Gibson County, Indiana | |
|---|---|
 SE face of theGibson County Courthouse in Princeton (built 1884) and the Civil War monument (1912) | |
 Location within the U.S. state ofIndiana | |
 Indiana's location within theU.S. | |
| Coordinates:38°19′N87°35′W / 38.31°N 87.58°W /38.31; -87.58 | |
| Country |  United States |
| State |  Indiana |
| Founded | April 1, 1813 |
| Named after | John Gibson |
| Seat | Princeton |
| Largest city | Princeton |
| Area | |
• Total | 499.16 sq mi (1,292.8 km2) |
| • Land | 487.49 sq mi (1,262.6 km2) |
| • Water | 11.68 sq mi (30.3 km2) 2.34% |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 33,011 |
| • Density | 67.716/sq mi (26.145/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 47639, 47640, 47647, 47648, 47649, 47654, 47660, 47665, 47666, 47670, 47683 |
| Congressional district | 8th |
| Website | Gibson County, Indiana |
| |
Gibson County is acounty in thesouthwestern part of theU.S. state ofIndiana. As of the2020 United States census, the population was 33,011.[1] Thecounty seat isPrinceton.[2]
In 1787, the fledgling United States defined theNorthwest Territory, which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separatedOhio from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as theIndiana Territory.[3] PresidentThomas Jefferson choseWilliam Henry Harrison as the territory's first governor, andVincennes was established as the territorial capital.[4] After theMichigan Territory was separated and theIllinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.[3] By December 1816 the Indiana Territory was admitted to the Union as a state.
Starting in 1794, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. The United States acquired land from theNative Americans in the 1804Treaty of Vincennes, which included the future Gibson County. Settlers had been pouring into the extreme southwest part of the Indiana Territory starting in 1789, and by 1813 there was sufficient to form a local governing body. The area included in present-day Gibson County had been first placed under the jurisdiction ofKnox County, formed in 1790. Parts of that extremely large county were partitioned off in 1801 to createClark, in 1808 to createHarrison, in 1810 to createJefferson andWayne, and in 1811 to createFranklin counties. On April 1, 1813, the Territorial legislature authorized partitioning a further large section of Knox to create Gibson County. The boundaries of this new county were reduced that same month (April 30, 1813) to createWarrick; in 1814 to createPerry andPosey; in 1816 to createPike; and finally in 1818 to createVanderburgh counties.
The first white settler of the future Gibson County was John Severns, a native ofWales who had come with his parents to North America several years before theRevolutionary War. He settled in Gibson County in 1789–90 on the south bank of thePatoka River at a place now known as Severns Bridge. Another early Gibson County settler was William Hargrove, who came fromKentucky by packmule in 1803; Captain Hargrove commanded a company of militia from Gibson County at theBattle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
The Rev. Joseph Milburn and his son Robert also arrived in 1803. They settled nearPrinceton, between the Patoka andWhite Rivers. The Milburns were from the area ofWashington County, Kentucky. Rev. Milburn, a Baptist, established the first church; Robert established the first distillery in Indiana.
In 1805,Jacob Warrick arrived, along with his father-in-law, Thomas Montgomery. They burned out the lastNative American village in 1807, chasing the inhabitants into theIllinois Territory. Captain Warrick was killed at theBattle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Gibson County was named forJohn Gibson, an officer in theFrench and Indian War and theRevolutionary War.[5][6] Gibson was Secretary of theIndiana Territory, serving as acting Governor on two occasions. The two counties of Gibson County and Warrick County, separated by Rector's Base Line, were formed March 9, 1813. Gibson County was organized on April 1, 1813, while Warrick County was organized on April 30, meaning that both territories fell under Gibson County for that nearly month-long period. Gibson County occupied everything from the Wabash River and from the White River's extension to the Paoli Base Line down the 2d Principal Meridian to the Rector's Base Line. The area south of this line becameWarrick County, which covered the area from the 2d Principal Meridian west to the Wabash River and down the Wabash River and with meanders up the Ohio River back to the 2d Principal Meridian (which had separated Knox County from Harrison County, Indiana Territory).Orange County,Spencer County,Pike County,Dubois County, andCrawford County all came from the roughly 2,000-square-mile (5,200 km2) area occupied by the original Gibson County, as well as small portions ofLawrence County,Perry County,Posey County, the currentWarrick County, andVanderburgh County.
