| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 India (1954) | 1,000,000[1] |
| →Goa (2011) | 366,130[2] |
| →Greater Bombay (1960s) | ~100,000[3] |
 Portugal | 80,000~100,000 |
| →Nairobi (prior to the 1960s) | ~5000[4] |
 Uganda (1931) | ~1124[5] |
| →Kampala (1931) | ~500[6] |
→ Tanganyika (1931) | ~1,722[7] |
| →Dar es Salaam (1993) | 700[8] |
 Pakistan (1954) | ~30,000[9] |
| →Karachi (1954) | ~10,000[9] |
 Persian Gulf countries (2003) | ~20,000[9] |
 Canada (1999) | ~23,000[10] |
| →Ontario (1999) | ~16,000[10] |
| →London | ~6,000[11] |
| →Swindon (2018) | ~12,000[12] |
| Languages | |
| Goan Konkani,English,Indo-Portuguese | |
| Religion | |
| Catholicism (Latin Rite) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Kudali Catholics,Karwari Catholics,Mangalorean Catholics,Bombay East Indian Catholics &Damanese people | |
Goan Catholics (Goan Konkani:Goenchem Katholik) are anethno-religious community adhering to theLatin Rite of theCatholic Church from theGoa state, in the southern part of theKonkan region along the west coast ofIndia. They areKonkani people and speak theKonkani language.
Missionary activities followed soon after thePortuguese conquest of Goa.Pope Nicholas V had enacted thePapal bull ofRomanus Pontifex in AD 1455, according to which thepatronage of the Christian faith in theEast Indies, was granted to thePortuguese crown.
Their culture is an amalgam ofKonkani andPortuguese cultures, with the latter having a more important role becauseGoa, Daman and Diu had been ruled byPortugal from AD 1510–1961.[13] The notion ofGoan identity as a distinct culture among otherLuso-Asians orLuso-Indian cultures was forged into India after theannexation of Goa and Damaon in 1961.
The Goan Catholic diaspora is concentrated in thePersian Gulf countries; theLusophone world, especiallyPortugal,Brazil,Mozambique, andZanzibar; theEuropean Union countries; and theAnglophone world, especially theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States of America,Canada,Australia, andNew Zealand.[14]
Christian adherents to theCatholic Church who originate from the present state ofGoa, a region on the west coast ofIndia, and their descendants are generally referred to as Goan Catholics. A majority of Goan Catholics belong to theKonkani ethnicity while a smaller proportion areLuso-Indians. Goan Catholics played a pivotal role in theformation of the state of Goa and indesignating their native languageKonkani as ascheduled language of India. Diaspora communities in anglophone countries usually speakEnglish as their first language while regarding Konkani as their ancestral language.[15] Some upper class Catholic families in Goa spokePortuguese as their primary language prior to 1961.[16]
Portugal tookcontrol of Goa in 1510. ThePortuguese soon consolidated their power by imposing their own government and culture through intermarriage[17] and converting the majority of the local population to Catholicism.[18] Many pre-Portuguese Hindu traditions were adapted or retained by the Goan Catholics. This included a variation of theIndian caste system, although it was not practiced rigidly.[19] Throughout thePortuguese Empire a large part of civic administration (e.g. registration of births, marriages and deaths, schools, colleges, hospitals, orphanages, etc.) was initially maintained by the Catholic religious orders. UnderPortuguese nationality law, Goans born before 19 December 1961 in the then Portuguese territory of Goa are entitled to Portuguese citizenship. As per the law of Portugal (Jus sanguinis), this is extended up to two generations, that is to their children and grandchildren.[20]
Due to the distance from Portugal, Goans (like the people ofMacau andTimor) had a high level of autonomy, although still a part of Portugal. Goans moved for work to other parts of the Portuguese Empire, and hence it is possible to find people of Goan descent in the Americas, Africa, Europe, as well as other parts of Asia.[21]
A large-scale emigration of Goan Catholics to Bombay (nowMumbai) began in the 1800s, because of better economic opportunities.[22] At that timeBombay was under the British rule and there existed another established Luso-Indian Catholic community; theBombay East Indians, who were residents of Portuguese Bombay prior to it being granted to theBritish East India Company in the 17th century. Since the Goan Catholic and East Indian Catholic communities were converted toChristianity by the Portuguese, the British referred to them as "Portuguese Christians".[23] They congregated in the same churches, attended many of the same religious functions, and sharedPortuguese surnames and culture.[24]The British favoured the Goan Christians in administrative jobs, due to their proficiency in western language and culture.[22]
The Portuguese came to India with the ambition of capturing the Asian trade to Europe through theArab world and by-passing the traditionalSilk Route from China to Europe. The Portuguese first reached the west coast of India in 1498 whenVasco da Gama landed atCalicut.[25] On 25 November 1510Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa from theSultan of Bijapur.[26] By 1544 the Portuguese conquered the districts ofBardez,Tiswadi, andSalcette.[27]Pope Nicholas V had enacted thePapal bullRomanus Pontifex in 1455, granting the patronage ("Padroado") of the propagation of the Christian faith in Asia to the Portuguese and rewarded them a trade monopoly in newly discovered areas.[28] Trade was initiated shortly after Vasco da Gama arrived in India in 1498. The Portuguese Catholic Church was granted the responsibility of proselytizing in Asia by the Pope, and all missionaries had to call at Lisbon before departing for Asia. In Goa different orders were designated different areas, with theJesuits granted Salsette province in the South, and theFranciscans, the northern province of Bardez. Other orders such asCarmelites,Dominicans, andAugustinians were also present in Portuguese Goa.
