The Celtic Football Club, commonly known asCeltic (/ˈsɛltɪk/),[a] is a professionalfootball club inGlasgow, Scotland. The team competes in theScottish Premiership, the top division ofScottish football. The club was founded in 1887[nb 1] with the purpose of alleviating poverty in theIrish–Scots population in the city'sEast End area. They played their first match in May 1888, a friendly match againstRangers which Celtic won 5–2. Celtic established themselves within Scottish football, winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century. The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s underJock Stein, when they won nine consecutive league titles and the1967 European Cup. Celtic have played in green and white throughout their history, adopting in 1903 the hoops that have been used ever since.
Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry withRangers and, together, the clubs are known as theOld Firm. Their matches against each other are regarded as among the world's biggest football derbies. The club'sfanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around 9 million worldwide and there are more than 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries. An estimated 80,000 fans travelled toSeville for the 2003 UEFA Cup Final, and their "extraordinarily loyal and sporting behaviour" in spite of defeat earned the fansFair Play awards from bothFIFA[5] andUEFA.[6]
Celtic Football Club was formally constituted at a meeting inSt. Mary's church hall in East Rose Street (now Forbes Street),Calton, Glasgow, by IrishMaristBrother Walfrid[7] on 6 November 1887, with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the East End of Glasgow by raising money for the charity Walfrid had instituted, thePoor Children's Dinner Table.[8] Walfrid's move to establish the club as a means of fund-raising was largely inspired by the example ofHibernian, which was formed out of the immigrant Irish population a few years earlier inEdinburgh.[9] Walfrid's own suggestion of the nameCeltic (pronouncedSeltik) was intended to reflect the club's Irish and Scottish roots and was adopted at the same meeting.[10][11] The club has the official nickname,The Bhoys. However, according to the Celtic press office, the newly established club was known to many as "the bold boys". Apostcard from the early 20th century that pictured the team and read "The Bould Bhoys" is the first known example of the unique spelling. The extrah imitates the spelling system ofGaelic, wherein the letterb is often accompanied by the letterh.[12]
A team photo from the early days of the club (around 1889), before the adoption of the hooped jerseys
On 28 May 1888, Celtic played their first official match againstRangers and won 5–2 in what was described as a "friendly encounter".[13]Neil McCallum scored Celtic's first goal.[14] Celtic's first kit consisted of a white shirt with a green collar, black shorts, and emerald green socks.[15] The original club crest was a simple greencross on a red oval background.[15] In1889 Celtic reached the final of theScottish Cup in their first season taking part in the competition, but lost 2–1 toThird Lanark.[16] Celtic reached the final again in1892 and this time were victorious after defeatingQueen's Park 5–1, the club's first majorhonour.[17] Several months later the club moved to its new ground,Celtic Park, and in the following season won theScottish League Championship for the first time.[13] In 1895, Celtic set the League record for the highest home score when they beatDundee 11–0.[18]
Willie Maley (1868–1958), secretary-manager of the club for 42 years
In 1897, the club became aprivate limited company[19] andWillie Maley was appointed as the first "secretary-manager".[20] Between1905 and1910, Celtic won the Scottish League Championship six times in a row.[13][21] They also won the Scottish Cup in both1907 and1908, the first times a Scottish club had ever won thedouble.[13][22] DuringWorld War I, Celtic won the league four times in a row, including 62 matches unbeaten between November 1915 and April 1917.[13][23] The mid-1920s saw the emergence ofJimmy McGrory as one of the most prolific goalscorers in British football history; over a sixteen-year playing career, he scored 550 goals in 547 games (including 16 goals forClydebank during a season on loan in 1923–24), a British goal-scoring record to this day.[24][25] In January 1940, Willie Maley's retirement was announced. He was 71 years old and had served the club in varying roles for nearly 52 years, initially as a player and then as secretary-manager.[26][27]Jimmy McStay became manager of the club in February 1940.[28] He spent over five years in this role, although due to the Second World War no official competitive league football took place during this time. The Scottish Football League and Scottish Cup were suspended and in their place regional league competitions were set up.[29][30] Celtic did not do particularly well during the war years, but did win the Victory in Europe Cup held in May 1945 as a one-offfootball match to celebrateVictory in Europe Day.[31]
