Gloria Steinem | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) Steinem in 2016 | |
| Born | Gloria Marie Steinem[1] (1934-03-25)March 25, 1934 (age 91) Toledo, Ohio, U.S. |
| Education | Smith College (BA) |
| Occupation(s) | Writer and journalist forMs. andNew York magazines[2] |
| Political party | Democratic Democratic Socialists of America |
| Movement | Feminism[2] |
| Board member of | Women's Media Center[3] |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Christian Bale (stepson) |
| Website | www.gloriasteinem.com |
| Signature | |
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Gloria Marie Steinem (/ˈstaɪnəm/STY-nəm; born March 25, 1934) is an American journalist andsocial-political activist who emerged as a nationally recognized leader ofsecond-wave feminism in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[1][4][2]
Steinem was a columnist forNew York magazine and a co-founder ofMs. magazine.[2] In 1969, Steinem published an article, "After Black Power, Women's Liberation,"[5] which brought her national attention and positioned her as a feminist leader.[6] In 1971, she co-founded theNational Women's Political Caucus which provides training and support for women who seek elected and appointed offices in government. Also in 1971, she co-founded theWomen's Action Alliance which, until 1997, provided support to a network of feminist activists and worked to advance feminist causes and legislation. In the 1990s, Steinem helped establishTake Our Daughters to Work Day, an occasion for young girls to learn about future career opportunities.[7] In 2005, Steinem,Jane Fonda, andRobin Morgan co-founded theWomen's Media Center, an organization that "works to make women visible and powerful in the media."[8]
As of May 2018[update], Steinem was traveling internationally as an organizer and lecturer, and was a media spokeswoman on issues of equality.[9]In 2015, Steinem, alongside two Nobel Peace Laureates (Mairead Maguire of Northern Ireland andLeymah Gbowee of Liberia[10]),Abigail Disney, and other prominent women peace activists, undertook a journey from the capital of North Korea, Pyongyang to South Korea, crossing the most heavily militarized zone in the world between the two Koreas.
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Steinem was born on March 25, 1934, inToledo, Ohio,[4] the daughter of Ruth (née Nuneviller) and Leo Steinem. Her mother wasPresbyterian, mostly of German (includingPrussian) and some Scottish descent.[11][12] Her father wasJewish, the son of immigrants fromWürttemberg, Germany, andRadziejów, Poland.[12][13][14] Her paternal grandmother,Pauline Perlmutter Steinem, was chairwoman of the educational committee of theNational Woman Suffrage Association, a delegate to the 1908International Council of Women, and the first woman to be elected to the Toledo Board of Education, as well as a leader in the movement for vocational education.[15] Pauline also rescued many members of her family from theHolocaust.[15]
The Steinems lived and traveled about in a trailer, from which Leo carried out his trade as a roaming antiques dealer.[15] Before Gloria was born, her mother, Ruth, then age 34, had a "nervous breakdown" which left her an invalid, trapped in delusional fantasies that occasionally turned violent.[16] She changed "from an energetic, fun-loving, book-loving" woman into "someone who was afraid to be alone, who could not hang on to reality long enough to hold a job, and who could rarely concentrate enough to read a book."[16] Ruth spent long periods in and out of sanatoriums for the mentally ill.[16] Steinem was ten years old when her parents separated in 1944.[16] Her father went to California to find work, while she and her mother continued to live together in Toledo.[17][16]
While her parents divorced under the stress of her mother's illness, Steinem did not attribute it at all to male chauvinism on the father's part—she claims to have "understood and never blamed him for the breakup."[18] Nevertheless, the impact of these events had a formative effect on her personality: while her father, a traveling salesman, had never provided much financial stability to the family, his exit aggravated their situation.[19] Steinem concluded that her mother's inability to hold on to a job was evidence of general hostility towards working women.[19] She also concluded that the general apathy of doctors towards her mother emerged from a similar anti-woman animus.[19] Years later, Steinem described her mother's experience as pivotal to her understanding of social injustices.[20]: 129–138 These perspectives convinced Steinem that women lackedsocial andpolitical equality.[20]
