 | This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Gluteal muscles | |
|---|---|
 Right leg, Calves rear view: Muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions.Gluteus minimus and the origins and insertions ofmedius andmaximus shown in red & also lower legs | |
 Gluteus maximus | |
| Details | |
| Parts | Gluteus maximus,gluteus medius andgluteus minimus |
| Artery | Superior andinferior gluteal arteries |
| Vein | Superior andinferior gluteal veins |
| Nerve | Superior andinferior gluteal nerves (L4,L5,S1 andS2 nerve roots) |
| Anatomical terminology | |
Thegluteal muscles, often calledglutes, are a group of threemuscles which make up thegluteal region commonly known as thebuttocks: thegluteus maximus,gluteus medius andgluteus minimus. The three muscles originate from theilium andsacrum and insert on thefemur. The functions of the muscles includeextension,abduction,external rotation, andinternal rotation of thehip joint.[1]
The gluteus maximus is the largest and mostsuperficial of the three gluteal muscles. It makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of thehips. It is a narrow and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of thebuttocks. The gluteus medius is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of thepelvis. It lies profound to the gluteus maximus and its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by thegluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from thesuperficial fascia andskin. The gluteus minimus is the smallest of the three gluteal muscles and is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius.
The bulk of the gluteal muscle mass contributes only partially to shape of the buttocks. The other major contributing factor is that of thepanniculus adiposus (fatty layer) of the buttocks, which is very well developed in this area, and gives the buttock its characteristic rounded shape. Exercise in general (not only of the gluteal muscles but of the body in general) which can contribute to fat loss can lead to reduction of mass in subcutaneal fat storage locations on the body which includes the panniculus, so for leaner and more active individuals, the glutes will more predominantly contribute to the shape than someone less active with a fattier composition.[citation needed] The degree of body fat stored in various locations such as the panniculus is dictated by genetic and hormonal profiles.[citation needed]
The gluteus maximus arises from theposterior gluteal line of the inner upperilium, and the rough portion of bone including the crest, immediately above and behind it; from the posterior surface of the lower part of thesacrum and the side of thecoccyx; from theaponeurosis of theerector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), thesacrotuberous ligament, and the fascia covering the gluteus medius. The fibers are directed obliquely downward and lateralward; the muscle has two insertions:Those forming the upper and larger portion of the muscle, together with the superficial fibers of the lower portion, end in a thick tendinous lamina, which passes across thegreater trochanter, and inserts into theiliotibial band of thefascia lata; and the deeper fibers of the lower portion of the muscle are inserted into thegluteal tuberosity between thevastus lateralis andadductor magnus. Its action is to extend and to laterally rotate the hip, and also to extend the trunk.
The gluteus maximus is larger in size and thicker in humans than in otherprimates.[2] Specifically, it is approximately 1.6 times larger relative to body mass compared to chimpanzees and comprises about 18.3% of total hip musculature mass versus 11.7% in chimpanzees.[3]
The gluteus medius muscle originates on the outer surface of the ilium between theiliac crest and theposterior gluteal line above, and theanterior gluteal line below; the gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface. The fibers of the muscle converge into a strong flattened tendon that inserts on the lateral surface of thegreater trochanter. More specifically, the muscle's tendon inserts into an oblique ridge that runs downward and forward on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter.
The gluteus minimus is fan-shaped, arising from the outer surface of the ilium, between theanterior andinferior gluteal lines, and behind, from the margin of thegreater sciatic notch. The fibers converge to the deep surface of a radiatedaponeurosis, and this ends in a tendon which is inserted into an impression on the anterior border of thegreater trochanter, and gives an expansion to the capsule of the hip joint.
The functions of muscles includesextension,abduction and internal as well as externalrotation of the hip joint. The gluteus maximus also supports the extendedknee through the iliotibial tract.
The human gluteus maximus plays multiple important functional roles, particularly in running rather than walking. During running, it helps control trunk flexion, aids in decelerating the swing leg, and contributes to hip extension. During level walking, the muscle shows minimal activity, suggesting its enlargement was not primarily adapted for walking.[4][3]
The muscle's size and position make it uniquely suited for controlling trunk position during rapid movements and stabilizing the trunk against flexion. While traditionally associated with maintaining erect posture, evidence suggests its enlargement was more likely selected for its role in running capability and trunk stabilization during various dynamic activities. These adaptations would have been particularly important for activities like running and climbing in early human evolution.[3]
Sitting for long periods can lead to the gluteal musclesatrophying through constant pressure and disuse. This may be associated with (although not necessarily the cause of)lower back pain, difficulty with some movements that naturally require the gluteal muscles such as rising from the seated position, and climbing stairs.
Any exercise that works and/or stretches the buttocks is suitable, for examplelunges,hip thrusts, climbing stairs,fencing,bicycling,rowing,squats,arabesque,aerobics, and various specific exercises for the bottom.Weight training exercises which are known to significantly strengthen the gluteal muscles include thesquat,deadlift,leg press, any other movements involving external hip rotation and hip extension.
Well formed gluteal muscles have long been associated with health, strength and sexual attractiveness. In terms of health, they act as a sign of 'being in shape'. This usually means a person is also eating, sleeping and exercising properly, all of which are beneficial to health. In terms of strength, the glutes are among the largest and most powerful muscles in the body. If they are well developed then a person is more likely to be strong. They are also key contributors to movement ranges of fundamental importance, such as bending and straightening the legs, and bending, straightening and twisting at the waist. These movement ranges are key in a person's ability to move in a powerful, dynamic fashion and they are powered to a significant extent by the glutes. If they are well formed then a person is much more likely to be able to move efficiently. In terms of sexual attractiveness, the glute specialist Bret Contreras considers in physio-anthropological terms that this is based upon a sub-conscious assessment of the relationship between a physical capability to survive and prosper, and the ability to raise a family.[5]
'It stands to reason that both males and females were attracted to nice glutes, instinctively making the connection to big, strong glutes and survival, reproduction, hunting and protection.'[6]
Prominent gluteal muscles are often used in art in order to imply an ability to move in a powerful, dynamic fashion; virility and fertility; and to meet aesthetic considerations in these regards.