Ex-player and captain Jimmy McGrory took over as manager in 1945.[32] Under McGrory, Celtic defeatedArsenal,Manchester United and Hibernian to win theCoronation Cup, a one-off tournament held in May 1953 to commemorate the coronation ofElizabeth II.[33] He also led them to a League and Cup double in 1954.[34] On 19 October 1957, Celtic defeatedRangers in the final of theScottish League Cup atHampden Park in Glasgow, retaining the trophy they had won for the first time the previous year; the7–1 scoreline remains a record win in a British domestic cup final.[35][36] The years that followed, however, saw Celtic struggle and the club won no more trophies under McGrory.[37]
Jock Stein in anAmsterdam hotel, ahead of a European Cup quarter-final againstAFC Ajax (1971)
Former Celtic captainJock Stein succeeded McGrory in 1965.[38] He won the Scottish Cup in his first few months at the club,[39] and then led them to the League title the following season.[40]
1967 was Celtic'sannus mirabilis. The club won every competition they entered: the Scottish League, the Scottish Cup, the Scottish League Cup, theGlasgow Cup, and theEuropean Cup.[41][42] With this haul, Celtic became the first club to win the EuropeanTreble and remains the only club to win the fabled Quadruple.[43][44] Under the leadership of Stein, the club defeatedInter Milan 2–1 at theEstádio Nacional in Lisbon, on 25 May 1967 to become the first British team,[45][46] and indeed the first from outside Spain, Portugal and Italy to win the European Cup. They remain the only Scottish team to have reached the final. The players that day, all of whom were born within 30 miles of Glasgow, subsequently became known as the "Lisbon Lions".[47] The following season Celtic lost toRacing Club of Argentina in theIntercontinental Cup.[48]
Celtic reached the European Cup Final again in1970, but were beaten 2–1 byFeyenoord at theSan Siro in Milan.[49] The club continued to dominate Scottish football in the early 1970s, and their Scottish Championship win in 1974 was theirninth consecutive league title, equalling the joint world record held at the time byMTK Budapest andCSKA Sofia.[50]
The club endured a slump in the early 1990s, culminating in theBank of Scotland informing directors on 3 March 1994 that it was calling in the receivers as a result of the club exceeding a £5 millionoverdraft.[52] However, expatriate businessmanFergus McCann wrested control of the club, and ousted the family dynasties which had controlled Celtic since its foundation. According to media reports, McCann took over the club minutes before it was to be declared bankrupt.[53] McCann reconstituted the club business as apublic limited company – Celtic PLC – and oversaw the redevelopment of Celtic Park into a 60,832 all-seater stadium. In1998 Celtic won the title again under DutchmanWim Jansen and prevented Rangers from beating their nine-in-a-row record.[54]
Martin O'Neill took charge of the club in June 2000.[55] Under his leadership, Celtic won threeSPL championships out of five (losing the others by very small margins)[56] and in his first season in charge the club also won the domestic treble,[57] making O'Neill only the second Celtic manager to do so after Jock Stein.[58] In 2003, around 80,000 Celtic fans travelled to watch the club compete in theUEFA Cup Final inSeville.[59][60] Celtic lost 3–2 toPorto after extra time, despite two goals fromHenrik Larsson during normal time.[61] The conduct of the thousands of travelling Celtic supporters received widespread praise from the people of Seville and the fans were awarded Fair Play Awards from bothFIFA andUEFA "for their extraordinarily loyal and sporting behaviour".[62][63]
Gordon Strachan was announced as O'Neill's replacement in June 2005 and after winning the SPL title in his first year in charge,[64] he became only the third Celtic manager to win three titles in a row. He also guided Celtic to their firstUEFA Champions League knockout stage in2006–07[65] and repeated the feat in2007–08[66] before departing the club in May 2009, after failing to win theSPL title.[67]Tony Mowbray took charge of the club in June 2009,[68] and he was succeeded a year later byNeil Lennon.[69] In November 2010, Celtic set an SPL record for the biggest win in SPL history,defeating Aberdeen 9–0 at Celtic Park.[70]
Celtic celebrated their 125th anniversary in November 2012, the same week as a Champions League match againstBarcelona.[71] They won 2–1 on the night to complete a memorable week,[72] and eventually qualified from the group stages for the round of 16.[73] Celtic finished the season with the SPL and Scottish Cup double.[74] The club clinched their third consecutive league title in March 2014,[75] with goalkeeperFraser Forster setting a new record during the campaign of 1,256 minutes without conceding a goal in a league match.[76] At the end of the season, manager Neil Lennon announced his departure from the club after four years in the role.[77]
NorwegianRonny Deila was appointed manager of Celtic on 6 June 2014.[78][79] He went on to lead the team to two consecutive league titles and a League Cup, but the team's performances in European competition were poor. After being eliminated from the Scottish Cup by Rangers in April 2016, Deila announced he would leave the club at the end of the season.[80][81]