Steinem attendedWaite High School inToledo andWestern High School inWashington, D.C., graduating from the latter while living with her older sisterSusanne Steinem Patch.[21][22] She then attendedSmith College,[23] an institution with which she continues to remain engaged, from which she received herA.B.magna cum laude and graduatedPhi Beta Kappa.[9]
In 1957, Steinem had anabortion. The procedure was performed by Dr. John Sharpe, a British physician, when abortion was still illegal.[24] Years later, Steinem dedicated her memoirMy Life on the Road (2015)[25] to him. She wrote, "Dr. John Sharpe of London, who in 1957, a decade before physicians in England could legally perform an abortion for any reason other than the health of the woman, took the considerable risk of referring for an abortion a twenty-two-year-old American on her way to India. Knowing only that she had broken an engagement at home to seek an unknown fate, he said, 'You must promise me two things. First, you will not tell anyone my name. Second, you will do what you want to do with your life.'"[26]
In the late 1950s, Steinem spent two years in India as a Chester Bowles Asian Fellow.[27] She was influenced byMahatma Gandhi and would later model her campaign after Gandhi's independence movement.[28][29] After returning to the United States, she served as director of the Independent Research Service, an organization funded in secret by a donor that turned out to be theCIA.[27] She worked to send non-Communist American students to the 1959World Youth Festival.[27] In 1960, she was hired byWarren Publishing as the first employee ofHelp! magazine.[30]
Esquire magazine features editorClay Felker gave freelance writer Steinem what she later called her first "serious assignment", regardingcontraception; he didn't like her first draft and had her re-write the article.[31] Her resulting 1962 article about the way in which women are forced to choose between a career and marriage precededBetty Friedan's bookThe Feminine Mystique by one year.[31][32]
In 1963, while working on an article forHuntington Hartford'sShow magazine, Steinem was employed as aPlayboy Bunny at the New YorkPlayboy Club.[33] The article, published in 1963 as "A Bunny's Tale", featured a photo of Steinem in Bunny uniform and detailed how women were treated at those clubs.[34] Steinem has maintained that she is proud of the work she did publicizing the exploitative working conditions of the Bunnies and especially the sexual demands made of them, which skirted the edge of the law.[35][36] For a brief period after the article was published, Steinem was unable to land other assignments; in her words, this was "because [she] had now become a Bunny—and it didn't matter why".[35][37] However, after the article was published the owner of Playboy,Hugh Hefner, wrote a letter stating he would remove requirements for Bunnies to get gynecological exams andSTD testing.[38][39]
In the interim, she conducted an interview with John Lennon forCosmopolitan magazine in 1964.[40] In 1965, she wrote for NBC-TV's weekly satirical revue,That Was The Week That Was (TW3), contributing a regular segment entitled "Surrealism in Everyday Life".[41] Steinem eventually landed a job at Felker's newly foundedNew York magazine in 1968.[31]
In 1969, she covered an abortion speak-out forNew York Magazine, which was held in a church basement inGreenwich Village, New York.[42][43] Steinem had had an abortion herself in London at the age of 22.[44] She felt what she called a "big click" at the speak-out, and later said she didn't "begin my life as an active feminist" until that day.[43] As she recalled, "It [abortion] is supposed to make us a bad person. But I must say, I never felt that. I used to sit and try and figure out how old the child would be, trying to make myself feel guilty. But I never could! I think the person who said: 'Honey, if men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament' was right. Speaking for myself, I knew it was the first time I had taken responsibility for my own life. I wasn't going to let things happen to me. I was going to direct my life, and therefore it felt positive. But still, I didn't tell anyone. Because I knew that out there it wasn't [positive]."[44] She also said, "In later years, if I'm remembered at all it will be for inventing a phrase like 'reproductive freedom' ... as a phrase it includes the freedom to have children or not to. So it makes it possible for us to make a coalition."[45]
