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Gill slits are individual openings togills, i.e., multiple gill arches, which lack a single outer cover. Such gills are characteristic ofcartilaginous fish such assharks andrays, as well as deep-branching vertebrates such aslampreys. In contrast,bony fishes have a single outer bony gill covering called anoperculum.
Most sharks and rays have five pairs of gill slits, but a few species have 6 or 7 pairs. Shark gill slits lie in a row behind the head. The anterior edge of a gill slit is motile, moving outward to allow water to exit, but closing to prevent reverse flow. A modified slit, called aspiracle, lies just behind theeye, which assists the shark with taking in water duringrespiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in activepelagic sharks.[1] While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation".[2] While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species areobligate ram ventilators and would presumablyasphyxiate if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.[3]
The true gill slits in embryonic fish develop intofish gills. However, the slits intetrapods do not, so a more general name for the vertebral structures ispharyngeal slits. Gill slits likely originated from pharyngeal slits (as found intunicates) that were used forfilter-feeding. The term "gill slits" has also been used to refer to the folds of skin in the pharyngeal region in embryos. It is now accepted[by whom?] that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebratechordates.[citation needed]
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