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Gilgal I

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gilgal I
Gilgal I is located in the West Bank
Gilgal I
Shown within the West Bank
LocationWest Bank
Coordinates32°01′58″N35°28′32″E / 32.032778°N 35.475556°E /32.032778; 35.475556[dubiousdiscuss]
TypeTell[dubiousdiscuss]
Part ofVillage
History
MaterialCharcoal, seeds
Foundedc. 11,400BP
Abandonedc. 11,200BP
PeriodsNeolithic (PPNA,PPNB)[dubiousdiscuss]
Site notes
Excavation dates1979-2005
ArchaeologistsTamar Noy, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Mordechai E. Kislev, Anat Hartmann
Public accessYes
Grinding tool from Gilgal,Natufian culture, 12500-9500 BCE

Gilgal I (Hebrew:גלגל) is anarchaeological site in theJordan Valley,West Bank, dated to the earlyNeolithic period. The site is located 8 mi (13 km) north of ancientJericho.[1] The features and artifacts unearthed at Gilgal I shed important light on agriculture in theLevant.[2] The by far oldest domesticatedfigs found anywhere in the world were recovered from an incinerated house at the site, and have been described as coming from cultivated, as opposed to wild, fig trees.

Excavation history

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Gilgal I was first excavated by Tamar Noy in 1979. Further excavations were conducted by Ofer Bar-Yosef ofHarvard University, together with Mordechai E. Kislev and Anat Hartmann ofBar-Ilan University.[3]

Findings

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The Early Neolithic village was inhabited for about two centuries before being abandoned some 11,200 years ago.[4]

The archaeologists found caches of selectively propagatedfig seeds,[dubiousdiscuss] stored together with wildbarley, wildoat, andacorns in quantities too large to be accounted for even byintensive gathering, at strata datable c. 11,000 years ago. The dig also unearthed the remains of thirteen round buildings made of mud and rock.[3]

(Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in theAncient Near East, at sites like Gilgal I, were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world.[5])

Fig tree cultivation

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At Gilgal, archaeologists found ancient carbonized figs stored in an 11,400-year-old house which appear to be a mutant"parthenocarpic" variety, adopted and cultivated for human consumption.[1] The figs discovered at Gilgal lackembryonic seeds, a mutation that does not survive in nature more than a single generation. This suggests that the fig trees at Gilgal were artificially maintained by planting live branches in the ground, a horticultural technique known asvegetative propagation. Some fig remains recovered from other sites in the Middle East appear to be of the Gilgal variety.[6]

This providesarchaeobotanists with proof that agriculture may have started in the Ancient Near East with people domesticating the fig tree about one thousand years before managing to do the same with wheat, barley, and legumes.[4] This pushes back the date of fig tree domestication by some 5,000 years earlier than thought, and makes figs the oldest domesticated crop we know of.[4]

Clay objects

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Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) baked clay objects were discovered at Gilgal I, most of them figurines and symbolic artifacts. As some of the earliest ceramic findings in theLevant, they are of interest to archaeologists for their artistic, stylistic, symbolic and technological characteristics.[2]

Education center project

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The Moreshet Foundation Israel (MHF Israel) has been working on developing the Gilgal Education Center in theJordan Valley, a center open to the public that will highlight the importance of this archaeological site.[7][dubiousdiscuss]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Farming began with fig trees, say experts".Daily Post. Liverpool, England. 2 June 2006. Archived fromthe original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved10 April 2021.
  2. ^abGoren, Yuval; Biton, Rebecca (2010)."Technology of the fired clay objects from Gilgal I". In Ofer Bar-Yosef; A. Nigel Goring-Morris; Avi Gopher (eds.).Gilgal: Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan Valley: The Excavations of Tamar Noy. Oxbow Books. pp. 217–221.ISBN 9781842174135. Retrieved10 April 2021.
  3. ^abSoffer, Gili (26 December 2006)."Where's the historical Gilgal?".ynetnews.com.Yedioth Internet. Retrieved10 April 2021.
  4. ^abcHarvard University release (4 June 2006)."Tamed 11,400 Years Ago, Figs Were Likely First Domesticated Crop".ScienceDaily. Retrieved10 April 2021.
  5. ^Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2006)."Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley".Science.312 (5778):1372–1374.Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1372K.doi:10.1126/science.1125910.PMID 16741119.S2CID 42150441.
  6. ^"Ancient Fig Find May Push Back Birth of Agriculture". Archived fromthe original on 2014-08-17. Retrieved2012-10-19.
  7. ^"Gilgal Visitors Center". Archived fromthe original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved2012-10-09.

Further reading

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  • Bar-Yosef, O. Gopher, A. Goring-Morris, A.N., Gilgal: Early Neolithic Occupations in the Lower Jordan Valley, The Excavations of Tamar Noy American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series 4Brill Academic Publishers, 2005
  • Noy, T., Gilgal I - A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site Israel - The 1985-1987 Seasons, Paléorient, 15/1, 11–18, 1989
  • Noy, T. Kozłowski, S.K., A Basket of Flint Artefacts from House 11 at Gilgal I, Locus 37/42, Kozłowski and Gebel (eds.) 1996, Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, ex oriente, Berlin, 271–288, 1996.
  • Noy, T., Stone Cup-Holes and Querns from Gilgal 1: a Pre Pottery Neolithic A Site in Israel, Paléorient, 5, 1979

External links

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Cultures
Pre-Pottery
Late
Sites
Pre-Pottery
Late
Concepts
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