In 1972, she co-founded the feminist magazineMs. alongside founding editorsLetty Cottin Pogrebin,Mary Thom,Patricia Carbine, Joanne Edgar, Nina Finkelstein,Dorothy Pitman Hughes, and Mary Peacock; it began as a special edition ofNew York, andClay Felker funded the first issue.[31] Its 300,000 test copies sold out nationwide in eight days.[46][47] Within weeks,Ms. had received 26,000 subscription orders and more than 20,000 reader letters.[47] In 1974,Ms. collaborated with public television to produce the television programWoman Alive!, and Steinem was featured in the first episode in her role as co-founder ofMs. magazine.[48] The magazine was sold to theFeminist Majority Foundation in 2001; Steinem remains on the masthead as one of six founding editors and serves on the advisory board.[47]
Also in 1972, Steinem became the first woman to speak at theNational Press Club.[49]
Steinem spoke at the1977 National Women's Conference among other speakers, includingRosalynn Carter,Betty Ford,Lady Bird Johnson,Bella Abzug,Barbara Jordan,Cecilia Burciaga,Lenore Hershey, andJean O'Leary.[50]
In 1978, Steinem wrote a semi-satirical essay forCosmopolitan titled "If Men Could Menstruate" in which she imagined a world where menmenstruate instead of women. She concludes in the essay that in such a world, menstruation would become a badge of honor with men comparing their relative sufferings, rather than the source of shame that it had been for women.[51]
On March 22, 1998, Steinem published an op-ed inThe New York Times ("Feminists and the Clinton Question") in which she claimed thatBill Clinton's alleged behavior did not constitute sexual harassment, although she did not actually challenge the accounts by hisaccusers.[52] The op-ed was criticized by various writers, as in the Harvard Crimson[53] and in theTimes itself.[54] In 2017, Steinem, in an interview with the British newspaperThe Guardian, stood by her 1998New York Times op-ed, but also said: "I wouldn't write the same thing now."[55]
In 1968, Steinem signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against theVietnam War.[56] The following year, her article "After Black Power, Women's Liberation"[57] brought her to national fame as a feminist leader.[6] As such she campaigned for theEqual Rights Amendment, testifying before the Senate Judiciary Committee in its favor in 1970.[58][59] That same year she published her essay on a utopia of gender equality, "What It Would Be Like If Women Win", inTime magazine.[60]
On July 10, 1971, Steinem was one of more than three hundred women who founded theNational Women's Political Caucus (NWPC), including such notables asBella Abzug,Betty Friedan,Shirley Chisholm, andMyrlie Evers-Williams.[61] As a co-convener of the Caucus, she delivered the speech "Address to the Women of America", stating in part:
This is no simple reform. It really is a revolution. Sex and race because they are easy and visible differences have been the primary ways of organizing human beings into superior and inferior groups and into the cheap labor on which this system still depends. We are talking about a society in which there will be no roles other than those chosen or those earned. We are really talking about humanism.[62]
In 1972, she ran as a delegate forShirley Chisholm in New York, but lost.[63] In March of the following year, she addressed the first national conference ofStewardesses for Women's Rights, which she continued to support throughout its existence.[64] Stewardesses for Women's Rights folded in the spring of 1976.[64]
Steinem, who grew up readingWonder Woman comics, was also a key player in the restoration of Wonder Woman's powers and traditional costume, which were restored in issue #204 (January–February 1973).[65] Steinem, offended that the most famous female superhero had been depowered, had placed Wonder Woman (in costume) on the cover of the first issue ofMs. (1972)—Warner Communications, DC Comics' owner, was an investor—which also contained an appreciative essay about the character.[65][66] In doing so, however, Steinem forced the firing ofSamuel R. Delany who had taken over scripting duties with issue #202. Delany was supposed to write a six-issue story arc, which would culminate in a battle over an abortion clinic where Wonder Woman was to defend women trying to use their services, a critical feminist issue at the time. The story outlines and the work already done on the issues was scrapped, something that Steinem was not aware of and made no attempt to rectify.[67]