On 20 May 2016,Brendan Rodgers was announced as Deila's successor.[81][82] His first season saw the team go on a long unbeaten run in domestic competitions, during which time the club won their 100th major trophy, defeatingAberdeen 3–0 in theLeague Cup Final in November 2016.[83] Celtic also clinched their sixth successive league title in April 2017 with a record eight league games to spare,[84] and eventually finished with a record 106 points, becoming the first Scottish side to complete atop-flight league season undefeated since Rangers in 1899.[85][86] Celtic clinched their fourth treble by defeating Aberdeen 2–1 in the2017 Scottish Cup Final, the result of which saw the club go through the entire domestic season unbeaten.[87]
Celtic continued their unbeaten domestic run into the following season, eventually extending it to 69 games, surpassing their own 100-year-old British record of 62 games, before finally losing toHearts in November 2017.[88][89] Celtic retained the League Cup that same month by defeating Motherwell inthe final,[90] and went on to clinch their seventh consecutive league title in April 2018.[91] They went on to defeat Motherwell again in the2018 Scottish Cup Final to clinch a second consecutive domestic treble (the "double treble"), the first club in Scotland to do so.[92] Rodgers left the club midway through following season to joinLeicester City;[93] Neil Lennon returned as caretaker manager for the rest of the season and helped Celtic secure an unprecedented third consecutive domestic treble (the "treble treble"), defeating Hearts 2–1 in the2019 Scottish Cup Final.[94] Later that month, he was confirmed as the club's new manager.[95]
In December 2019, Lennon led Celtic to a 1–0 win over Rangers in the2019 Scottish League Cup Final, the club's tenth consecutive domestic trophy.[96] By March 2020, Celtic were 13 points ahead in the league when professional football in Scotland was suspended due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[97][98] they were confirmed as champions in May 2020 following aSPFL board meeting where it was agreed that completing the full league campaign was infeasible.[99] The completion of the2019–20 Scottish Cup was delayed, with the semi-finals and final – between Celtic and Hearts as in the previous year – not taking place until late autumn/winter of 2020. Celtic won onpenalty-kicks after the sidestied at 3–3 afterextra time, clinching a fourth successive treble.[100] However, Celtic struggled throughout the2020–21 season with poor performances in Europe, knocked out of the League Cup byRoss County, and by February 2021 were trailing 18 points behind Rangers in the league – effectively ending their hopes of winning "ten in a row" league titles. Lennon resigned on 24 February 2021, with assistant managerJohn Kennedy taking interim charge of the team.[101] In the closing weeks of the season, Celtic were knocked out of the Scottish Cup by Rangers which condemned them to their first trophy-less season since 2010,[102] and finished the league campaign 25 points behind their Glasgow rivals.[103]
The club crest adopted on the team's football shirts in 1977, based on a badge originating from the 1930sThe special crest that was adopted in seasons 1987–88 & 1988–89 to celebrate the club's centenarySpecial commemorative crest used in season 2017–18 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the club's European Cup Final win in 1967
For most of Celtic's history their home strip has featured green and white horizontal hoops, but their original strip consisted of a white top with black shorts and black and green hooped socks. The top also featured the Marist Brothers' badge on the right hand side, consisting of a greenCeltic cross inside a red circle.[15][104] In 1889, the club changed to a green and white vertically striped top and for the next fourteen years this remained unchanged although the colour of the shorts alternated between white and black several times over this period. The top did not feature a crest.[15][105]
In 1903, Celtic adopted their now famous green and white hooped tops. The new design was worn for the first time on 15 August 1903 in a match againstPartick Thistle.[15] Black socks continued to be worn until the early 1930s, at which point the team switched to green socks. Plain white socks came into use in the mid-1960s, and white has been the predominant colour worn since then.[15]
The club began using a badge in the 1930s, featuring a four leaf clover logo surrounded by the club's formal title, "The Celtic Football and Athletic Coy. Ltd".[106] However, it was not until 1977 that Celtic finally adopted the club crest on their shirts. The outer segment was reversed out, with white lettering on a green background on the team shirts. The text around the clover logo on the shirts was also shortened from the official club crest to "The Celtic Football Club".[106] For their centenary year in 1988, a commemorative crest was worn, featuring the Celtic cross that appeared on their first shirts. The 1977 version was reinstated for season 1989–90.[15]
From 1945 onwards numbered shirts slowly came into use throughout Scotland, before becoming compulsory in 1960. By this time Celtic were the last club in Britain to adopt the use of numbers on the team strip to identify players. The traditionalist and idealistic Celtic chairman,Robert Kelly, baulked at the prospect of the famous green and white hoops being disfigured, and as such Celtic wore their numbers on the players' shorts.[15] This unusual tradition survived until 1994, although numbered shirts were worn inEuropean competition from 1975 onwards.[15] Celtic's tradition of wearing numbers on their shorts rather than on the back of their shirts was brought to an end when theScottish Football League instructed Celtic to wear numbers on their shirts from the start of the 1994–95 season. Celtic responded by adding numbers to the top of their sleeves, however within a few weeks the football authorities ordered the club to attach them to the back of their shirts, where they appeared on a large white patch, breaking up the green and white hoops.[15]