In 1534 theDiocese of Goa was created from theDiocese of Funchal to serve as a common diocese for the western coast of India, including Goa and the area in and around Bombay.[29]
The Portuguese built many churches; the most notable areBasilica of Bom Jesus (Basílica of Child Jesus) built during the sixteenth century—aUNESCO World Heritage Site dedicated to theInfant Jesus.The church also holds the embalmed body of St. Francis Xavier.[30]—and theSe Cathedral, the largest church in Asia dedicated toSt. Catherine of Alexandria, the construction of which was started in 1562 during the reign of KingDom Sebastião and completed in 1619. It wasconsecrated in 1640.[31] TheOur Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church (Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição Igreja) was built in 1540. The Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi (Igreja e Convento de São Francisco de Assis), Church of Lady of Rosary (Igreja da Senhora do Rosário), Church of St. Augustine (Igreja de Santo Agostinho), andSt. Michael's Church, Anjuna (Igreja São Miguel em Anjuna), built in 1613,[32] were also erected during the Portuguese reign.[33][34]
In 1787, some Goan Catholic priests, unhappy with the process of promotion within the Church and other discriminatory practices of the Portuguese, organised the unsuccessfulPinto Revolt against the Portuguese.[35]
From the 19th century, Catholic Goans started emigrating to British-run cities in India, especially toMumbai[36][37] andBangalore in the 1920s and 1930s.[38] They also started migrating toPortuguese territories, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[37]
According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).[39]
On 1 May 1928, the Archdiocese of Goa was renamed and was promoted to the MetropolitanArchdiocese of Goa and Daman (Goa e Damão). It is the oldest diocese in terms of activity in the East, with its origins linked to the arrival of the Portuguese on the Malabar Coast. The Metropolitan Archbishop of Goa and Daman also uses the title of Primate of the Indies orPrimate of the East and honorifically receives the title ofPatriarch of the East Indies.
AfterBritish India gained independence in 1947, the Portuguese government refused to accept Nehru's demand that they hand over Goa to India. On 18 December 1961India moved in with troops and after intense warfare, the Portuguese administration was forced to surrender. On 30 May 1987 Goa was elevated as India's 25th state.[40]
According to the 2011 census, Christians formed 26.01% of Goa's total population.[41]
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According to the 2001 census there were around 359,568 Christians in Goa.[42] Many Goan Catholics live inMumbai andBangalore. In the 1960s there were around 100,000 Goan Catholics in Bombay, of which 90,000 were in urban Bombay, and 10,000 in suburban Bombay.[3] Other regions of India which have a small proportion of Goan Catholics areDelhi,Calcutta,Madras,Pune, Ahmednagar,Hyderabad,Nagpur,Nasik, andRanchi.
