Goddard College was aprivate college with three locations in the United States:Plainfield, Vermont;Port Townsend, Washington; andSeattle.[2] The college offered undergraduate and graduate degree programs. With predecessor institutions dating to 1863, Goddard College was founded in 1938 as an experimental and non-traditional educational institution based on the idea that experience and education are intricately linked.[3]
For many years, Goddard College provided a mix of residential, low-residency, and distance-learning programs. Its intensive low-residency model was first developed for its MFA in Creative Writing Program in 1963.
In April 2024, Goddard announced that the college would close at the end of the spring semester, due to financial issues and a decline in enrollment.[4] The college wasaccredited by theNew England Commission of Higher Education.
Goddard College began in 1863 inBarre, Vermont, northeast ofMiddlebury as theGreen Mountain Central Institute. In 1870, it was renamedGoddard Seminary in honor ofThomas A. Goddard [Wikidata] (1811–1868) and his wife Mary (1816–1889).[5] Goddard was a prominent merchant inBoston, and was one of the school's earliest and most generous benefactors.[5]
Founded byUniversalists, Goddard Seminary was originally a four-year preparatoryhigh school, primarily affiliated withTufts College ineastern Massachusetts. For many years the seminary prospered. Many public high schools opening in the 20th century made many of the privateNew England academies obsolete. Attempting to save it, the trustees added aJunior College to the seminary in 1935, with a seminary graduate,Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin, as president.[6]
Royce S. "Tim" Pitkin, president of Goddard College for 31 years
In 1936, under his leadership, the seminary concluded that for Goddard to survive, an entirely new institution would need to be created. Many educators and laymen agreed with him. Pitkin was supported byStanley C. Wilson, formergovernor of Vermont and chairman of the Goddard Seminary Board of Trustees; SenatorsGeorge Aiken andRalph Flanders; andDorothy Canfield Fisher.[7] Pitkin persuaded the board of trustees to embrace a new style of education, one substituting individual attention, democracy, and informality for the traditionally austere and autocratic educational model. On March 13, 1938, Goddard College was chartered. In July 1938 the newly formed Goddard College moved to Greatwood Farm in Plainfield, Vermont.
The new Goddard was an experimental and progressive college. For its first 21 years of operation, Goddard was unaccredited and small, but it built a reputation as one of the most innovative colleges in the country.[8] Especially noteworthy was Goddard's use of discussion as the basic method in classroom teaching; its emphasis on the whole lives of students in determining personal curricula; its incorporation of practical work into the life of every student; and its development of the college as a self-governing learning community in which everyone had a voice.[9]
In 1959 Goddard College was accredited. One of the founding principles of Goddard was to provide educational opportunities for adults.[10] There was a great need for a program for adults who had not completed college, to obtain degrees without disrupting their family lives or careers. The Adult Degree Program (ADP), created byEvalyn Bates, was established in 1963. It was the first low-residency adult education program in the country.[3] Over the years many experimental programs were designed at Goddard. The programs included the Goddard Experimental Program for Further Education, Design Build Program, Goddard Cambridge Program for Social Change, Third World Studies Program,Institute for Social Ecology, Single Parent Program and many others.
Based on its use of narrative transcripts instead of traditional letter grades, as well as learner-designed curricula, Goddard was among the founding members of theUnion for Experimenting Colleges and Universities.
In 2002, after 54 years, the college terminated its residential undergraduate degree program and became an exclusively low-residency college. In 2005, the college expanded to theWest Coast and established a residency site inPort Townsend, Washington. In July 2011 Goddard began to offer their non-licensure education program in Seattle.
Goddard was placed on probation in 2018 by theNew England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE) because of a perceived "[lack of] stability of executive leadership" and concerns about the college's financial resources.[11][12][13] The probation was lifted in 2020 after the college satisfied the commission that it had rectified those issues.[14] In January 2024, Goddard announced that it would temporarily end its low-residency programs in favor of online learning.[15]
Goddard College closed at the end of the spring semester in 2024, due to a precipitious decline in enrollment from 1,900 in the 1970s to less than 250 in 2024.[16] The main campus in Plainfield was put up for sale and in late May was announced to be under contract at a price of $3.4 million to an undisclosed buyer.[17] A group of alumni and townspeople organized to attempt to block the sale.[18] In early July 2024 the school announced it was for sale again, with no explanation of what had happened with the previous deal.[19] On August 2, 2024, the college announced plans to sell the campus to a local group, the Greatwood Project, formed by college alumni and former faculty.[20]
The campus in Plainfield was founded in 1938 on the grounds of a late 19th-century model farm: The Greatwood Farm & Estate consisted of shingle-style buildings and gardens designed byArthur Shurcliff. The Village of Learning, consisted of eleven dormitory buildings, was built adjacent to the ensemble of renovated farm buildings in 1963 to accommodate an increasing student population. The Pratt Center & Library, designed to be at the heart of a larger campus, was constructed in 1968. No other significant new construction were added after 1968.