When the county was organized,Patoka was intended to be the county seat. However, Patoka's low-lying location along thePatoka River gave rise to a malaria epidemic; to avoid this, the commissioners chose to establish a new town, eventually known asPrinceton, on higher ground approximately 4 miles (6 km) south. However, although Princeton contends it was the only county seat, some contend county records indicateOwensville was a temporary county seat since Princeton was not laid out until late 1814, at least a year after Gibson County's organization.
Although Indiana was technically a "free state," those assisting runaway slaves were guilty of breaking the law and could be prosecuted and jailed. Despite the legal threats, the Abolitionist movement was strong in Gibson County where many were active in theUnderground Railroad, some openly known as Abolitionists such as David Stormont and his wife who maintained a station at their home three miles northwest of Princeton, along with John Carithers who aided runaway slaves at his home east of Princeton,[7] Sarah Merrick, Princeton, was jailed (after she was unable or unwilling to pay her $500 bail) in Gibson County for helping a runaway slave and her children from nearby Henderson, Kentucky (where slavery was legal), to escape to free territory. Reverend Thomas B. McCormick, a Presbyterian minister, was so well known as an Abolitionist that he fled to Canada after the Kentucky governor requested his extradition.[8] Joseph Hartin of Princeton politically identified himself as an Abolitionist.[7] James Washington Cockrum, originally from North Carolina, maintained a station at his home in Oakland City, first hiding runaways in a root cellar at his log cabin. His son William, who later authoredHistory of the Underground railroad as it was conducted by the Anti-slavery league; including many thrilling encounters between those aiding the slaves to escape and those trying to recapture them, aided him helping the runaway slaves. Their family home in Oakland City, now known as Cockrum Hall, is located on the grounds of present-dayOakland City University and is recognized as a prominent station on the Underground Railroad.[9]
Nearly 90% of the county exists within theOhio River Valley American Viticultural Area along with all of neighboringPosey,Vanderburgh andWarrick counties and a portion ofPike County.[10] Despite being close to Evansville and experiencing a large growth of population in the central areas, Gibson County still remains a largely rural county with half of its townships having populations less than 2,000. Less than 7 percent of the county's 500 square miles (1,300 km2) lies within incorporated settlements, or 10 percent if subdivisions are included.[citation needed]
The western part of the county consists largely of spread-out flood-prone farms with spotty marshes along the Wabash and White Rivers. There are rolling hills aroundOwensville, and large forest and marshland tracts lie near theGibson Generating Station and the three river settlements of Crawleyville, East Mount Carmel, and Skelton. The northern part is near the White River and is more given to hills and forest. The eastern part contains many hills and is also dotted with strip pits and active coal mines. The southern part is more given to valley and marshland, drained by thePigeon Creek which flows south through Evansville. The highest point on the terrain (640 feet/200 meters ASL) is a hill two miles (3.2 km) north of Princeton.[11]
Even withoutInterstate 69, the county is within a day's drive ofChicago,Cincinnati,Chattanooga,Columbus,Indianapolis,Louisville,Memphis,Nashville,Springfield,St. Louis, evenSouth Bend, andFort Wayne despite the lack of freeway connection. There are two major intersections in the southern extremes of the county: the intersection ofInterstate 64 andUS 41; and the intersection of Interstates 64 and 69, which will eventually link the county and Evansville to Indianapolis and Memphis and make a day trip to evenDetroit possible.
The western half of thePatoka River National Wildlife Refuge and Management Area lies within Gibson County.
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 499.16 square miles (1,292.8 km2), of which 487.49 square miles (1,262.6 km2) (or 97.66%) is land and 11.68 square miles (30.3 km2) (or 2.34%) is water.[12]
|
|
|
|
|
* Baldwin Heights and Northbrook Hills are within the city limits ofPrinceton.