In 1976, the first women-only Passover seder was held inEsther M. Broner's New York City apartment and led by Broner, with 13 women attending, including Steinem.[68]
In 1984, Steinem was arrested along with a number of members of Congress and civil rights activists for disorderly conduct outside the South African embassy while protesting against theSouth African apartheid system.[69]
At the outset of theGulf War in 1991, Steinem, along with prominent feministsRobin Morgan andKate Millett, publicly opposed a U.S. war in the Middle East and asserted the ostensible goal of "defending democracy" was a pretense.[70] That same year, she voiced strong support forAnita Hill during theClarence Thomas hearings and predicted that one day Hill herself would sit on theSupreme Court.[71]
In 1992, Steinem co-foundedChoice USA, a non-profit organization that mobilizes and provides ongoing support to a younger generation that lobbies for reproductive choice.[72][73][74] The following year, she co-produced and narrated an Emmy Award-winning TV documentary for HBO about child abuse, called "Multiple Personalities: The Search for Deadly Memories".[9] Also in 1993, she and Rosilyn Heller co-produced an original TV movie for Lifetime, "Better Off Dead", which examined the parallel forces that both oppose abortion and support the death penalty.[9]
Despite her influence in the feminist movement, Steinem also earned criticism from some feminists, who questioned whether she was committed to the movement or using it to promote her glamorous image.[75] TheRedstockings also singled her out for agreeing to cooperate with the CIA-backed Independent Research Service.[75] It was also acknowledged that Steinem worked as a CIA agent when this operation was taking place.[76][77]
On June 1, 2013, Steinem was a presenter at the "Chime For Change: The Sound Of Change Live" Concert at Twickenham Stadium in London, England.[78] Later in 2014,UN Women began its commemoration of the 20th anniversary of theFourth World Conference on Women, and as part of that campaign Steinem (and others) spoke at theApollo Theater in New York City.[79] Chime For Change was funded by Gucci, focusing on using innovative approaches to raise funds and awareness especially regarding girls and women.[80]
Steinem has stated, "I think the fact that I've become a symbol for the women's movement is somewhat accidental. A woman member of Congress, for example, might be identified as a member of Congress; it doesn't mean she's any less of a feminist but she's identified by her nearest male analog. Well, I don't have a male analog so the press has to identify me with the movement. I suppose I could be referred to as a journalist, but becauseMs. is part of a movement and not just a typical magazine, I'm more likely to be identified with the movement. There's no other slot to put me in."[81]
Contrary to popular belief, Steinem did not coin the feminist slogan "A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle". Although she helped popularize it, the phrase is actually attributable toIrina Dunn.[82] WhenTime magazine published an article attributing the saying to Steinem, Steinem wrote a letter saying the phrase had been coined by Dunn.[83] Another phrase sometimes wrongly attributed to Steinem is: "If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament." Steinem herself attributed it to "an old Irish woman taxi driver in Boston", whom she said she andFlorynce Kennedy met.[84]
On May 24, 2015, International Women's Day for Disarmament thirty women, including two Nobel Peace laureates from 15 countries, linked arms with 10,000 Korean women, stationing themselves on both sides of the DMZ to urge a formal end to the Korean War (1950–1953), the reunification of families divided during the war, and a peace building process with women in leadership positions to resolve seventy years of hostility following WWII.[85] It was unusual for South Korea and North Korea to reach consensus on allowing peace activists to enter the tense border area, one of the world's most dangerous places, where hundreds of thousands of troops are stationed in a heavily mined zone that divides South Korea from nuclear North Korea.[10] In addition to Steinem, participants in crossing the DMZ included organizerChristine Ahn from Hawaii; feministSuzuyo Takazato from Okinawa; Amnesty International human rights lawyerErika Guevara of Mexico; Liberian peace and reconciliation advocateLeymah Gbowee; Philippines lawmakerLiza Maza; Northern Ireland peace activistMairead Maguire and ColonelAnn Wright, a retired officer who resigned from the U.S. military to protest the US invasion of Iraq.[86][87]