In 1984 Celtic took up shirt sponsorship for the first time, with Fife-based double glazing firm CR Smith having their logo emblazoned on the front of the team jersey.[107][108] In season 1991–92, Celtic switched to Glasgow-based car sales company Peoples as sponsors.[109] The club failed to secure a shirt sponsor for season 1992–93, and for the first time since the early 1980s Celtic took to the field in "unblemished" hoops.[110][111] Despite the loss of marketing revenue, sales of the new unsponsored replica top increased dramatically.[111] Celtic regained shirt sponsorship for season 1993–94, with CR Smith returning as shirt sponsors in a four-year deal.[107][112]
In 2005 the club severed their connection withUmbro, suppliers of their kits since the 1960s and entered into a contract withNike. To mark the 40th anniversary of their European Cup win, a special crest was introduced for the 2007–08 season. The star that represents this triumph was retained when the usual crest was reinstated the following season.[15] In 2012, a retro style kit was designed by Nike that included narrower hoops to mark the club's 125th anniversary. A special crest was introduced with aCeltic knot design embroidered round the traditional badge. A third-choice strip based on the first strip from 1888 was also adopted for the season.[15]
In March 2015, Celtic agreed a new kit deal worth £30 million withBoston-based sportswear manufacturerNew Balance to replaceNike from the start of the 2015–16 season.[113]
All of the kits for the2017–18 season paid tribute to theLisbon Lions, with the kits having a line on each side to represent the handles of theEuropean Cup. The kits also included a commemorative crest, designed specifically for the season.[114] The regular crest was reinstated the following season, although the away strip featured a Celtic cross once again in reference to the club's heritage.[15]
In March 2020, Celtic announced a new five-year partnership withAdidas starting on 1 July 2020, in a deal believed to be the biggest kit sponsorship ever in Scottish sport.[115]
Celtic opened theoriginal Celtic Park in the Parkhead area in 1888.[120] The club moved to a different site in 1892, however, when the rental charge was greatly increased.[121] The new site was developed into an oval shaped stadium, with vast terracing sections.[122] The record attendance of 83,500 was set by anOld Firm derby on 1 January 1938.[121] The terraces were covered and floodlights were installed between 1957 and 1971.[121] TheTaylor Report mandated that all major clubs should have an all-seated stadium by August 1994.[123] Celtic was in a bad financial position in the early 1990s and no major work was carried out untilFergus McCann took control of the club in March 1994. He carried out a plan to demolish the old terraces and develop a new stadium in a phased rebuild, which was completed in August 1998. During this development, Celtic spent the1994–95 season playing at the national stadiumHampden Park, costing the club £500,000 in rent.[124] The total cost of the new stadium on its completion was £40 million.[125]
In July 2016, Celtic Park became the first British football stadium to have a "rail seating" (safe standing) area in the ground. Rail seating is particularly common in Germany'sBundesliga, most notably atBorussia Dortmund'sWestfalenstadion, a ground with a reputation on par with Celtic Park for its intensity and atmosphere.[132][133][134]
In June 2018, Celtic announced a series of stadium improvements that would be implemented before the 2018–19 season. These include the installation of newLED floodlights and a new entertainment system, a stadium-widePA system and a newhybrid playing surface.[135]
In 2003 Celtic were estimated to have a fan base of nine million people, including one million in the US and Canada.[136] There are over 160 Celtic Supporters Clubs in over 20 countries around the world.[137]
An estimated 80,000 Celtic supporters, many without match tickets, travelled to Seville in Spain for theUEFA Cup Final in May 2003.[62][63][138] The club's fans subsequently received awards fromUEFA andFIFA for their behaviour at the match.[59][60][62][63][139]
Celtic has the highest average home attendance of any Scottish club.[140] They also had the 12th highest average league attendance out of all the football clubs in Europe in 2011.[141] A study of stadium attendance figures from 2013 to 2018 by theCIES Football Observatory ranked Celtic at 16th in the world during that period, and their proportion of the distribution of spectators in Scotland at 36.5%, the highest of any club in the leagues examined.[142]
In October 2013, French football magazineSo Foot [fr] published a list of whom they considered the "best" football supporters in the world. Celtic fans were placed third, the only club in Britain on the list, with the magazine highlighting their rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" before the start of European ties at Celtic Park.[143]
