Glyconic (from Glycon, aGreek lyric poet) is a form ofmeter inclassical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic and most commonly used form ofAeolic verse, and it is often combined with others.

The basic shape (often abbreviated as gl) is as follows:

x x – u u – u –

Here "x" indicates ananceps, "–" alongum, and "u" abrevis. "x x" is known as theAeolic base, which can be aspondeus "– –", atrochee "– u", or aniamb "u –". The middle foot "– u u –" is achoriambus, as a so-calledchoriambic nucleus is a defining element of Aeolic verse. As in all classical verse forms, the phenomenon ofbrevis in longo is observed, so although the lastsyllable can actually be short or long, it always "counts" as long.^[1]

Runs of glyconic lines are often ended by apherecratean (acatalectic glyconic):

x x – u u – –

Theacephalous ("headless") version (^gl), also known as thetelesillean (Latin:telesilleus), is:

x – u u – u –

The glyconic can also be expanded into the lesser and greaterasclepiad lines:^[2]

x x – u u – – u u – u –

x x – u u – – u u – – u u – u –

By expanding the ending of the line, it becomes the phalaecianhendecasyllable, often used byCatullus andMartial:^[3]

x x – u u – u – u – –

Some of the earliest poems in any Indo-European language, theVedic hymns of India, are composed mainly in iambic metre, in lines of eight, eleven or twelve syllables, with occasional irregularities in the first part of the line. Noting this, the metricianPaul Kiparsky posits that the Greek glyconic and its related metres originated in the same way from an originally iambic metre.^[4]

Thus, by substitution of a trochee for an iamb in the 3rd and 4th syllables, but keeping the iambic ending, an original iambic dimeter could change to a glyconic:

x – u – | u – u – (iambic dimeter)

x x – u | u – u – (glyconic)

(A similar change is often seen in Vedic verse). Longer metres are derived by Kiparsky from the iambic trimeter, for example, the hendecasyllable and lesser asclepiad:

x – u – | u – u – | u – u – (iambic trimeter)

x x – u | u – u – | u – – (Phalaecian hendecasyllable)

x x – u | u – – u | u – u – (lesser asclepiad)

This switch of an iamb for a trochee or vice versa is known asanaclasis. Anaclasis is sometimes found in the glyconic metre itself, as appears from the Euripides example below:

x x – u | u – u – (normal glyconic)

uu u – – | – u u – (anaclastic glyconic)

An example of a poem combining glyconics and a pherecratean is the following fragment ofAnacreon, a hymn to the goddessArtemis:^[5]

γουνοῦμαι σ᾽ ἐλαφηβόλε,

ξανθὴ παῖ Διός, ἀγρίων

δέσποιν᾽ Ἄρτεμι θηρῶν^[6]

gounoûmai s᾽ elaphēbóle,

xanthḕ paî Diós, agríōn

déspoin᾽ Ártemi thērôn

– – – u u – u – (2x)

– – – u u – –

"I clasp your knees, shooter of deer,

blonde daughter of Zeus, Artemis,

mistress of wild animals."

Choruses in aeolic metres are common in Euripides. In his glyconics he often splits orresolves a long syllable into two short ones. This can even happen at the end of the line, provided there is no pause between one line and the next.^[7]

The following example is fromEuripides'Phoenissae (202–213). Most of the lines are glyconic, but there are two pherecrateans, and one telesillean. Two of the lines displayanaclasis, that is, the substitution of a choriamb (– u u –) for a double iamb (u – u –) in the last four syllables:

Τύριον οἶδμα λιποῦσʼ ἔβαν

ἀκροθίνια Λοξίᾳ

Φοινίσσας ἀπὸ νάσου

Φοίβῳ δούλα μελάθρων,

ἵνʼ ὑπὸ δειράσινιφοβόλοις

Παρνασοῦ κατενάσθη,

Ἰόνιον κατὰ πόντονἐλά-

τᾳ πλεύσασα περιρρύτων

ὑπὲρ ἀκαρπίστων πεδίων

Σικελίας Ζεφύρου πνοαῖς

ἱππεύσαντος, ἐν οὐρανῷ

κάλλιστον κελάδημα.