Steinem was the honorary co-chairwoman of 2015 Women's Walk For Peace In Korea withMairead Maguire, and in the weeks leading up to the walk Steinem told the press, "It's hard to imagine any more physical symbol of the insanity of dividing human beings."[10] The group's main goal is to advocate disarmament and seek Korea's reunification. It will be holding international peace symposiums both in Pyongyang and Seoul in which women from both North Korea and South Korea can share experiences and ideas of mobilizing women to stop the Korean crisis. It is especially believed that the role of women in this act would help and support the reunification of family members divided by the split prolonged for 70 years.[88][89]
She is also the chair of the advisory board of Apne Aap Women Worldwide, an organization fighting sex trafficking and inter-generational prostitution in India, founded byRuchira Gupta.[90] She has also written extensively on her travels, experiences with women and the Indian feminist movement with her colleague and friend,Ruchira Gupta.[91][92]In 2014, Steinem and Gupta traveled through India to meet the country's young feminists, writers, and thought leaders.[91] A diary was kept documenting their travels, "Notes on A Tour of the Indian Women's Movement".[93]
Since 2011, Steinem has been one co-conveners of the Frontline Women's Fund, a project of theSisterhood Is Global Institute along with former UN High Commissioner for Human RightsNavi Pillay andJessica Neuwirth. The Frontline Women's Fund is a fund for women that strengthens frontline women's rights activists around the world by increasing their access to financial resources, political leaders, and media visibility. As of 2025, they support 28 partner organizations in 13 countries and manage four thematic funds including the Gloria Steinem Equality Fund to End Sex Trafficking with 13 grantees and theEfua Dorkenoo Fund to End Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) with 7 grantees.[94]
Steinem's involvement in presidential campaigns stretches back to her support ofAdlai Stevenson in the1952 presidential campaign.[95]
A proponent of civil rights and fiercecritic of the Vietnam War, Steinem was initially drawn to SenatorEugene McCarthy because of his "admirable record" on those issues, but after meeting him and hearing him speak, she found him "cautious, uninspired, and dry".[20]: 87 As the campaign progressed, Steinem became baffled at "personally vicious" attacks that McCarthy leveled against his primary opponentRobert F. Kennedy, even as "his real opponent,Hubert Humphrey, went free".[20]: 88
On a late-night radio show, Steinem garnered attention for declaring "George McGovern is the real Eugene McCarthy".[96] In 1968, Steinem was chosen to pitch the arguments to McGovern as to why he should enter the presidential race that year; he agreed, and Steinem "consecutively or simultaneously served as pamphlet writer, advance 'man', fund raiser, lobbyist of delegates, errand runner, and press secretary".[20]: 95
McGovern lost the nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, and Steinem later wrote of her astonishment atHubert Humphrey's "refusal even to suggest toChicago MayorRichard J. Daley that he control therampaging police and the bloodshed in the streets".[20]: 96
Steinem was reluctant to re-join the McGovern campaign, as although she had brought in McGovern's single largest campaign contributor in 1968, she "still had been treated like a frivolous pariah by much of McGovern's campaign staff". In April 1972, Steinem remarked that he "still doesn't understand the Women's Movement".[20]: 114
McGovern ultimately excised the abortion issue from the party's platform, and recent publications show McGovern was deeply conflicted on the issue.[97] Steinem later wrote this description of the events:
The consensus of the meeting of women delegates held by the caucus had been to fight for the minority plank on reproductive freedom; indeed our vote had supported the plank nine to one. So fight we did, with three women delegates speaking eloquently in its favor as a constitutional right. One male Right-to-Life zealot spoke against, andShirley MacLaine also was an opposition speaker, on the grounds that thiswas a fundamental right but didn't belong in the platform. We made a good showing. Clearly we would have won if McGovern's forces had left their delegates uninstructed and thus able to vote their consciences.[20]: 100–110