On 23 October 2017, Celtic fans were awarded with theFIFA Fan Award for theirtifo commemorating the 50th anniversary of the club's European cup win. The award celebrates the best fan moment of November 2016 to August 2017.[144]
Celtic's traditional rivals areRangers; collectively, the two clubs are known as theOld Firm[145] and seen by some as the world's biggest football derby.[146][147] The two have dominated Scottish football's history;[145] between them, they have won the Scottish league championship 108 times (as of May 2023) since its inception in 1890 – all other clubs combined have won 19 championships.[148] The two clubs are also by far the most supported in Scotland, with Celtic having the sixth highest home attendance in the UK during the 2014–15 season.[149][150] Celtic have a historic association with the people of Ireland and Scots of Irish descent, both of whom are mainlyRoman Catholic.[151] Traditionally fans of rivalsRangers came from Scottish or Northern IrishProtestant backgrounds and supportUnionism in Ireland.[151]
The clubs have attracted the support of opposing factions in theTroubles in Northern Ireland. Some supporters use songs, chants and banners at matches to abuse or show support for the Protestant or Catholic religions and proclaim support for Northern Irish paramilitary groups such as theIRA andUVF.[152]
There have been over 400 Old Firm matches played.[153] The games have been described as having an "atmosphere of hatred, religious tension and intimidation which continues to lead to violence in communities across Scotland."[152] The rivalry has fuelled many assaults and even deaths on Old Firm Derby days. Admissions to hospital emergency rooms have been reported to increase ninefold over normal levels[154] and in the period from 1996 to 2003, eight deaths in Glasgow were directly linked to Old Firm matches, and hundreds of assaults.[154][155]
Both sets of fans fought on the pitch after Celtic's victory in the1980 Scottish Cup Final atHampden Park.[156] There was serious fan disorder during an Old Firm match played in May 1999 at Celtic Park; missiles were thrown by Celtic fans, including one which struck refereeHugh Dallas, who needed medical treatment and a small number of fans invaded the pitch.[157]
Celtic have taken measures to reduce sectarianism. In 1996, the club launched itsBhoys Against Bigotry campaign, later followed byYouth Against Bigotry to "educate the young on having ... respect for all aspects of the community – all races, all colours, all creeds".[158]
In 2008 and 2010, there were protests by groups of fans over the team wearing thepoppy forRemembrance Day, as the symbol is opposed by Irish Republicans owing to its association with the British military.[161][162] Celtic expressed disapproval of these protests, saying they were damaging to the image of the club and its fans, and pledged to ban those involved.[162] In 2011, UEFA and theScottish Premier League investigated the club over pro-IRA chants by fans at different games. UEFA fined Celtic £12,700, while the SPL took no action, as the club had taken all reasonable action to prevent the chants.[163]
Celtic media
The Celtic View
In 1965, Celtic began publishing its own newspaper,The Celtic View, now the oldest club magazine in football.[164] It was the brainchild of future chairman Jack McGinn, who at the time was working in the circulation department of Beaverbrook Newspapers.[165] McGinn himself edited the paper for the first few years, with circulation initially reaching around 26,000 copies.[166] By 2020, it was a 72-page glossy magazine with over 6,000 weekly readers, and the top selling club magazine in the United Kingdom. In the spring of 2020, the magazine saw a temporary cease of production due to theoutbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.[167] However, in August 2021, Celtic announced the restart of the production activities for the magazine, which was turned into a 100-page,quarterly publication.[168]
From 2002, Celtic's Internet TV channelChannel67 (previously known as Celtic Replay) broadcast Celtic's own content worldwide and offered live match coverage to subscribers outside the UK. It also provided three online channels. In 2004, Celtic launched their own digital TV channel calledCeltic TV, which was available in the UK throughSetanta Sports on satellite and cable platforms. Due to the collapse of Setanta in the UK in June 2009, Celtic TV stopped broadcasting, although the club hoped to find a new broadcast partner.[169] In 2011, Celtic TV was relaunched as an online service and replaced Channel 67.[170][171]
Influence on other clubs