Túrion oîdma lipoûsʼ éban

akrothínia Loxíāi

Phoiníssas apò násou

Phoíbōi doúla meláthrōn,

hínʼ hupò deirásiniphobólois

Parnasoû katenásthē,

Iónion katà póntonelá-

tāi pleúsasa perirrhútōn

hupèr akarpístōn pedíōn

Sikelías Zephúrou pnoaîs

hippeúsantos, en ouranôi

kálliston keládēma.

uu u – u u – u – (gl)

– u – u u – u – (gl)

– – – u u – – (ph)

– – – – u u – (te with anaclasis)

uu u – u u uu u – (gl)

– – – u u – – (ph)

uu – u u – u uu (gl)

u – – u u – u – (gl)

uu u – – – u u – (gl with anaclasis)

uu u – u u – u – (gl)

– – – u u – u – (gl)

– – – u u – – (ph)

"From the Tyrian swell of the sea I came, a choice offering for Loxias from the island of Phoenicia, to be a slave to Phoebus in his halls, where he dwells under the snow-swept peaks of Parnassus; through the Ionian sea I sailed in the waves, over the unharvested plains, in the gusts of Zephyrus that ride from Sicily, sweetest music in the sky." (translated by E. P. Coleridge)

Catullus 61 is a wedding song consisting of 47 stanzas (with some lines missing) each with four glyconics followed by a pherecratean. It begins with an address toHymen, god of wedding ceremonies:^[8]

Collis ō Helicōniī

cultor, Ūraniae genus,

qui rapis tener(am) ad virum

virgin(em), ō Hymenae(e) Hymēn,

ō Hymēn Hymenaee.

– u – u u – u – (4x)

– u – u u – –

"Cultivator ofMount Helicon,^[9]

son ofUrania,

you who seize a tender virgin for a husband,

o Hymenaeus Hymen,

o Hymen Hymenaeus."

Catullus 34 is written in a similar metre, but with stanzas consisting of three glyconics + a pherecratean.

The combination of a single glyconic and pherecratean is sometimes given the namepriapean (Latin:priapeus). It is used in theAppendix Vergiliana (Priapea 3), and in Catullus 17. Catullus 17, addressed to a certain village which held a festival on a dangerously shaky bridge across a marsh, begins as follows:

o Colōnia, quae cupis ponte lūdere longō

– u – u u – u – | – u – u u – –

"O Colonia, who desire to hold a festival on a long bridge"

The poetHorace does not use glyconics on their own, but in combination withasclepiad lines (a kind of expanded glyconic) and sometimes also withpherecratean lines. An example is the following, which alternates glyconics with the lesser asclepiad:^[10]

    dōnec grātus eram tibī

nec quisquam potior bracchia candidae

    cervīcī iuvenis dabat,

Persārum viguī rēge beātior^[11]

– – – u u – u – (glyconic)

– – – u u – – u u – u – (lesser asclepiad)

– – – u u – u –

– – – u u – – u u – u –

    "As long as I was pleasing to you,

and no better young man used to put

    his arms round your white neck,

I flourished more happy than the king of the Persians."

The various different combinations are referred to by modern scholars as "1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th asclepiad". However, different authors disagree as to which combination has which number.

The first two syllables of the line (known as an "aeolic base") are often a trochee (– u) in Catullus, but are usually standardised to a spondee (– –) inHorace's version of the metre. Seneca in his tragedies has two different styles. InHercules Furens 875–94 he writes a chorus of glyconics with every line beginning with a spondee (– –), but inOedipus 882–914 every line begins with a trochee (– u). In one line in the latter play he contracts the two short syllables into a long one:^[12]

tūta mē mediā vehat

vīta dēcurrēns viā^[13]

– u – u u – u –

– u – – – u –

"May a safe life convey me as it runs along by a middle way."

• M. L. West (1982).Greek Metre. Oxford University Press.
• D. S. Raven (1965).Latin Metre: An Introduction, pp. 140–141.
• Kiparsky, P. (2018)."Indo-European origins of the Greek hexameter". In Hackstein, O., & Gunkel, D. (2018).Language and Meter (pp. 77–128). Brill

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