However,Germaine Greer flatly contradicted Steinem's account, reporting, "Jacqui Ceballos called from the crowd to demand abortion rights on the Democratic platform, butBella [Abzug] and Gloria stared glassily out into the room, thus killing the abortion rights platform", and asking "Why had Bella and Gloria not helped Jacqui to nail him on abortion? What reticence, what loserism had afflicted them?"[98] Steinem later recalled that the 1972 Convention was the only time Greer and Steinem ever met.[99]
The cover ofHarper's that month read, "Womanlike, they did not want to get tough with their man, and so, womanlike, they got screwed".[100]
In the run-up to the 2004 election, Steinem voiced fierce criticism of the Bush administration, asserting, "There has never been an administration that has been more hostile to women's equality, to reproductive freedom as a fundamental human right, and has acted on that hostility", adding, "If he is elected in 2004, abortion will be criminalized in this country".[101] At aPlanned Parenthood event inBoston, Steinem declared Bush "a danger to health and safety", citing his antagonism to theClean Water Act, reproductive freedom, sex education, and AIDS relief.[102]
Steinem was an active participant in the2008 presidential campaign, and praised both the Democratic front-runners, commenting,
Both Senators Clinton and Obama arecivil rights advocates,feminists,environmentalists, and critics of thewar in Iraq ... Both have resisted pandering to the right, something that sets them apart from anyRepublican candidate, includingJohn McCain. Both have Washington and foreign policy experience;George W. Bush did not when he first ran for president.[103]
Nevertheless, Steinem endorsed SenatorHillary Clinton, citing her broader experience, and saying that the nation was in such bad shape it might require two terms of Clinton and two of Obama to fix it.[104]
She also made headlines for aNew York Times op-ed in which she citedgender and notrace as "probably the most restricting force in American life".[105] She elaborated, "Black men were given the vote a half-century before women of any race were allowed to mark a ballot, and generally have ascended to positions of power, from the military to the boardroom, before any women."[105]
Steinem again drew attention for, according to theNew York Observer, seeming "to denigrate the importance ofJohn McCain's time as a prisoner of war in Vietnam"; Steinem's broader argument "was that the media and the political world are too admiring of militarism in all its guises".[106]
Following McCain's selection ofSarah Palin as his running mate, Steinem penned an op-ed in which she labeled Palin an "unqualified woman" who "opposes everything most other women want and need", described her nomination speech as "divisive and deceptive", called for a more inclusive Republican Party, and concluded that Palin resembled "Phyllis Schlafly, only younger".[107]
In anHBO interview withBill Maher, Steinem, when asked to explain the broad support forBernie Sanders among young Democratic women, responded, "When you're young, you're thinking, 'Where are the boys? The boys are with Bernie.'"[108] Her comments triggered widespread criticism, and Steinem later issued an apology and said her comments had been "misinterpreted".[109]
Steinem endorsed Democratic candidateHillary Clinton in the run-up for the 2016 U.S. presidential election,[110] despite being an honorary chair of theDemocratic Socialists of America (who endorsedBernie Sanders).[111] Steinem was an honorary co-chair of and speaker at theWomen's March on Washington on January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration ofDonald Trump as president.[112]
In 1967, Steinem revealed in an interview withThe New York Times that she worked full time from 1958 until 1962 at the Independent Research Service, which was largely financed by theCIA.[113] In May 1975,Redstockings, aradical feminist group, published a report that Steinem and others put together on the Vienna Youth Festival and its attendees for the Independent Research Service.[114][115] Redstockings raised the question of whether Steinem had continuing ties with the CIA, which Steinem denied.[116] Steinem defended her relationship to the CIA, saying: "In my experience The Agency was completely different from its image; it was liberal, nonviolent and honorable."[76]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Steinem had a four-year relationship with the publisherMortimer Zuckerman.[117][118] On September 3, 2000, at age 66, Steinem marriedDavid Bale, father of actorChristian Bale.[23] The wedding was performed at the home of her friendWilma Mankiller, the first femalePrincipal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.[119] Steinem became stepmother to Bale's four adult children; she has no biological children. Steinem and Bale were married for only three years before he died of brainlymphoma on December 30, 2003, at age 62.[120]
