7. ^Feng, Minfei (2016).危世圖存：中國歷史上的15次中興. 新華出版社.ISBN 9787516627617.
  8. ^Tse, Wicky (2018).The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire. Routledge.ISBN 9781315532318.
  9. ^伟大帝王与他的帝国. Beijing Book Co. 2013.ISBN 9787514606553.
  10. ^"永元之隆是一個什麼樣的盛世 為什麼很少人提起呢". Retrieved1 December 2019.
  11. ^Du, Youlong (2017).太平盛世：歷代盛世與開明之治.
  12. ^Knechtges, David; Chang, Taiping (2010).Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (Vol. I): A Reference Guide, Part One. BRILL.ISBN 9789047444664.
  13. ^Yu, Weichao (1997).A Journey Into China's Antiquity: Warring States Period, Qin Dynasty, The Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms through Western and Eastern Jin to Northern and Southern Dynasties. Morning Glory Publishers.ISBN 9787505404830.
  14. ^Wang, Shounan (2002).中國通史. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.ISBN 9789571130354.
  15. ^Fu, Lecheng (1977).漢唐史論集. 聯經出版事業公司.ISBN 9789570813821.
  16. ^"陈文帝托孤给弟弟，弟弟杀侄夺位成一代明君". Retrieved1 December 2019.
  17. ^中國社会经济史研究. 1986.
  18. ^"武德之治". Retrieved1 December 2019.
  19. ^Li, Xiaobing (2012).China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Abc-Clio.ISBN 9781598844160.
  20. ^Hua, Ye (2012).中国历史读这本就够了. Beijing Book Co.ISBN 9787999021261.
  21. ^Chinese Education and Society: A Journal of Translations. 1999.
  22. ^Chen, Jack; Schaberg, David (2013).Idle Talk. Univ of California Press.ISBN 9780520289772.
  23. ^Liu, Guanqi (2018).一口氣讀完大唐史.ISBN 9789865951771.
  24. ^Bai, Yang (1988).通鑑(60)：大中之治：柏楊版資治通鑑.ISBN 9789573210184.
  25. ^Wen, Yuan (2012).一本书读通历史典故.ISBN 9787212056032.
  26. ^Feng, Minfei (2015).家天下是如何倒掉的.ISBN 9787516613009.
  27. ^"宋真宗咸平之治简介：北宋中期的辉煌盛世". Retrieved1 December 2019.
  28. ^Xu, Bingbo (2017).读史要略.ISBN 9787516630822.
  29. ^Han, Han (2016).讀錢記：誰把歷史藏在錢幣裡.ISBN 9789869270458.
  30. ^Bai, Shouyi (2004).中国通史.ISBN 9787208001091.
  31. ^"如何评价辽圣宗耶律隆绪？他是个什么样的人？". Retrieved1 December 2019.
  32. ^"中国古代史上所有治世一览，远比你想象的多！".Sohu. Retrieved1 December 2019.
  33. ^Jiang, Ailin (2015).治國之鏡：詩詞鏡鑒歷代改革家. 新華出版社.ISBN 9787516615256.
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  37. ^Li, Haobai (2018).大明神断：洪武元年1368. 天津人民出版社.ISBN 9787201139395.
  38. ^Stories, Wander (2012).Ming Tombs near Beijing: a travel guide and tour as with the best local guide. WanderStories.ISBN 9789949926107.
  39. ^Porter, Jonathan (2016).Imperial China, 1350–1900. Rowman & Littlefield.ISBN 9781442222939.
  40. ^Ruan, Jingdong (2018).帝國的啓蒙：明朝的历史裂变. Beijing Book Co.ISBN 9789575799045.
  41. ^Ruan, Jingdong (2013).血腥的皇权.ISBN 9787549318735.
  42. ^Li, Lianli (2013).白銀帝國：翻翻明朝的老帳. 遠流出版.ISBN 9789573271857.
  43. ^Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2003).Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou. Stanford University Press.ISBN 9780804744850.
  44. ^Kleutghen, Kristina (2015).Imperial Illusions: Crossing Pictorial Boundaries in the Qing Palaces.ISBN 9780295805528.
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