Gibson County consists of tentownships:
| Princeton, Indiana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In recent years, average temperatures in Princeton have ranged from a low of 21 °F (−6 °C) in January to a high of 88 °F (31 °C) in July, although a record low of −19 °F (−28 °C) was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of 113 °F (45 °C) was recorded in July 1936. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.90 inches (74 mm) in January to 5.11 inches (130 mm) in May.[13]
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1830 | 6,192 | — | |
| 1840 | 6,280 | 1.4% | |
| 1850 | 6,403 | 2.0% | |
| 1860 | 7,855 | 22.7% | |
| 1870 | 7,939 | 1.1% | |
| 1880 | 8,282 | 4.3% | |
| 1890 | 11,156 | 34.7% | |
| 1900 | 11,227 | 0.6% | |
| 1910 | 13,661 | 21.7% | |
| 1920 | 18,061 | 32.2% | |
| 1930 | 19,666 | 8.9% | |
| 1940 | 23,926 | 21.7% | |
| 1950 | 27,777 | 16.1% | |
| 1960 | 28,567 | 2.8% | |
| 1970 | 28,799 | 0.8% | |
| 1980 | 29,233 | 1.5% | |
| 1990 | 30,159 | 3.2% | |
| 2000 | 32,580 | 8.0% | |
| 2010 | 33,503 | 2.8% | |
| 2020 | 33,011 | −1.5% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 32,904 | [14] | −0.3% |
| US Decennial Census[15] 1790–1960[16] 1900–1990[17] 1990–2000[18] 2010[19] | |||
As of the2020 United States census, the population of Gibson County was 33,011.[20]
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
|---|---|---|
| White (NH) | 30,159 | 91.3% |
| Black or African American (NH) | 637 | 2% |
| Native American (NH) | 61 | 0.2% |
| Asian (NH) | 214 | 0.65% |
| Pacific Islander (NH) | 16 | 0.05% |
| Other/mixed (NH) | 1,244 | 3.8% |
| Hispanic orLatino | 680 | 2% |
As of the2010 United States census, there were 33,503 people, 13,255 households, and 9,168 families in the county.[21] The population density was 68.7 inhabitants per square mile (26.5/km2). There were 14,645 housing units at an average density of 30.0 per square mile (11.6/km2).[12] The racial makeup of the county was 95.5% white, 1.8% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.3% of the population.[21] In terms of ancestry, 28.3% wereGerman, 24.3% wereAmerican, 13.1% wereIrish, and 11.7% wereEnglish.[22]
Of the 13,255 households, 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.8% were non-families, and 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.98. The median age was 39.9 years.[21]
The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $61,652. Males had a median income of $43,271 versus $28,424 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,542. About 7.6% of families and 12.2% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.[23]
| Gibson County Sheriff's Department | |
|---|---|
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | Gibson, Indiana, United States |
| Size | 499 sq mi |
| Legal jurisdiction | As per operations jurisdiction |
| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Agency executive |
|
| Facilities | |
| Stations | 1 |
| Jails | 1 |
| Cars | 24 |
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by theConstitution of Indiana, and by theIndiana Code.