As of 2021, Steinem lives in New York'sUpper East Side, where she owns the first three floors of her historicbrownstone apartment building. On her 87th birthday,Google Arts & Culture launched a virtual tour of her home, where she has lived since 1966.[121][122][123]
Steinem was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1986[124] andtrigeminal neuralgia in 1994.[125]
Commenting on aging, Steinem says that as she approached 60 she felt like she entered a new phase in life that was free of the "demands of gender" that she faced from adolescence onward.[126]
When taking part in season 5 ofFinding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr., comedianTig Notaro discovered she and Steinem are distant cousins.[127]
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Although most frequently considered aliberal feminist, Steinem has repeatedly characterized herself as aradical feminist.[128] More importantly, she has repudiated categorization within feminism as "nonconstructive to specific problems", saying: "I've turned up in every category. So it makes it harder for me to take the divisions with great seriousness."[125] Nevertheless, on concrete issues, Steinem has staked several firm positions.
In 1979, Steinem wrote the article onfemale genital mutilation that brought it into the American public's consciousness; the article "The International Crime of Female Genital Mutilation" was published in the March 1979 issue ofMs.[20]: 292 [129] The article reported on the "75 million women suffering with the results of genital mutilation".[20]: 292 [129] According to Steinem, "The real reasons for genital mutilation can only be understood in the context of the "patriarchy": men must control women's bodies as the means of production, and thus repress the independent power of women's sexuality."[20]: 292 [129]
Steinem's article contains the basic arguments that would later be developed by philosopherMartha Nussbaum.[130]
Steinem has frequently voiced her disapproval of theobscurantism and abstractions some claim to be prevalent infeminist academic theorizing.[125][131] She said, "Nobody cares about feminist academic writing. That's careerism. These poor women in academia have to talk this silly language that nobody can understand in order to be accepted [...] But I recognize the fact that we have this ridiculous system of tenure, that the whole thrust of academia is one that values education, in my opinion, in inverse ratio to its usefulness—and what you write in inverse relationship to its understandability."[125] Steinem later singled outdeconstructionists likeJudith Butler for criticism, saying, "I always wanted to put a sign up on the road to Yale saying, 'Beware: Deconstruction Ahead'. Academics are forced to write in language no one can understand so that they get tenure. They have to say 'discourse', not 'talk'. Knowledge that is not accessible is not helpful. It becomes aerialised—and I think it's important that women's experiences be given a narrative."[131]
In addition to feminism, Steinem has also been a prominent advocate for analyzing theKinsey Reports.[132][133]
Steinem has criticizedpornography, which she distinguishes fromerotica. She wrote that "erotica is as different from pornography as love is from rape, as dignity is from humiliation, as partnership is from slavery, as pleasure is from pain".[20]: 219 [134] Steinem's argument hinges on the distinction between reciprocity versus domination. "Blatant or subtle, pornography involves no equal power or mutuality. In fact, much of the tension and drama comes from the clear idea that one person is dominating the other."[20]: 219 [134]
On the issue of same-sex pornography, Steinem asserts, "Whatever the gender of the participants, all pornography including male-male gay pornography is an imitation of the male-female, conqueror-victim paradigm, and almost all of it actually portrays or implies enslaved women and master."[20]: 219 [134] Steinem has also cited "snuff films" as a serious threat to women.[20]: 219 [134]
