Among the oldest towns in Poland, Głogów was founded in the 10th century as aPiast defensive settlement and obtained city rights in the 13th century fromDuke Konrad I. Due to the town's strategic location on several trade routes, the townspeople received many privileges and benefits, which brought wealth and greatly reflected on the city's architecture. Over time, Głogów grew to be one of the largest fortified towns inLower Silesia. The demolition of fortifications at the beginning of the 20th century improved the chances for further growth. However, towards the end of theSecond World War Głogów was once again turned into a defensive fortress and as such suffered almost complete destruction.[3]
Currently reconstruction works are being carried out with the aim of restoring the historic pre-war appearance of the town. The castle, which was rebuilt between 1971 and 1983, now houses the Historical and Archaeological Museum, displaying artifacts such asLusatian burial artifacts fromWróblin Głogowski. Since 1984 the town also has been the venue for the GłogówJazz Festival, which features local and international singers, musicians and performers.[4]
Głogów is one of the oldest towns in Poland. It was founded as agrad by aWest Slavic tribe called theDziadoszanie, one of thePolish tribes. In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state under first historic rulerMieszko I of Poland, who erected a new stronghold there.[5] The first known historic record comes from 1010, inThietmar of Merseburg's chronicles,[6] after the troops of KingHenry II ofGermany in the conflict over theMarch of Lusatia and theMilceni lands had attacked the forces of the Polish DukeBolesław I Chrobry and again besieged Głogów on August 9, 1017, without result. The next year Henry and Bolesław concluded thePeace of Bautzen.
Children of Głogów Monument, commemorating the Polishdefense of Głogów in 1109
In 1180, under the rule of Władysław's II youngest sonKonrad Spindleshanks, Głogów was rebuilt and became the residence of his principality, which fell back to theDuchy of Silesia upon his death about 1190. In the course of the fragmentation under DukeBolesław II the Bald and his younger brother, theDuchy of Głogów under DukeKonrad I was established in 1251. Two years later he vested the town withMagdeburg rights. From the 13th century the city prospered thanks to trade and craft, brewing and clothmaking developed.[7] Likewise the manyDuchies of Silesia, Głogów also fell under the overlordship of KingJohn of Bohemia in 1329.
In 1504 century, the Głogów line of theSilesian Piasts died out with the death ofJan II the Mad. Jan's cruel measures had provoked the resistance of the Głogów citizens, and in 1488 the troops of KingMatthias Corvinus appeared at the city gates and expelled the duke. In 1491–1506 Głogów was ruled byJohn Albert andSigmund the Old, future kings of Poland.
In 1506 the duchy was incorporated into the Bohemian (Czech) Kingdom, although Polish King Sigismund I the Old still claimed the duchy before renouncing claims in 1508,[9] while his wife, Polish QueenBona Sforza still made attempts to reintegrate the city and the duchy with theKingdom of Poland in 1522, 1526 and 1547.[5] Nevertheless, it remained under the Czech Crown during the rule of theJagiellonian dynasty until 1526, when it was inherited by the AustrianHouse of Habsburg and was incorporated into theHabsburg monarchy. During theThirty Years' War, Głogów was turned into a stronghold in 1630. It was conquered byProtestants in 1632, reconquered by Imperial troops in 1633, fell toSweden in 1642, and finally reverted to the Habsburgs in 1648.
Because the stronghold status had slowed down the city's development for many years, the citizens tried to abolish the stronghold status in the 19th century; the fortifications were only moved to the east in 1873, and finally taken down in 1902, which allowed the city to develop. After 1871, the city was part of theGerman Empire, within which it remained after theTreaty of Versailles of 1919.[7]
In 1939 it had 33,000 mostly German inhabitants. DuringWorld War II, the Germans established sixforced labour camps in the town,[7] including a subcamp of the Nazi prison for youth inWołów (in the present-day Paulinów district).[11] In 1942–1945, there was also a transit camp forkidnapped Polish children intended forGermanisation, and in 1944, a transit camp for Poles transported from the transit camp inPruszków nearWarsaw after the suppression of the 1944Warsaw Uprising.[7] ManyPolish resistance members were imprisoned and sentenced to prison or death in the city.[12] The city was made into a stronghold by the German government early in 1945 in the last stages of World War II. It was besieged for six weeks by theSovietRed Army, which left 98% of the buildings completely destroyed.[1]
After May 1945 the city and the majority ofLower Silesia fell into the Soviet Zone of Occupation who expelled its German population in accordance with thePotsdam Agreement and began replacing them withPolish settlers who came to the once again Polish city of Głogów to find a seriously war-damaged town; it has not been fully rebuilt to this day. The town started to develop again only in 1957,[5] after acopperfoundry was built there. It is still the largest industrial company in the town. It has since become a major world supplier of silver, which along with gold is often found in copper ore.[13] In 1974, Głogów was awarded theOrder of Polonia Restituta, one of the highest Polishstate decorations.[14]
The city's major sports clubs are handball teamSPR Chrobry Głogów, which competes in thePolish Superliga, the country's top division, and football teamMZKS Chrobry Głogów, which competes in theI liga, the country's second division (as of 2023–24). Both teams are named after medieval Polish KingBolesław I the Brave (Bolesław I Chrobry).
^ab"Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved16 August 2022. Data for territorial unit 0203011.
^"Główny Urząd Statystyczny" [Central Statistical Office] (in Polish). Select Miejscowości (SIMC) tab, select fragment (min. 3 znaki), enter town name in the field below, click WYSZUKAJ (Search)
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by acity mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) ·Cities with powiat rights are initalics · Voivodeship cities are inbold
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