On March 7, 1996, the Greatwood campus was recognized for its historic and architectural significance by its inclusion on theNational Register of Historic Places.[22]
Fort Worden State Park, Port Townsend, Washington campus
AU.S. Army post from 1902 to 1953,[23] much of the fort was renovated and adapted as a year-round, multi-use facility dedicated to lifelong learning. It housed several organizations which compriseFort Worden State Park. The fort was on a bluff overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Admiralty Inlet nearPort Townsend, Washington.
The MA in Education program, originally held in the Plainfield-based low-residency program, expanded in 2011 intoColumbia City, a neighborhood in southeastern Seattle.
The program trained students in bilingual preschool education. Students focused on areas such as intercultural studies, dual language, early childhood, cultural arts, and community education, and created their plan of studies for each semester. The program was designed to serve students who could not leave their families and communities for the residency.
Each Goddard student designed their own curriculum in accordance with their program's degree criteria. In addition to fulfilling academic criteria in the subjects of the arts, thehumanities, mathematics, natural sciences and social sciences, undergraduate students needed to demonstrate critical thinking and writing, understanding of social and ecological contexts, positive self-development, and thoughtful action within their learning processes.
The college used a student self-directed, mentored system in which faculty issue narrative evaluations of student's progress instead of grades. The intensive low-residency model required that students come to campus every six months for approximately eight days. During this period, students engaged in a variety of activities and lectures from early morning until late in the evening, and created detailed study plans. During the semester, students studied independently, sending in "packets" to their faculty mentors every few weeks.
When low-residency education began at Goddard, packets were made up of paper documents sent via the mail. Since advances in the internet and related technology, in the 21st century most packets were sent electronically. They contained artwork, audio files, photography, video and web pages, in addition to writing. The schedule and format of these packets differed from program to program, and content varied with each student-faculty correspondence. The focus was generally on research, writing, and reflection related to each student's individualized study plan.
At regular intervals students compiled their work into "learning portfolios" to submit as part of a Progress Review before a cross-program board of faculty. The board ensured that all students' work was in compliance with the college's degree criteria. Undergraduates had to complete a yearlong Senior Study, accompanied by final graduating presentations of work, before being awarded a degree.[24]
The Eliot D. Pratt Center and Library in Plainfield, Vermont, served the entire Goddard College community. It was also open to the public. Its holdings contained over 70,000 physical items. The building also housed several administrative offices, an Archives room with artifacts from the 1800s to present, an Art Gallery, and WGDR (91.1 FM), a college/community radio station serving Central Vermont since 1973.
Until 2021, Goddard was home to Goddard College Community Radio, a pair of community-based, non-commercial, listener-supported educational radio stations.WGDR, 91.1 FM, is licensed to Plainfield. Its sister station,WGDH, 91.7 FM, is licensed toHardwick, Vermont east ofBurlington. Goddard College Community Radio was the largest non-commercial community radio station in Vermont. It was the only non-commercial station in the state other than the statewideVermont Public Radio network[citation needed], which received funding from theCorporation for Public Broadcasting. On May 10, 2021, Goddard donated the licenses for WGDR and sister station WGDH to the Central Vermont Community Radio Corporation.
The building was a barn built in 1868 by the Martin Family and one of the largest barns in Central Vermont. The Haybarn was originally used to store hay, grain, and livestock. In 1938, when Goddard College purchased Greatwood Farm, they began the process of adapting the farm buildings into academic and student spaces. The Haybarn was renovated to provide a space for the performing arts.
For almost 75 years the Haybarn Theatre was a place where the local community and the college came together to enjoy and appreciate the arts. The Haybarn hosted educational conferences, student and community performances, and the Goddard College Concert Series. Prior to gaining widespread fame,Phish played multiple concerts there in 1986 and 1987.[25]
In June 1970 Goddard hosted the Alternative Media Conference; it attracted more than 1,600 radio DJs and others involved in independent media from all over the United States.[26] Featured presenters includedYippie founderJerry Rubin;[27] spiritual leaderRam Dass;[28] and Larry Yurdin[29] in addition toDanny Fields,Bob Fass, andPaul Krassner fromThe Realist, a magazine.
A music roster of up-and-coming bands was curated byAtlantic Records and includedDr. John and theJ. Geils Band.[28] The conference embodied both the political activism and the free-love atmosphere of the time: a coalition affiliated withPanther 21,The Guardian,Newsreel, Radio Free People,Liberation News Service, Media Women, andThe New York Rat put together a packet highlighting the political side of alternative media.[30]
A second Alternative Media Conference was held on campus in 2013 to commemorate the college's 150th anniversary.[31] Thom Hartmann and Ellen Ratner were featured speakers.