In an essay published inTime magazine on August 31, 1970, "What Would It Be Like If Women Win", Steinem wrote about same-sex marriage in the context of the "Utopian" future she envisioned, writing:
What will exist is a variety of alternative life-styles. Since the population explosion dictates that childbearing be kept to a minimum, parents-and-children will be only one of many "families": couples, age groups, working groups, mixed communes, blood-related clans, class groups, creative groups. Single women will have the right to stay single without ridicule, without the attitudes now betrayed by "spinster" and "bachelor." Lesbians or homosexuals will no longer be denied legally binding marriages, complete with mutual-support agreements and inheritance rights. Paradoxically, the number of homosexuals may get smaller. With fewer over-possessive mothers and fewer fathers who hold up an impossibly cruel or perfectionist idea of manhood, boys will be less likely to be denied or reject their identity as males.[135]
Although Steinem did not mention or advocate same-sex marriage in any published works or interviews for more than three decades, she again expressed support forsame-sex marriage in the early 2000s, stating in 2004 that "[the] idea that sexuality is only okay if it ends in reproduction oppresses women—whose health depends on separating sexuality from reproduction—as well as gay men and lesbians."[136] Steinem is also a signatory of the 2008 manifesto, "Beyond Same-Sex Marriage: A New Strategic Vision For All Our Families and Relationships", which advocates extending legal rights and privileges to a wide range of relationships, households, and families.[137]
In 1977, Steinem expressed disapproval that the heavily publicized sex reassignment surgery of tennis playerRenée Richards had been in her opinion characterized as either a frightening look at what feminism could cause or as proof that feminism was no longer necessary. Steinem wrote that the issue was at minimum "a diversion from the widespread problems of sexual inequality." She also wrote that, while she supported the right of individuals to identify as they choose, she believed some transsexuals "surgically mutilate their own bodies" in order to conform to a gender role that is inexorably tied to physical body parts. She claimed that "feminists are right to feel uncomfortable about the need for and uses of transsexualism."[20]: 206–210
On October 2, 2013, Steinem clarified her remarks on transgender people in an op-ed forThe Advocate, writing that critics failed to consider that her 1977 essay was "written in the context of global protests against routine surgical assaults, called female genital mutilation by some survivors."[138] Steinem later in the piece expressed unequivocal support for transgender people, saying that transgender people "including those who have transitioned, are living out real, authentic lives. Those lives should be celebrated, not questioned."[138] She also apologized for any pain her words might have caused.[138]
On June 15, 2020, Steinem co-wrote a letter withMona Sinha to the editor ofThe New York Times, in which they opposed the elimination of civil rights protections for transgender healthcare by theTrump administration. In it, they made note of precolonial American traditions of gender variance and claimed that "the health of any of us affects the health of all of us, and excluding trans people endangers us all."[139]
In 2024 Steinem said she hoped her legacy would be that her work "might help individual people... to become more the unique, valuable, loved and lovable person that they want to be."[140]
The Gloria Steinem Papers are held in theSophia Smith Collection atSmith College, under collection number MS 237.[186]
After nearly five years of Diana Prince's non-powered super-heroics, writer-editor Robert Kanigher and artist Don Heck restored Wonder Woman's ... well, wonder.
Journalist and feminist Gloria Steinem ... was tapped in 1970 to write the introduction toWonder Woman, a hardcover collection of older stories. Steinem later went on to editMs., with the first issue published in 1972, featuring the Amazon Princess on its cover. In both publications, the heroine's powerless condition during the 1970s was pilloried. A feminist backlash began to grow, demanding that Wonder Woman regain the powers and costume that put her on a par with the Man of Steel.