Due to Celtic's large following, several clubs have emulated or been inspired by Celtic. As the club has a large following, especially in Northern Ireland, several clubs have been founded there by local Celtic fans. The most notable and successful wasBelfast Celtic, formed in 1891 simply asCeltic. Upon incorporation as a limited company in 1901, however, the club adopted the name "Belfast Celtic", the title "Celtic Football Club Ltd" already being registered by the Glasgow club.[172] Their home from the same year wasCeltic Park on Donegall Road in westBelfast, known to the fans asParadise.[173] It was one of the most successful teams in Ireland until it withdrew from theIrish League in 1949.[174]Donegal Celtic, currently playing in theNIFL Premier Intermediate League,[175] was established in 1970,[176] with the Celtic part being taken on due to the massive local following for Scotland's Celtic and formerly Belfast Celtic.[177][178] They are nicknamedThe Wee Hoops and play atDonegal Celtic Park on Suffolk Road in Belfast.[176]A club by the name ofLurgan Celtic was originally formed in 1903, with the obvious slant of aiming towards theRoman Catholic community of thetown, adopting the name and colours of the Glaswegian Celtic.[179] TheCounty Armagh club currently plays in theNIFL Championship.[180] In the Republic of Ireland, bothTuam Celtic A.F.C. andCastlebar Celtic F.C. play at grounds called Celtic Park.[181][182]
South African clubBloemfontein Celtic F.C., based inBloemfontein, previously one of the most popular clubs in the country with a large fan base in theFree State, is also named after Celtic F.C. Founded in 1969 asMangaung United, in 1984, the then owner Molemela took over the club and changed the name toBloemfontein Celtic.[189][190] In the United States of America, Hurricanes F.C. ofHouston, Texas rebranded asCeltic FC America in 2019 and play in theTexas Premier Soccer League.[191]
Celtic was initially founded to raise money for the poor in the East End of Glasgow and the club still retain strong charitable traditions today.[192] In 1995 the Celtic Charity Fund was formed with the aim of "revitalising Celtic's charitable traditions" and by September 2013 had raised over £5 million.[193][194] The Charity Fund has since then merged with the Celtic Foundation, forming theCeltic FC Foundation, and continues to raise money for local, national and international causes.[195][196]
Yorkhill Hospital is another charity with whom Celtic are affiliated and in December 2011 the club donated £3000 to it. Chief ExecutivePeter Lawwell said that; "Celtic has always been much more than a football club and it is important that, at all times we play an important role in the wider community. The club is delighted to have enjoyed such a long and positive connection with Yorkhill Hospital."[198]
Ownership and finances
Private company
Celtic were formed in 1887, and in 1897 the club became aPrivate Limited Company with a nominal share capital of 5000 shares at £1 each.[13][199] The following year a further share issue of 5000 £1 shares was created to raise more capital. The largest number of shares held were by businessmen from the East End of Glasgow, notably James Grant, an Irish publican and engineer,James Kelly, one of the club's original players turned publican, and John Glass, a builder and driving force in the early years of the club.[199] His shares, upon his death in 1906, passed on to Thomas White.[200] The Grant, Kelly and White families' shareholdings dominated ownership of the club throughout the 20th century.[201][202][203]
James Kelly was one of Celtic's early directors and also briefly chairman. His sonRobert Kelly spent many years as chairman, and further descendants Kevin Kelly andMichael Kelly went on to have prominent roles on the Celtic board.
The late 1940s sawRobert Kelly, son of James Kelly, become chairman of the club after having been a director since 1931.Desmond White also joined the board around this time, upon the death of his father Thomas White.[204] By the 1950s, a significant number of shares in the club had passed to Neil and Felicia Grant, who lived inToomebridge,County Antrim. These shares accounted for more than a sixth of the club's total issue.[205] Club chairman Robert Kelly's own family share-holding was of a similar size, and he used his close relationship with the Toomebridge Grants to ensure his power base at Celtic was unchallengeable.[205] When Neil Grant died in the early 1960s, his shareholding passed to his sister Felicia, leaving her as the largest share-holder in Celtic.[205][206] This gave rise to the myth among Celtic supporters of the "old lady in Ireland" who supposedly had the ultimate say in the running of the club.[205]
Celtic's board of directors had a reputation of being miserly and authoritarian. In particular they were known for frequently selling their top players and not paying their staff enough; they were also seen as lacking ambition, which caused friction with several managers.[207]Jimmy McGrory's tenure as manager is generally considered a period of underachievement, but with Chairman Robert Kelly's domineering influence. many have questioned how much authority McGrory ever had in team selection.[208][209] EvenJock Stein's time as manager ended on a sour note when he was offered a place on the Celtic board, but in a role involving ticket sales. Stein felt that this was demeaning, stating he was "a football man, not a ticket salesman". He declined this offer and decided to stay in football management, joiningLeeds United instead.[210][211][212]Billy McNeill won a trophy in each of his five seasons as manager, but was still paid less than the managers ofRangers,Aberdeen andDundee United. He left the club in June 1983 after his request for a contract and pay rise was publicly rebuffed by the board. McNeill moved on to manageManchester City, stating that to remain at Celtic would have been humiliating.[211] McNeill's successor,Davie Hay, also had his difficulties with the Celtic board. When trying to sign players in 1987 to strengthen his squad to compete with high-spendingRangers, the board refused to pay for them; chairman Jack McGinn was quoted as saying that if Hay wanted these players, "he will have to pay for them himself".[213]
