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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 4.6 million (2021)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Gilan and parts of the provinces ofMazandaran,Qazvin,Tehran andAlborz | |
| Languages | |
| Gilaki,Persian | |
| Religion | |
| Shia Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| otherIranian peoples |
Gilaks (Gilaki: گيلٚکؤن,Persian:گیلکها) are anIranian peoples[2] native to south of Caspian sea. They form one of the main ethnic groups residing in the northern parts of Iran. Gilak people, along with the closely relatedMazandarani people,[3] comprise part of theCaspian people, who inhabit the southern and southwestern coastal regions of theCaspian Sea.[4]
They speak theGilaki language, an Iranian language that is closely related toMazandarani.[3]
The region south of the Caspian Sea, what is now called Gilan, was also referred to asDaylam.[5] and the inhabitants of the region were called theDaylamites.
Scholars suggest a link between the Gilaks and theZazas. Zaza calls themselves Dimlī or Dīmla, derived from the wordDaylam.Dimli is the name of theZaza language.[6]
Gilaki people live alongside theAlborz mountains and in the surrounding plains. Consequentially, those living along the northern side of the Alborz mountains tend to raise livestock, while those living in the plains farm. Gilaks play an important role in the provincial and national economy, supplying a large portion of the region's agricultural staples, such as rice, grains,[7] tobacco,[8] and tea.[9]Other major industries include fishing and caviar exports, and the production of silk.[4][10] In addition to agricultural activities, Gilaks also control other principal sectors of commerce of the province of Gilan such as tourism, and share administrative and government positions with civil servants from other regions of Iran.
The population of Gilaks is estimated to be between 3[11] and 4 million[12] in 2006.
They mainly live along the southwest coasts of theCaspian Sea and are one of the main ethnic groups that reside in the northern parts of Iran. The Gilaks are closely related to the neighboringMazandarani, and other groups ofCaucasus descent, such asGeorgians,Armenians, andAzerbaijanis.[11][3]
Gilaks make up approximately 70% of the population inGilan province.[13]
Gilaki, which has two main dialect types, eastern and western, with the Safidrūd River as the general border, is a member of the Caspian subgroup.[14] There are many subdialects of Gilaki, and, progressing to the east, it gradually blends intoMazandarani. The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki andMazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki orMazandarani, and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area.[15]
InMazandaran, the Gilaks reside in the city ofRamsar andTonekabon. There, though their dialects are influenced byMazandarani, they are still considered dialects of the Gilaki language.[16][17] Furthermore, the eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of theČālūs river.[18]
InQazvin province, the Gilaks reside in the northern parts of the province, inAlamut.[19][20]
Apart from four Turkish-speaking villages higher up, the inhabitants of Alamut speak Gilaki and those of Rudbar Tati.[21]
TheGilaki language is a member of the Northwestern branch of theIranian languages. It is the main language spoken amongst the Gilak people, although various regional and local dialects of the Gilaki language are common.[22] Gilak people are fluent in both the Gilaki language and standardPersian.[23]Persian is the official language of education in Iran, and since teachers are discouraged from using regional dialects and accents in class,[24] the Gilaki language is taught to children at home.
The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages)[3] share certain typological features withCaucasian languages.[3] However, with the growth of education and press, the differentiation between Gilaki language and other Iranian languages is likely to disappear.[23] Gilaki is closely related toMazandarani and the two languages have similar vocabularies.[23] These two languages retain more than Persian does of the noun declension system that was characteristic of older Iranian languages.[23]
The Gilaks and their closely related Mazandarani occupy the SouthCaspian region of Iran and speak languages belonging to the North-Western branch ofIranian languages. It has been suggested that their ancestors came from theCaucasus region, perhaps displacing an earlier group in the South Caspian.[3] Linguistic evidence supports this scenario, in that the Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features withCaucasian languages.[3] There have been patterns analyzed of mtDNA and Y chromosome variation in the Gilaki and Mazandarani.
Based on mtDNA HV1 sequences, the Gilaks and Mazandarani most closely resemble their geographic and linguistic neighbors, namely other Iranian groups. However, their Y chromosome types most closely resemble those found in groups from theSouth Caucasus.[3]A scenario that explains these differences is a south Caucasian origin for the ancestors of the Gilaki and Mazandarani, followed by introgression of women (but not men) from local Iranian groups, possibly because of patrilocality.[3]Given that both mtDNA and language are maternally transmitted, the incorporation of local Iranian women would have resulted in the concomitant replacement of the ancestral Caucasian language and mtDNA types of the Gilaki and Mazandarani with their current Iranian language and mtDNA types. Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA may be a more general phenomenon than previously recognized.
The Mazandarani and Gilaki groups fall inside a major cluster consisting of populations from theCaucasus andWest Asia and are particularly close to the South Caucasus groups—Georgians,Armenians, andAzerbaijanis. Iranians from Tehran and Isfahan are situated more distantly from these groups.[3]
The Gilaks display a high frequency ofY-DNAhaplogroupsR1b,[25]J2a, andG2a3b.[26]
During theSafavid,Afsharid, andQajar eras, Gilan was settled by large numbers ofGeorgians,Circassians,Armenians and by otherpeoples of the Caucasus, whose descendants still live across Gilan.[27][28]
Media related toGilaks at Wikimedia Commons