TheGolden Outfield, also called theMillion Dollar Outfield, were the three startingoutfielders of theBoston Red Sox ofMajor League Baseball from 1910 through 1915, considered one of the greatest outfields of all time.[1][2] The three members of the Golden Outfield wereleft fielderDuffy Lewis,center fielderTris Speaker, andright fielderHarry Hooper. The three helped the Red Sox win two World Series titles, in 1912 and 1915. Two members of the Golden Outfield, Speaker and Hooper, are enshrined in theBaseball Hall of Fame.[2][3][4] All three were effective hitters, but were especially known for their fielding skill.[5][6] Baseball writerGrantland Rice said that they were "the greatest defensive outfield I ever saw...They were smart and fast. They covered every square inch of the park – and they were like three fine infielders on ground balls. They could move into another country, if the ball happened to fall there."[1] Speaker, Hooper, and Lewis all had powerful throwing arms, as well. BothTy Cobb andBabe Ruth said that it was the best outfield that they had ever seen.[7]
Of the three, Speaker is the all-time Major League leader indouble plays by a center fielder with 146.[8] Hooper is the all-time Major League leader indouble plays by a right fielder with 86.[9] And Lewis, who had a shorter career, ranks 6th all-time indouble plays by a left fielder with 35.[10]
The Golden Outfield was broken up when Speaker was traded to theCleveland Indians prior to the 1916 season after a salary dispute with Red Sox ownerJoseph Lannin.[6]
Speaker was the first to join the Red Sox. He joined the team in 1907 and became a regular in 1910.[11] He starred for the Red Sox in center field until being traded to the Cleveland Indians before the 1916 season.[11] He was theAmerican League Most Valuable Player in 1912, and finished in the top 12 in the MVP voting each season from 1911 through 1914.[11] Speaker was known for playing very shallow in center field, allowing him to participate in 64 double plays in 1053 games as a Red Sox outfielder, and set a career record for outfield assists.[4][6][11] He was able to play so shallow because he was outstanding at catching balls hit over his head.[12] Speaker batted .337 for the Red Sox, with 1327hits in 3935at bats.[11] He also hit 241 of his all-time record 792doubles for the Red Sox.[11] During his time with the Red Sox, he led the American League in doubles,home runs,extra base hits, andon-base percentage in 1912, and in hits, doubles, extra base hits, andtotal bases in 1914.[11] He was one of the first players elected into the Hall of Fame in 1937.[11]
Hooper joined the Red Sox in 1909, after attendingSaint Mary's College of California, and became a regular in 1910.[13] Hooper's fielding prowess also forced Major League Baseball to change the rules regarding runners advancing when a fly ball was caught. Hooper used to juggle fly balls as he ran back to the infield, preventing runners from trying to advance until the ball was finally caught.[14] This forced a rule change in which runners could advance as soon as the ball was touched by the fielder, rather than having to wait until the ball was caught.[14] Hooper received MVP votes in both 1913 and 1914.[13] He led the American League in at bats andsacrifice hits in 1910.[13] With the Red Sox from 1909 through 1920, he batted .272 with 1707 hits in 6270 at bats.[13] He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1971.[13]
Lewis also attended Saint Mary's College of California and joined the Red Sox in 1910, completing the Golden Outfield.[15] Until the 1930s, the Red Sox' home park,Fenway Park, had a slope in front of the left field wall. Lewis was so effective at playing balls off the cliff that it was nicknamedDuffy's Cliff.[14] Lewis played with the Red Sox until 1917 and led the American League in sacrifice hits in 1912.[15] He received MVP votes in 1914, finishing tied with Hooper at 20th overall in the voting.[15] During his time with the Red Sox, he batted .286, with 1248 hits in 4325 at bats.[15] Lewis has not been elected to the Hall of Fame, but did receive votes in several elections from 1937 through 1955. His best showing was in 1955 when he received 34 votes and 13.5% of the total, far below the 75% needed for election.[16]
Speaker, Hooper, and Lewis made their first start as a trio on April 27, 1910, in an 11–1 road win over theWashington Senators.[17][18]
In the1912 World Series, Speaker batted .300, Hooper batted .290, and Lewis batted .188. All had threeextra base hits in the series.[19] In addition, Hooper made a famous bare-handed catch to rob theNew York Giants'Larry Doyle of ahome run to preserve a Red Sox victory in game 7 of the series.[20][21]
In the1915 World Series, all members of the trio had solid hitting performances, with Lewis batting .444, Hooper .350, and Speaker .294.[22][23] In addition Speaker made a spectacular catch to robDode Paskert of an extra base hit that would have won game 2 for thePhiladelphia Phillies.[24] After the series, which the Red Sox won in five games, sportswriter George R. Holmes proclaimed that the Golden Outfield was the greatest outfield of all time.[25] In October 1965,Baseball Digest wrote that the 1915 Boston performance was the greatest by an outfield in World Series history.[26] It would be the last time that all three men played on the same team, as Speaker was traded to Cleveland before the 1916 season.[6]
During the 1910s, the Red Sox were beset by a religious rivalry, and members of the Golden Outfield were not immune to this. Lewis andcatcherBill Carrigan were leaders of theCatholic faction, while Speaker,pitcherSmokey Joe Wood, andthird basemanLarry Gardner were leaders of theProtestant faction.[6][27] Speaker and Lewis, in particular, did not get along. One day in 1913, Speaker annoyed Lewis by repeatedly knocking Lewis' cap off. Lewis said, "Do that again and I'll kill you." After Speaker continued to do it, Lewis hit him in the shins with a baseball bat, and Speaker had to be helped off the field.[28] According to a Red Sox clubhouse insider, there was one full season where Speaker did not speak to Lewis or Hooper "because they were Catholics and he wasn't...They used to hate each other. Hate each other!"[29]
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