By the end of the 1980s the Celtic board consisted of chairman McGinn and directors Kevin Kelly, Chris White, Tom Grant and Jimmy Farrell. Neither McGinn nor Farrell were members of the traditional family dynasties at Celtic. Farrell was a partner in the Shaughnessy law firm that had long-standing connections with Celtic, and was invited to become a director in 1964. McGinn had set upThe Celtic View in the 1960s and later became the club's commercial manager. He was given a seat on the board and became chairman in 1986.[214] In May 1990 the former Lord Provost of Glasgow,Michael Kelly, and property developerBrian Dempsey were invited to join the Celtic board.[215][216] Dempsey did not last long however, as a dispute about a proposed relocation to Robroyston resulted in him being voted off the board five months later.[217]
McCann takeover and transition to plc
Throughout the 1960s and 70s Celtic had been one of the strongest clubs in Europe. However, the directors failed to accompany the wave of economic development facing football in the 1980s, although the club continued to remain successful on the field, albeit limited to the domestic scene in Scotland.[218] In 1989, the club's annual budget was £6.4 million, about a third as much asBarcelona, with a debt of around 40% and on-field success deteriorating.[203] In the early 1990s the situation began to worsen as playing success declined dramatically and the club slipped further into debt.[218]
In 1993 fans began organising pressure groups to protest against the board, one of the most prominent being "Celts for Change". They supported a takeover bid led by Canadian-based businessmanFergus McCann and former directorBrian Dempsey. Football writerJim Traynor described McCann's attempt to buy the club as "good against evil".[219] Despite declining attendances and increasing unrest amongst supporters, the Kelly, White and Grant family groupings continued to guard their control of Celtic.[218][203]
On 4 March 1994, McCann bought Celtic for £9 million, finally wresting control from the family dynasties that had run the club for almost 100 years.[220][221] When he bought the club it was reported to be within 24 hours of entering receivership due to exceeding a £5 million overdraft with theBank of Scotland.[201][220] He turned Celtic into apublic limited company through a share issue which raised over £14 million, the most successful share issue in British football history.[201][222] He also oversaw the building of a new stadium, the 60,000 seaterCeltic Park, which cost £40 million and at the time was Britain's largest club stadium.[125][201][223] This allowed Celtic to progress as a club because over £20 million was being raised each year from season ticket sales.[201]
McCann had maintained that he would only be at Celtic for five years and in September 1999 he announced that his 50.3% stake in Celtic was for sale. McCann had wanted the ownership of Celtic to be spread as widely as possible and gave first preference to existing shareholders and season-ticket holders, to prevent a new consortium taking over the club.[224] 14.4 million shares were sold by McCann at a value of 280 pence each. McCann made £40 million out of this, meaning he left Celtic with a £31 million profit. During his tenure, turnover at Celtic rose by 385% to £33.8m and operating profits rose from £282,000 to £6.7m.[125] McCann was often criticised during his time at Celtic and many people disagreed with him over building a stadium which they thought Celtic could not fill, not investing enough in the squad and being overly focused on finance. However, McCann was responsible for the financial recovery of the club and for providing a very good platform for it to build on. After he left Celtic, the club were able to invest in players and achieved much success such as winning thetreble in2000–01 and reaching the2003 UEFA Cup Final.[125][201]
After McCann's exit, Irish billionaireDermot Desmond was left as the majority shareholder. He purchased 2.8 million of McCann's shares to increase his stake in the club from 13% to 20%.[225]
In 2005, Celtic issued a share offer designed to raise £15 million for the club; 50 million new shares were made available priced at 30p each. It was also revealed that majority shareholder Desmond would buy around £10 million worth of the shares. £10 million of the money raised was for building a new training centre and youth academy, expanding the club's global scouting network and investing in coaching and player development programmes. The rest of the money was to be used to reduce debt. Building a youth academy was important for Celtic to surpass bothHearts andRangers who had superior youth facilities at the time.[226] The share issue was a success and Celtic had more applicants than shares available,[227] The newLennoxtown training centre was opened in October 2007.[228]
Celtic's financial results for 2011 showed that the club's debt had been reduced from £5.5 million to £500,000 and that a pre-tax profit of £100,000 had been achieved, compared with a loss of over £2 million the previous year. Turnover also decreased by 15% from £63 million to £52 million.[231]
