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Glycogenesis is the process ofglycogen synthesis or the process of converting glucose into glycogen in whichglucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following theCori cycle, in theliver, and also activated byinsulin in response to highglucose levels.[1]
| Metabolism of commonmonosaccharides, includingglycolysis,gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis andglycogenolysis |
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Glycogenesis responds to hormonal control.
One of the main forms of control is the varied phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. This is regulated by enzymes under the control of hormonal activity, which is in turn regulated by many factors. As such, there are many different possible effectors when compared to allosteric systems of regulation.
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by phosphorylation, whereas glycogen synthase is inhibited.
Glycogen phosphorylase is converted from its less active "b" form to an active "a" form by the enzyme phosphorylase kinase. This latter enzyme is itself activated by protein kinase A and deactivated by phosphoprotein phosphatase-1.
Protein kinase A itself is activated by thehormone adrenaline.Epinephrine binds to a receptor protein that activates adenylate cyclase. The latter enzyme causes the formation ofcyclic AMP fromATP; two molecules ofcyclic AMP bind to the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A, which activates it allowing the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A to dissociate from the assembly and to phosphorylate other proteins.
Returning to glycogen phosphorylase, the less active "b" form can itself be activated without the conformational change. 5'AMP acts as an allosteric activator, whereas ATP is an inhibitor, as already seen withphosphofructokinase control, helping to change the rate of flux in response to energy demand.
Epinephrine not only activatesglycogen phosphorylase but also inhibits glycogen synthase. This amplifies the effect of activating glycogen phosphorylase. This inhibition is achieved by a similar mechanism, as protein kinase A acts to phosphorylate the enzyme, which lowers activity. This is known as co-ordinate reciprocal control. Refer toglycolysis for further information of the regulation of glycogenesis.
Calcium ions orcyclic AMP (cAMP) act as secondary messengers. This is an example of negative control. The calcium ions activate phosphorylase kinase. This activates glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits glycogen synthase.
Metabolism map | ||
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 Majormetabolic pathways inmetro-style map. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article. Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).  Orange nodes:carbohydrate metabolism. Violet nodes:photosynthesis. Red nodes:cellular respiration. Pink nodes:cell signaling. Blue nodes:amino acid metabolism. Grey nodes:vitamin andcofactor metabolism. Brown nodes:nucleotide andprotein metabolism. Green nodes:lipid metabolism. | ||