In 2014, the graduating class of the college's undergraduate program selected convicted murderer and GoddardalumnusMumia Abu-Jamal to be the commencement speaker.[32] Abu-Jamal, who had attended Goddard as an undergraduate in the 1970s, completed his Goddard degree from prison via mail while serving a sentence for the 1982 murder ofPhiladelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner.[33] Faulkner's widow criticized the selection of Abu-Jamal as a speaker,[34] as did U.S. SenatorPat Toomey, the Vermont Troopers Association, the Vermont Police Chiefs Association, the Fraternal Order of Police, and thePennsylvania Department of Corrections.[32][35][36] The college's interim president, Bob Kenny, supported the right of students to pick a commencement speaker of their choice.[37] On October 5, the school released Abu-Jamal's pre-recorded commencement speech.[38][39]
^Benson, Ann Giles &, Frank Adams (1999).To Know For Real: Royce S. Pitkin and Goddard College. Adamant, Vt: Adamant Press. pp. 5–20.ISBN978-0912362205.
^Archer, Leonard B (January 13, 1951). "College Governed Town Meeting Style, Its Buildings a Vermont Farm".The Christian Science Monitor.
^Maki, Peggy L. (2012). "Appendix 5.1: Institutional Example: The Educational Context for Goddard College's Learning Portfolio and Progress Review".Assessing for Learning: Building a Sustainable Commitment Across the Institution. Stylus Publishing, LLC. pp. 198–200.ISBN9781579224967.
^abMoss, Jack (July 13, 2018)."The American Guru Who Inspired Wales Bonner S/S19".AnOther. RetrievedMarch 14, 2019.Ram Dass (Richard Alpert) at The Alternative Media Conference, June 1970 at Goddard College in Plainfield, Vermont.
^McMillian, John (2014).Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America. Oxford University Press. p. 115.ISBN9780199376469.
^Roy, William G. (2010).Reds, Whites, and Blues: Social Movements, Folk Music, and Race in the United States. Princeton University Press. p. 228.ISBN9781400835164.
^Manual of the Legislature of New Jersey(PDF). Newark, NJ: Skinder-Strauss Associates. 2004. p. 281.ISBN978-1-57741-187-1. RetrievedOctober 27, 2017.Assemblyman Tucker is serving his fourth term in the Assembly. Mr. Tucker is an at-large city councilman in Newark, a position he has held since 1974. He was born in Newark on March 18, 1938, and is a graduate of the city's Central High School. He received a degree in urban planning at Goddard College in Vermont and has taken post-graduate public administration courses at Rutgers University. Assemblyman Tucker is a veteran of the U.S. Air Force, having served from 1955 to 1959. The assemblyman is a founding member of the United Brothers, the Centre, Inc., the Newark Coalition for Low Income Housing, the Newark Tenants Council, and the city's first comprehensive drug treatment program and first high school equivalency program. He is a former field secretary and vice chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) of Essex County. He worked in the civil rights movement in Mississippi and Maryland during the 1960s. He is married to the former Cleopatra Gibson and has two adult children.
^The Remington Registry of Outstanding Professionals: 2009–2010. Xlibris Corporation. 2011. p. 697.ISBN9781462863730.
^Payne, Carla R. (2009).Information Technology and Constructivism in Higher Education: Progressive Learning Frameworks: Progressive Learning Frameworks. IGI Global.ISBN9781605666556.
^Academy of European Law (2013).Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law / Recueil des cours de l' Académie de droit européen: 1991 The Protection of Human Rights in Europe Vol. II. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 203.ISBN9789401710749.
^Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (2013).North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. London: Routledge. p. 1773.ISBN9781135638894.
^Hughes, Paul (January 15, 1987)."Cartoons Sell Best in Hong Kong".The Tustin News. Tustin, California. p. 2.Feign, who would later attend UC Berkeley for two years, graduate from Goddard College, and begin graduate work at the University of Hawaii, finished high school at Hillview Continuation School in 1972 at age 16.
^Irwin, Shelby Z.Dr. Mayme A. Clayton: Librarian and Preservationist of Black Memorabilia. New Haven: Southern Connecticut State University. p. 2.ayton received her bachelor's degree from UC Berkeley, her master's degree from Goddard College and a doctoral degree from Sierra University.
^"Sullivan, Mark X. mss".Lilly Library Manuscript Collections. Indiana University. RetrievedNovember 9, 2017.Hopkins was born in Savannah, GA and went to college at Goddard Seminary (now Goddard College) in Plainfield, VT
^"Plainfield Co-op".www.plainfieldcoop.com. RetrievedNovember 9, 2017.Local Goddard College has always attracted educated liberal types with colorful flair, including members of the band Phish, David Mamet, Piers Anthony, and abstract artist Robert M. Fisher.
^"Russell Potter". University of Rhode Island. RetrievedNovember 15, 2017.
^Smith, Steven C. (October 12, 2017)."Curriculum Vita"(PDF). George Washington University | The George Washington University. RetrievedNovember 15, 2017.
^Wertlieb, Mitch; Bodette, Melody (October 3, 2013)."Olympian Tommie Smith To Be Honored By Goddard".www.vpr.org. RetrievedMarch 14, 2019.Smith said he's always been fighting for education and human rights and became part of the masters program at Goddard because he could use his teaching and writing experience towards his degree.