In May 2012, Celtic were rated 37th in Brand Finance's annual valuation of the world's biggest football clubs. Celtic's brand was valued at $64 million (£40.7 million), $15 million more than the previous year. It was the first time a Scottish club had been ranked in the top 50. Matt Hannagan, Sports Brand Valuation Analyst at Brand Finance, said that Celtic were constrained by the amount of money they got from the SPL and that if they were in the Premiership then, due to their large fan base, they could be in the top 10 clubs in the world.[232][233] Later that month David Low, the financial consultant who advised Fergus McCann on his takeover of Celtic in 1994, said that Celtic's "enterprise value" (how much it would cost to buy the club) was £52 million.[234]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Celtic have a pathway for female players, from eleven years old upwards.[236] In 2007 the club launched theirwomen's first team, sometimes known as Celtic Women. The women's team reached theScottish Women's Cup Final in their first season, and won their first trophy in 2010, theScottish Women's Premier League Cup.[237] In December 2018 they announced a move to full-time training, becoming the firstprofessional women's football team in Scotland.[238]
TheScottish Cup final win againstAberdeen in1937 was attended by a crowd of 147,365 atHampden Park inGlasgow, which remains a world record gate for a national cup final,[262] and also the highest attendance for a club football match in Europe.[263]
UK record for an unbeaten run in domestic professional football: 69 games (60 won, 9 drawn), from 15 May 2016 until 17 December 2017 – a total of 582 days in all.[269]
SPL record for an unbeaten run of home matches: 77 games, from 2001 to 2004.[270][271]
14 consecutive League Cup final appearances, from season 1964–65 to 1977–78 inclusive,[272] a world record for successive appearances in the final of a major football competition.[273]
World record for total number of goals scored in a season (competitive games only): 196 (season 1966–67).[274]
Most goals scored in one Scottish top-flight league match by one player: eight goals byJimmy McGrory againstDunfermline in 9–0 win on 14 January 1928.[275]
Fastest hat-trick in European Club Football:Mark Burchill againstJeunesse Esch in 2000; 3 minutes (between twelfth minute and fifteenth minute), a record at the time.[267][277]
Earliest Scottish Premiership title won: Won with eight games remaining in 2017, againstHeart of Midlothian on 2 April 2017.[278]
Biggest margin of victory in the SPL: 9–0 against Aberdeen, 6 November 2010.[279]
Biggest margin of victory in the Scottish Premiership: 9–0 against Dundee United, 28 August 2022.
Celtic andHibernian hold the record for the largest transfer fee between two Scottish clubs (Scott Brown in May 2007).[280]
First European club to field a player from the Indian sub-continent:Mohammed Salim.[282]
Gil Heron, who signed for Celtic in 1951, was the first black person to play professionally in Scotland;[283] his sonGil Scott-Heron rose to prominence in the 1970s as a hugely influential jazz and soul musician.[284]
Individual records
Record appearances (all competitions):Billy McNeill, 822 from 1957 to 1975[285]
Record appearances (League):Alec McNair, 583 from 1904 to 1925[286]
Most capped player for Scotland: 102 (47 whilst at Celtic),Kenny Dalglish[287]
^Although the club was "formally constituted" in 1887, no matches were played until 1888. The latter date is listed by the club as their foundation date; for example, on the club badge.
^Newspaper reports at the time indicate that the officially returned attendance was given as 83,500, with an estimated further 10,000 supporters locked out of the ground for safety reasons. However, the ground's capacity was gauged at the time as being around 88,000 and several subsequent sources (including the club's official website) have since revised the attendance up to 92,000.
Notes
^The club is also sometimes referred to asGlasgow Celtic, but this is technically incorrect.[1]
^abWilson, Richard (2012).Inside the Divide. Canongate Books. p. 87."What is being asserted is two identities: Rangers and Celtic. There are other boundaries: Protestant and Catholic / Unionist and Republican / Conservative and Socialist...."
^Foer, Franklin (2010).How Soccer Explains the World: An Unlikely Theory of Globalization (Reprint ed.). Harper Perennial. pp. 36–37.ISBN978-0061978050.
^paulveverka (9 August 2014)."Blantyre Celtic Football Club/".Blantyre Project - Official History Archives, Lanarkshire.Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved6 December 2019.
^"History".Cleator Moor Celtic FC.Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved4 January 2017.
^Stokkermans, Karel."Domestic trebles".The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation.Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved29 May 2018.
^ab"Hampden Park".Scottish Football Association. Archived fromthe original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved2 December 2016.
^Cairney, John (2007)."McGrory statistics".Heroes are Forever: The Life and Times of Celtic Legend Jimmy McGrory. Mainstream Publishing.ISBN9781780570617.Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved4 October 2020.
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