Goan Catholics are also found abroad, either asNon-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin (NRIs), with some people born abroad.[43] They are found inArab states of the Persian Gulf in the Middle East, includingSaudi Arabia,Bahrain,United Arab Emirates, andKuwait.[44] Some have migrated to theAnglophone world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, the US,[14] Australia and New Zealand. In 1954 there were around 1,000,000 Goan Catholics in India and 1,800,000 Goan Catholics outside Goa.[citation needed] Before the FirstGulf War (1990–1991) there were probably around 150,000 Goans outside India.[1] There are 100,000 Goan Catholics in Portugal.[45] A large number are found inKarachi, Pakistan.[46] Recent emigrants are found in Germany andAustria.[47]
In 1999 the Goan Overseas Association, the Canorient Christian Association, and other Goan associations estimated that there were around 23,000 Goan Catholics in Canada, out of which 13,000 were inOntario.[10] During 1954 it was estimated that there were 20,000 Goan Catholics in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, while 30,000 were living in Pakistan, out of which 10,000 were settled in Karachi.[9] In 1931 it was estimated that there were around 1,772 Goan Catholics inTanzania[7] of which 700 were inDar es Salaam.[8] InUganda during 1931, there were around 1,124 Goan Catholics,[5] out of which 500 were settled in its capital ofKampala.[6] Prior to the 1960s it was estimated that there were around 5,000 Goan Catholics inNairobi, Kenya.[4] By the 20th century there were around 6,000 Goan Catholics in London,[11] while in 2001, 9,000 were present inSwindon, United Kingdom.[48]
Goan Architecture is heavily influenced byPortuguese styles, a result of being a territory ofPortugal for over 450 years. Houses influenced byIndian architecture were inward-looking with small windows and roofed withMangalore tile. Houses were constructed with walls of wooden planks, mud,laterite brick, or stone.[49] Most of these houses were rebuilt or refurbished from the mid-18th to the 20th century, and replaced by buildings with a mix ofneo-Classic andneo-Gothic styles. Contemporary urban and rural housing display a strong Portuguese influence. It shows a variety of laterite brick structures and Mangalore tiled-roofed houses with steeply sloped roofs, design features common to houses in Portugal. Sometimes the walls are made of wooden planks, mud, or brick and stone. Inside the house a spacious hall is present, while outside there is a large porch in front. Aplinth that indicates the owner of the house is present in front of the house. Courtyards are present in front of the houses, consisting of agrotto of theBlessed Virgin Mary and aHoly Cross made of hard laterite clay.[50]
Coconut, vinegar and spices are common ingredients in most curries.Sorpotel — pork cooked in a spicy sauce — is one of the most popular dishes of the Goan Catholic community. Other popular meat preparations includeCabidela,Xacuti,Choris-Pão (spicy porksausages stuffed in bread),Vindalho,Roast Maas (spicy braised beef),Mitta Maas (salt pork), andLeitão Assado (roasted piglet).[51]Canja de galinha andFrango à Cafreal are well-known chicken dishes.[52] Fish curry and rice form the staple diet of Goan Catholics.[53] Parboiled rice (Ukddem tandull), is the traditional rice eaten and preferred over raw rice (Suroi tandull).Kajel (Cashew Feni) (triple-distilled/tibrad),Cazulo (double-distilled/dobrad), andUrrak (Arrack) (single-distilled) liqueurs made fromcashew apples; andMaddel (Coconut Feni), are a popular alcoholic beverages.[54]
Patoleo (sweetrice cakes steamed in turmeric leaves consisting of a filling of coconut andpalm jaggery) are prepared on the Feasts ofSan Juanv (São João) on 24 June,Maria da Assunção on 15 August, andKonnsachem fest (harvest festival) which occurs across Goa during the month of August.[55]Kuswad (Consoada) is a term used for the sweet delicacies prepared during Christmas which includeBebinca,Dodol,Bathica,Kulkuls,Neureos, andPerada.[56]
Portuguese names, having variants in bothRomi Konkani and English, likeMingel (Michael) andMagdu (Magdalene) are common among Goan Catholics.[57]Portuguese surnames (likeLobo,D’Souza,Rodrigues,Fernandes, PereiraPereira andPinto) are standard among Goan Catholics because of theChristianisation of Goa during Portuguese rule.[58]
| Goan Catholic variant | English variant | Portuguese variant | Meaning | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balthu | Balthasar | Baltasar | ‘Bel’ is my King | Male |
| Pedru | Peter | Pedro | Rock | Male |
