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| Golden Gate Biosphere Network | |
|---|---|
 Visitors enjoying the sunset atop Mount Tamalpais, a protected region within the Golden Gate Biosphere Network. | |
  Location of Golden Gate Biosphere Show map of California Golden Gate Biosphere Network (the United States) Show map of the United States | |
| Nearest city | San Francisco |
| Coordinates | 37°48′N122°30′W / 37.8°N 122.5°W /37.8; -122.5 |
| Area | 27,976 sq mi (72,460 km2)[1] |
| Established | 1988 (1988)[2] |
| Governing body | UNESCO |
| Website | Golden Gate Biosphere |
TheGolden Gate Biosphere Network (GGBN orthe Network) is a voluntary coalition of federal, state and local government agencies, nonprofit organizations, universities, and private partners within theGolden Gate Biosphere region (along the western portion of theSan Francisco Bay Area). The Network aims to protect the region'sbiodiversity and conserve its natural resources. The Network has been part of theUNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme since 1988.GGBN is also part of theUS Biosphere Network as well as EuroMAB. It is recognized byUNESCO for its "significance for biological diversity conversation" and organizational efforts involving municipal authorities and private interests.[3]
The Network periodically submits reports to UNESCO on current land-management issues related to the region's biodiversity and its connection to people. Recent efforts have focused on outreach to potential collaborators and promoting research on biodiversity andclimate change adaptation.[4]
The Golden Gate Biosphere network is a coalition with the goal of conserving the environment of the San Francisco Bay Area. It was recognized by UNESCO in 1988 for ecological and cultural diversity. In 2017, a periodic review brought renewed interest to the Golden Gate Biosphere Network and also expanded the boundaries of the GGB region by more than 26,000 square miles.[1] Since 2017, the Network has focused on expanding its collaborative partnerships to improve connections among regional agencies, organizations, and nonprofits, enhancing the stewardship of natural resources. As of 2021, the Network is made up of 20 partners representing multiple jurisdictions and sectors of the region. These include:
As recognized by theUNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, there are currently 738 biosphere regions in 134 countries around the world.[5] Regions are recognized for containing a large variety of ecological systems representative of major biogeographic regions, significant biodiversity, and their ability to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable development at the regional scale.
Biosphere regions serve three functions: to foster relationships between humans and nature that allow forsustainable development, to contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, and species of flora and fauna, and to provide support for research, monitoring, and education within the region.[6]
The Golden Gate Biosphere region consists of 27,976 square miles (7,246,000 ha) of which 94% is marine habitat.[1] This marine area covers 26,319 square miles (6,817,000 ha) whilst the terrestrial area covers 1,694 square miles (439,000 ha).
The Region extends through the North-Central California coastal region from theBodega Marine Reserve in the north toJasper Ridge in the south and includes theFarallon Islands,Angel Island, and includesAlcatraz within theSan Francisco Bay. The biosphere region is situated on both sides of theSan Andreas Fault. Each side has a completely different type of bedrock, and the western side of the rift is moving northward.[1]
Core areas, otherwise known as protected area, are legally constituted core areas devoted to long-term protection.[1] The core areas of the Golden Gate Biosphere region are of sufficient size to serve the three functions required of biosphere regions mentioned previously. Marine protected areas within the biosphere include the following conservation units:
Terrestrial protected areas include the following conservation units:
In addition to these protected areas, the Golden Gate Biosphere region includes buffer zones and transition areas. Buffer zones, also known as managed use areas, are clearly identified and surrounding or contiguous to the core area or areas, where only activities compatible with conservation objectives and sound ecological practices can take place. These areas help reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training, and education. Transition areas, or areas of partnership and cooperation, are outer areas where the greatest activity is allowed. Sustainable resource management practices are promoted and developed in these areas in an effort to foster sociologically, culturally and ecologically sustainable economic and human development.
The biosphere is considered abiodiversity hotspot, as human habitation threatens its high biodiversity. With over 3000 terrestrial and marine plant and animal species,[7] the Golden Gate Biosphere includes marine, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems such as evergreen forests (including the endemicCoast Redwood), oak woodlands, chaparral, coastal scrub and prairies, rare serpentine grasslands, as well as coastal and offshore islands.[8] It also contains fourRamsar Wetlands of international importance: theLaguna de Santa Rosa Wetland Complex,Tomales Bay,Bolinas Lagoon, and San Francisco Bay Estuary.[7] These habitats are threatened by human activities and settlement within the region.
A diverse range of marine, coastal, and uplandhabitats of theCalifornia chaparral and woodlands andNorthern California coastal forestsecoregions may be found, includingmixed evergreen forests,Coast Redwood forests,Douglas-fir forests,Bishop pine forests,oak forests, woodlands and savannas,northern coastal scrub,chaparral,coastal dune,coastal strand,tidepools,kelp forests,coastal grasslands, and marshes. The associatedfauna is also rich withcougars,Tule elk,California sea lions,elephant seals, and many shorebirds.
Under theEndangered Species Act of 1973, the Bay Area is home to over 90 endangered or threatened animal and plant species.[9] Endangered land animals found here include theCalifornia red-legged frog,Alameda whipsnake,California tiger salamander. Endangered fish include Central California Coaststeelhead trout,coho salmon, and southerngreen sturgeon.[9] Endangered birds and butterflies include theWestern snowy plover,Brown pelican,Mission blue butterfly, andBay checkerspot butterfly. Endangered plants include theContra Costa goldfields,Suisun thistle,yellow larkspur,San Francisco Wallflower, andClarkia franciscana.
The Golden Gate Biosphere region is unique for having marine, coastal, and upland resources adjacent to a major metropolitan area, thus providing easy access to outdoor education and recreation for the inhabitants of theSan Francisco Bay metropolitan area.[1]
The Biosphere region provides important economic opportunities to the San Francisco Bay Area and annually receives 26.5 million visitors.[1] Many recreational activities such as sport fishing, hiking, bicycling, whale watching, sightseeing, backpacking, picnicking, kayaking, surfing, boating, swimming, scuba-diving, snorkeling, cultural activities, museums, dining, and overnight lodging are available.[1]
Agricultural activities within the GGB region are limited to beef and dairy ranching withinPoint Reyes National Seashore and the northern district ofGolden Gate National Recreation Area.[1] Approximately 28,000 acres of land are permitted for ranching. TheNational Park Service and ranchers collaborate on issues of importance to maintaining biodiversity within the biosphere, including water quality, archaeological site preservation, ranch diversification, weed management, historic structure and landscape maintenance,sustainable agricultural practices, and habitat restoration.
The GGBN works collaboratively on projects related to stewardship, science, and education. Partners cooperate on tidal pool monitoring and public education in the area ofMount Tamalpais State Park.[10] Another joint activity is theCoho salmon restoration project, which requires habitat inventorying and mapping of several criticalwatersheds.[11] Within the last decade, collaborative projects within the 1,492 acres of thePresidio site involved the removal of six landfills. Those locations were subsequently restored with native habitats including one creek, three dune systems, one riparian system, two serpentine sites, and one Colma site, leading to increased habitats and populations of the endangered speciesSan Francisco Lessingia andFranciscan Clarkia.[1]
The Network also cooperates with theIroise Biosphere Reserve of France in a comparison of coastal ecosystem recovery after human use changes. Research covers topics such as: the management of commercially important resources such as fisheries; threats to ecosystems such asoil spills, pollutants, andinvasive species; and episodic events such aswildfires and climate extremes.
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This article incorporates text from afree content work (license statement/permission). Text taken fromUNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory, UNESCO, UNESCO.