The county council is the fiscal branch of the county government and controls spending and revenue collection in the county. Representatives are elected to four-year terms from county districts. They set salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council has limited authority to impose local taxes, including income and property taxes (which are subject to state-level approval), excise taxes, and service taxes.[24][25]
The Board of Commissioners is the legislative and executive body of the county government. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners execute acts legislated by the council, collect revenue, and manage the county government.[24][25]
The county maintains two court systems, Circuit Court and Superior Court. Judges are elected to a term of six years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state levelcircuit court.[25]
The county has other elected offices, including Sheriff, Coroner, Auditor, Treasurer, Recorder, Surveyor, Assessor, and Circuit Court Clerk. These officers are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declareparty affiliations and to be residents of the county.[25]
Gibson County is part ofIndiana's 8th congressional district;Indiana Senate districts 48 and 49;[26] andIndiana House of Representatives districts 64, 75 and 76.[27]
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
| 1888 | 2,953 | 49.74% | 2,721 | 45.83% | 263 | 4.43% |
| 1892 | 2,738 | 45.34% | 2,460 | 40.74% | 841 | 13.93% |
| 1896 | 3,471 | 48.38% | 3,622 | 50.48% | 82 | 1.14% |
| 1900 | 3,648 | 49.14% | 3,509 | 47.27% | 267 | 3.60% |
| 1904 | 3,871 | 51.27% | 3,221 | 42.66% | 458 | 6.07% |
| 1908 | 3,753 | 48.44% | 3,656 | 47.19% | 338 | 4.36% |
| 1912 | 2,266 | 30.98% | 3,250 | 44.44% | 1,798 | 24.58% |
| 1916 | 3,576 | 45.84% | 3,765 | 48.26% | 460 | 5.90% |
| 1920 | 7,498 | 51.32% | 6,384 | 43.70% | 728 | 4.98% |
| 1924 | 7,100 | 49.62% | 6,149 | 42.98% | 1,059 | 7.40% |
| 1928 | 8,137 | 57.07% | 5,882 | 41.25% | 240 | 1.68% |
| 1932 | 6,237 | 39.32% | 9,162 | 57.76% | 464 | 2.93% |
| 1936 | 7,078 | 42.36% | 9,392 | 56.21% | 240 | 1.44% |
| 1940 | 8,326 | 48.34% | 8,709 | 50.57% | 188 | 1.09% |
| 1944 | 7,895 | 50.85% | 7,462 | 48.06% | 168 | 1.08% |
| 1948 | 7,431 | 47.30% | 7,988 | 50.85% | 290 | 1.85% |
| 1952 | 9,171 | 53.99% | 7,617 | 44.84% | 198 | 1.17% |
| 1956 | 9,256 | 55.58% | 7,318 | 43.94% | 79 | 0.47% |
| 1960 | 8,838 | 53.89% | 7,479 | 45.61% | 82 | 0.50% |
| 1964 | 5,865 | 35.64% | 10,507 | 63.84% | 86 | 0.52% |
| 1968 | 7,645 | 47.91% | 6,777 | 42.47% | 1,535 | 9.62% |
| 1972 | 9,115 | 61.51% | 5,633 | 38.01% | 71 | 0.48% |
| 1976 | 7,105 | 45.55% | 8,430 | 54.04% | 64 | 0.41% |
| 1980 | 7,643 | 50.32% | 6,834 | 44.99% | 712 | 4.69% |
| 1984 | 8,618 | 54.62% | 7,082 | 44.89% | 77 | 0.49% |
| 1988 | 7,610 | 51.83% | 7,031 | 47.88% | 43 | 0.29% |
| 1992 | 5,172 | 34.95% | 6,909 | 46.68% | 2,719 | 18.37% |
| 1996 | 5,392 | 39.86% | 6,488 | 47.96% | 1,648 | 12.18% |
| 2000 | 7,734 | 56.16% | 5,802 | 42.13% | 236 | 1.71% |
| 2004 | 9,133 | 62.49% | 5,378 | 36.80% | 103 | 0.70% |
| 2008 | 8,449 | 55.72% | 6,455 | 42.57% | 260 | 1.71% |
| 2012 | 9,487 | 64.45% | 4,928 | 33.48% | 306 | 2.08% |
| 2016 | 11,081 | 71.56% | 3,721 | 24.03% | 682 | 4.40% |
| 2020 | 11,817 | 73.12% | 4,023 | 24.89% | 321 | 1.99% |
| 2024 | 11,896 | 74.81% | 3,722 | 23.41% | 283 | 1.78% |
Overall Gibson County has been a Republican stronghold in national politics. In contrast, Democrats tend to be strong on county-level politics. Princeton accounts for the majority of consistent Democratic support within the county, whereas outside of Princeton, particularly South Gibson is where the consistent Republican support is found.
In December 2004, a crippling snowstorm dumped over twice the normal annual snowfall in three days. Accumulations averaged 20 inches in Gibson County, with snow drifts reaching over 4 feet (1.2 m) in spots and some spots of Gibson County receiving as much as 32 inches (0.81 m).[29]Interstate 64 was closed. TheIndiana National Guard was dispatched and local farmers were recruited to help stranded motorists.