| Kaitan | Cajetan | Caetano | man from ‘Caieta’ | Male |
| Juanv | John | João | God is gracious | Male |
| Bosteanv | Sebastian | Sebastião | Revered | Male |
| Lorso | Lawrence | Lourenço | man from ‘Laurentum’ | Male |
| Mori | Mary | Maria | Beloved | Female |
| Joki | Joachim | Joaquim | raised by‘YHWH’ | Male |
| Rakel | Rachel | Raquel | Ewe or one with purity | Female |
| Anton | Anthony | António | Flower | Male |
| Jebel | Elizabeth | Isabel | My God is my oath | Female |
| Zuze | Joseph | José | The Lord will add | Male |
| Source: Msgr. S. R. Dalgado's “Grammar of Konkani Language” | ||||
Goan Catholics speak theKonkani language which is key to the community's identity.[59] Konkani is anIndo-Aryan language belonging to theIndo-European family of languages, which is spoken predominantly on the west coast of India.[60] According tolinguists this dialect is largely derived fromMaharashtri Prakrit and is similar toBengali in terms of pronunciation.[61] This dialect has a significant infusion ofMarathi andKannada loanwords.[62] TheEthnologue identifies this dialect as the "Goan" dialect.[63] The Goan Catholic dialect is written in theRoman script.[64]Portuguese influence can be seen in the dialect's lexicon and syntax.[65] 1,800 Portuguese lexical items are found in the Goan Catholic dialect.[66] The syntactic patterns adopted from Portuguese include mostly word order patterns, such as the placement of the direct and the indirect object and of the adverb after the verb, the placement of the predicate noun after thecopula, and the placement of the relative or reduced relative clause after the head noun. There are, however, some transformations as well among these patterns.[67] Such syntactic modification is most evident in this particular dialect. It is observed only in the written word and in formal speech such assermons.[68] In recent times, more and more periodicals have abandoned the Portuguese syntactic patterns.[69] The dialect is significantly different from the dialect spoken by the Hindu Goans not only with respect to Portuguese influence, but also with respect to grammatical and lexical characteristics.[70]
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The origin of their literature dates to 1563, when the first Konkani grammar was published by Fr Andre Vaz at St Paulo College atOld Goa. In 1567 the firstKonkani-Portuguese dictionary was published by missionary priests atRachol, Goa.[61] In 1622Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit, publishedDoutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim (Christian Doctrines in the Canarese Brahmin Language), which was the first book in Konkani and any Indian language.[71] On 22 December 1821 the first periodical,Gazeta de Goa (Goa Gazetteer), edited by Antonio Jose de Lima Leitao, was published. On 22 January 1900 the first Portuguese newspaper,O Heraldo, was started by Prof. Messias Gomes. It was transformed into an English daily in 1987.[72] Periodicals such asAmcho Ganv (1930) by Luis de Menezes,Vauraddeancho Ixxt (1933), a weekly by Fr. Arcencio Fernandes and Fr. Gracianco Moraes,[73]Aitarachem Vachop, a Konkani weekly run by theSalesians,[74] andGulab by Fr. Freddy J. da Costa were published in Goa.[75] Konkani-Portuguese periodicals such asO Concani, a weekly by Sebastiāo Jesus Dias,Sanjechem Noketr (The Evening Star) (1907) byB. F. Cabral,O Goano (1907) by Honarato Furtado and Francis Futardo, andAve Maria (1919) edited by Antonio D'Cruz were published in Bombay.[73] In February 1899Udentenchem Sallok (Lotus of the East) by Eduardo J. Bruno de Souza, the first Konkani periodical, was published as a fortnightly inPoona. The first Konkani book in the Devanagri script,Kristanv Doton ani Katisism by Dr. George Octaviano Pires, was published inSholapore in 1894.[76] Fr. Ludovico Pereria's monthlyDor Mhoineachi Rotti (Monthly Bread) was published in Karachi in 1915.[74][77] In 1911 the first Konkani novel,Kristanv Ghorabo (Christian Home), was published.[78][79] Modern literature is diverse and includes themes such as historical awakening inLambert Mascarenhas'Sorrowing Lies My Land,[80]feminism inMaria Aurora Couto'sGoa: A Daughters' Story,[81] andfantasy inNandita da Cunha'sThe Magic of Maya.[82] In 1974, theArchdiocese of Goa and Daman published theNovo Korar (New Testament) of theHoly Bible in Konkani. Later, on 4 June 2006, the Archdiocese released the completeCatholic Bible in Konkani employing the Latin alphabet known asPovitr Pustok.[83] In 2018, Archbishop of Goa and DamanFilipe Neri Ferrao launched thePovitr Pustok, a Konkani Bible app, a mobile phone application software with the entire Konkani Bible text.[84]
Many Indian customs and traditions persist among the Goan Catholics, which are more conspicuous during their marriage festivities.[85]
Traditionally, as in other Indian communities,arranged marriages were the norm.[86] Pre-marriage traditions includeSoirik (matrimonial alliance),[87]Utor (promise of marriage),[88]Mudi (engagement ceremony),[89]Amontron (wedding invitation),Porcond (bridal shower),[90]Chuddo (glass bangles) ceremony wherein the bride's forearms are adorned with colourful glass bangles of green, yellow, and red which are symbolic of fertility and married life,[91][92][93]Saddo (red or pink dress) ceremony of cutting and sewing the bridal dress,[94][95] the bridegroom's Hair-cutting ritual,[96] andBhuim jevon (a ritual meal in honour of the ancestors)[97] orBhikream jevon (a meal for the poor or beggars).[98][99]Dennem (trousseau) is sent to the groom's house the day before the wedding.[100]
TheRos (anointing) ceremony held on the evening before the wedding involves the parents, relatives, and friends blessing the soon-to-be-wed couple before they begin their married life.[101] It is conducted at the bride's and bridegroom's respective homes, who along with their bridesmaids and best men are ceremonially bathed withApros (first extract ofcoconut milk).[102] The bridegroom's/bride's mother dabs her thumb incoconut oil and anoints her son's/daughter's forehead by placing thesign of the cross on it. Special commemorative songs calledZoti are sung for the occasion.[103] On the wedding day, the bridal couple receiveBesanv (Benediction) ceremoniously from their parents and elders before the families leave their individual homes for the church to celebrate theResper (Nuptial Mass) which is followed by the wedding reception later in the evening.[104]
Traditions post the reception includeHatant dinvcheak (handing over) the bride solemnly by the father or the guardian of the bride to the groom's family,[105]Shim (boundary) ritual which involves crossing an imaginary boundary created by pouring liquor on the ground as theVor (bridal party) prepare to leave for the groom's house. After the ritual, one or two relatives from the bride's side formally invite the newlyweds to the bride's home for a celebration the next day. This is known asApovnnem (invitation) in Konkani and the occasion is calledPortovnnem (ceremonial return).[106]
Konsachem fest (harvest festival) celebrated on 15 August that involves blessing of new harvests are other Goan Catholic celebrations.[107]
In addition to common Christian festivals like Christmas, Good Friday, and Easter, the community celebrates many other festivals of religious and historical significance. TheZagor (nocturnal vigil in Konkani), mainly celebrated inSiolim, inBardeztaluka, is a festival highlighted by dance, drama and music.[108] The Feast ofSaint Francis Xavier, one of the major festivals of the Goan Catholics, is celebrated on 3 December annually to honour the saint's death.[109] TheNativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Monti Saibinichem Fest in Konkani, Feast ofOur Lady of the Mount) on 8 September is a major festival, especially inChinchinim.[110]Milagres Saibinichem Fest is the feast ofOur Lady of Miracles, celebrated atSt. Jerome Church (Mapusa).[111] Contrary to popular belief,Goa Carnival is a commercial festival in Goa. Its current form (King Momo, floats, etc.) was created only in 1965 to attract tourists.[112]
In the past, Goan Catholic women wore ahol, a white sheet over their saris, while going to Church.[113][114]
In the early period of Portuguese rule, Goan Catholic women were married in whites saris (hol) and changed into a red dress or sari, known assaddo, at home.[115] Women of the upper strata wore theFota-Kimao after the Church ceremony.Fota was a blouse made of red velvet and satin with a black border and embroidered with gold thread.[116] Accessories used along with thefota included a variety of jewellery worn on the head, ears, neck, and arms. Thefator was an ornament that consisted of a green stone between two corals held by double chains. Together with thefator, women wore a set of five intricate chains known ascontti, and other chains. Women wore bangles known asnille with matchingcarap on their ears. They also wore few small chains from the ear to the head, combs made of gold (dantoni), silver, or tortoise shell, and rings on every finger.[117] During the later period of Portuguese rule, women got married in Western clothes. TheCordao (wedding necklace) was a necklace with two black-beaded chains reminiscent of the HinduMangalsutra, interspersed with roughly twenty gold coins, which formed a gold pendant, often in the shape of Jesus or the cross.[118] A widow had to wear black clothes for the rest of her life and was not allowed to wear ornaments.[119][120]