TheWhite River atHazleton got as high as 31 feet (9.4 m), almost high enough to overtake US 41,[30] while theWabash River atMount Carmel,Illinois rose to 33.95 feet (10.35 m). Extreme flooding occurred throughout the county and high school students from many counties assisted theIndiana National Guard in shoring up levees and sandbagging towns.Hazleton was evacuated because its levee was showing signs of fatigue; however, the levees held. By the end of January 2005, the rivers had receded enough to allow people to return to their homes. Over 100 homes were lost in the flood, which was considered the second-worst flood in the area's history (after theGreat Flood of 1913).[31]
With amoment magnitude of 5.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII, the 2008 Illinois earthquake was one of the largest instrumentally recordedearthquakes inIllinois. It occurred at 4:37:00 a.m.CDT (9:37:00UTC) on April 18 within theWabash Valley seismic zone at a depth of 11.6 km. It was centered nearWest Salem, Illinois andMount Carmel, Illinois, specifically at 38.45° N, 87.89° W.
A major flood occurred in June 2008, caused by intense rainfall upstream.[32] Both the Wabash and White Rivers were severely flooded and nearly all of Gibson County's levees held the flood back, while many levees upstream were failing.[33]
On the evening of February 28, 2017, a powerful EF3 tornado struck areas of southern Illinois and Southwest Indiana. It began nearCrossville, Illinois where it caused one death, then continued northeast, crossing the Wabash River into Posey County where it caused mainly tree and relatively minor structure damage, the tornado then continued its track east-northeast into southern Gibson County where the most intense damage occurred betweenOwensville andCynthiana. Two people received minor injuries there. The tornado continued, causing damage along the way, with severe damage being concentrated alongIndiana 168 and to several facilities along the southern end of theTMMI complex until ending south ofOakland City, after tracking 44 miles.[34][35]
Gibson County has over 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of county roads, one of the largest amounts of county-maintained roads outside of an urban county. Like most Indiana counties, Gibson County uses theIndiana county road system to identify its roads.U.S. Route 41 (a north–south road) andState Road 64 (an east–west road) are near the meridian and division lines for the county, respectively.
A section of Interstate 69's construction groundbreaking occurred on July 16, 2008, at the Centre inEvansville. This project has its controversy, highlighted by a group of protesters in attendance. A portion of the first segment opened in September 2009.[36][37] The entire stretch of highway in Gibson County was open to traffic on November 15, 2012.
Three railroad lines pass through the county.CSX Transportation operates a north–south line, andNorfolk Southern Railway operates an east–west line; they intersect in Princeton. The north–southIndiana Southern Railroad main line intersects the Norfolk Southern line atOakland City.[38]
Gibson County's association with baseball is far-reaching with notedMajor League Baseball players and announcers such asGary Denbo andDave Niehaus, and most notably MLB hall of famerEdd Roush and MLB legendGil Hodges, the namesake of Gil Hodges Field, a little league field inPrinceton.
Gibson County made its mark on theHigh School scene with two softball titles byGibson Southern and a double overtime boys' basketball state title byPrinceton in 2009, completing a 29–0 season as well as PCHS now holding the all-time points record with Jackie Young as of 2016 and a 2015 girls' basketball state title. In addition there are three state runner-tp titles. All of these titles have been acquired sinceGibson Southern's softball runner-up title in 2001.
East Gibson School Corporation – Oakland City:
North Gibson School Corporation – Princeton:
South Gibson School Corporation – Fort Branch:
Gibson County's private education facilities consist of fourCatholic schools run by theRoman Catholic Diocese of Evansville and one non-Catholic Christian school. Holy Cross, St. James, and Bethel field basketball teams. Enrollment and grades are in the first parentheses.[39] Mascot (I/A) is in 2nd parentheses.
Places adjacent to Gibson County, Indiana | |
|---|---|
38°19′N87°35′W / 38.31°N 87.58°W /38.31; -87.58
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