Goan Catholics retained the samecaste system which their ancestors had followed.[121] A village in Goa was known asGanv, its freeholder was the Ganvkar, and Ganvkari included the Ganvkars' village associations and co-operatives. Village communities were known asGanvponn,[1] which the Portuguese referred to asComunidades.[122]
Themass was celebrated in Latin; theHomily was delivered to the congregation in Konkani.[123]
Native Catholics in rural Goa retained their former Hindu castes. The Bamonns (the Konkani word forBrahmins) were members of the Hindu priestly caste.[124] Brahmin sub-castes (such as theGoud Saraswat Brahmins, thePadyes, theDaivadnyas), the goldsmiths and some merchants were lumped into the Christian caste of Bamonn.[124]
The Chardos (the Konkani word forKshatriyas) were converts from the Kshatriya (military/ royal class) caste, and included members from theVaishya Vani caste (merchant class). ThoseVaishyas who were not incorporated into the Chardo caste were called Gauddos, and formed the fourth group. The artisan converts formed the third-biggest group and were known as Sudirs (labour class). TheDalits or "Untouchables" who converted to Christianity became Mahars and Chamars, who formed the fifth group. They were later merged to the Sudirs.[124] The Christian converts of the aboriginal stock known as Gavddis were termed Kunbi.[124] Although they still observe the caste system, they consider it the unhappiest heritage of their pre-Christian past.[1]
After conversion, the most popular occupation of Goan Catholic men was that ofsailor. Others served as government officials for the Portuguese. Goan Catholics also became doctors, architects, lawyers and businessmen.[125] Agriculture was mainly done by rural women because they were skilled farmers. Rural men practised carpentry and other artisanal professions, constructing churches and other structures under Portuguese supervision.[125] In the late seventeenth century, many Goan Catholic women had received education and also became employed as teachers orfeitoria workers. Other crafts and industries were nonexistent.[125]
On 24 April 1950,Mogacho Aunddo (Desire of Love), the first Konkani film byAl Jerry Braganza, was released atMapusa, Goa.[76] Frank Fernandes, whose stage name wasFrank Fernand (1919–2007; born inCurchorem, Goa), was a renowned film maker and musician and is remembered for his movies likeAmchem Noxib (Our Luck) in 1963 andNirmonn (Destiny) in 1966.[126] Other films produced in Goa includeBhunyarantlo Monis (Cave Man) andPadri (Priest).[76]Remo Fernandes, a singer and musician, was the first person to introducefusion music in India.[127]
The Konkani hymnAsli Mata Dukhest, which was translated into Konkani from theLatin hymnStabat Mater, is sung duringLent. Jocachim Miranda, a Goan Catholic priest, composedRiglo Jezu Molliant (Jesus entered the Garden of Gethsemene) during his Canara mission.Diptivonti, Sulokinni, an eighteenth-century Konkani hymn, was performed at a concert held in the Holy Spirit Church, Margao, Goa.[128][129] Other hymns composed by Goan Catholics include Dona Barrete'sPapeanchi Saratinni (Sinners Repent), Carlos Jrindade Dias'Sam Jose Bogta Bagvionta, and Fr. Pascal Baylon Dias'San Francisco Xaveria.[130][131] Konkanipop music became popular afterIndian Independence.Chris Perry andLorna Cordeiro are known for theBebdo (Drunkard) in 1976[132] andPisso (Mad) in the 1970s, whileFrank Fernand's Konkani balladClaudia from 1966 is popular.[133]
TheMando, a contemporary form of dance music, evolved inSalcette in the first half of the nineteenth century out ofwedding music, specifically theOvi.[76] The songs in this style are serene and sedate, generally a monologue in the Bramhin Konkani dialects of the South Goan villages ofLoutolim, Raia,Curtorim, andBenaulim. They are traditionally sung during theShim (bridal departure) ceremony.[134] Early composers of theMando were Ligorio de Costa of Courtarim (1851–1919) and Carlos Trindade Dias.[130]Deknni is asemi-classical dance form. One woman starts the dance and is later accompanied by other dancers. TheMussoll (pestle dance), believed to be first performed by the Kshatriyas ofChandor, commemorates the victory of KingHarihara II (son of KingBukka I of theVijaynagar Empire) over theChola Empire atChandrapur fortification in the fourteenth century.[135] Other dances are the PortugueseCorridinho and Marcha.[136][137]Dulpod is dance music with a quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life.[138]Fell is a music genre performed by men and women during theGoa Carnival.[138] Other dances performed at the Goan Carnival are Fulwali, Nistekaram, Vauradi, and Kunbi.[139][140] TheGhumot is a musical instrument played, especially during weddings, and is used while performing a Mando.[141] The instrument has the form of an earthen pot that is open at both sides. One end is covered with the skin of some wild animal, and the other is left open.[142]
Konkani Plays, known as ‘Tiatr’ (theatre), a form of classic stage performance with live singing and acting, were written and staged in Goa. The form evolved in the 20th century with pioneertiatrists such as Jao Agostinho Fernandes (1871–1941).[44][130][143][144] Tiatr's themes include melodramas about family and domestic life, with each lyricist offering his own explanation for life's varied problems. Tiatrists includePrince Jacob[143] andRoseferns, and in the pastM. Boyer,C. Alvares, andAlfred Rose. On 17 April 1892 the first tiatrItalian Bhurgo byLucasinho Ribeiro was staged in Mumbai.[76] In 2007, theGovernment of Goa started the Tiatr Academy to facilitate the development of the Tiart.[145] The tradition OfVoviyo, ancient folk songs that were sung by women during aRos, began prior to 1510 A.D. The tradition had to be discarded due to Portuguese prosecution, and the songs now live in the form of archives.[146] The few which still prevail are recited to this day at weddings, expressing lofty sentiments that give vent to the feelings of the people about the marriage partners and their families and invoke the blessing of God on them.
Adeus Korchu Vellu Paulu
("The Farewell Hour is here")
Adeus korchu vellu paulo.
The time of farewell is now hereAi mhojem kalliz rê fapsota.
Oh! my heart begins to fear (Repeat previous two lines)Dispediru korchea vellar,
At this moment of saying farewell,Ho sonvsar naka-so disota.
In this world I no longer wish to dwell. (Repeat previous two lines)
— Torquato de Figuerio (1876–1948),Mando taken from the bookGreatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1, arranged by Francis Rodrigues, p. 24
Goan Catholics have also played an important role inBollywood music. (SeeGoans in Hindi film music composition)
Goenkaranchi Ekvot is a registered organisation of Goan Catholics residing inDelhi.[147] In Bangalore, associations such as the Karnataka Goan Association serve the community.[148] The Kuwait Konknni Kendr is a well-known Goan Catholic organisation inKuwait.[149] The Goan Overseas Association inToronto,[150] Indian Catholic Association of Central Texas, the Indo-Pakistani Christian Association,[10] and the Canorient Christian Association are popular organisations in North America.[151] In the United Kingdom, Goan Voice UK,[152] the Young London Goan Society (YLGS),[153] Goan Community Association, and Siolim Association, based in London, are popular organisations.[154] In the Middle East, the Goan Community of Oman is well known.[155]
 |
| Goan Catholics | Notes |
|---|---|
| Vincent Alvares | Medical practitioner and Chemist ofJohn V of Portugal[156] |
| Adeodato Barreto | Poet and writer[157] |
| Abade Faria | Priest and hypnotist[158] |
| Teresa Albuquerque | Historian |
| Alfred Rose | Singer, Tiatrist |
| Jaime Valfredo Rangel | Founder of Tipografia Rangel, pioneer of media and tiatr |
| Bruno Coutinho | Footballer[159][160] |
| Charles Correa | Architect[161] |
| Evarist Pinto | Archbishop ofKarachi[162] |
| Francisco Luís Gomes | Physician, politician, writer, historian, and economist[163] |
| Ivan Dias | Archbishop of Bombay from 8 November 1996 – 20 May 2006, Prefect ofCongregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Rome[164] |
| Keith Vaz | BritishLabour Party politician, Member of Parliament forLeicester East[165] |
| Valerie Vaz | BritishLabour Party politician, Member of Parliament forWalsall South[166] |
| Oswald Gracias | Cardinal,Archbishop ofMumbai[167] |
| Lorna Cordeiro | Singer andtiatrist[168] |
| José Gerson da Cunha | Physician, orientalist, historian and numismatist[169] |
| Froilano de Mello | Microbiologist, medical scientist, professor, author and independent MP in thePortuguese parliament[170] |
| Wallis Mathias | Cricketer[171] |
| Anthony Mascarenhas | Journalist[172] |
| Jerry Pinto | Writer |
| Patricia Rozario | Soprano[173] |
| José Vaz | Missionary, Patron Saint ofSri Lanka |
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Portal Goa | ||
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