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Gesta Danorum

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12th-century work of Danish history

For the later Danish-language work, seeGesta Danorum på danskæ.

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Gesta Danorum (Angers Fragment), page 1, front

Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of theDanes") is a patriotic work of Danish history, by the 12th-century authorSaxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Literate", literally "the Grammarian").^[1] It is the most ambitious literary undertaking ofmedieval Denmark and is an essential source for the nation's early history.^[2] It is also one of the oldest known written documents about the history ofEstonia andLatvia.

Consisting of sixteen books written in Latin on the invitation ofArchbishop Absalon,Gesta Danorum describes Danish history and to some degree Scandinavian history in general, from prehistory to the late 12th century. In addition,Gesta Danorum offers singular reflections on European affairs in theHigh Middle Ages from a unique Scandinavian perspective, supplementing what has been handed down by historians from Western and Southern Europe.

Bishop Ansgar, etching by the Danish-Norwegian illustratorLouis Moe (1857–1945)

Books

The sixteen books, in prose with an occasional excursion into poetry, can be categorized into two parts: Books 1–9, which deal withNorse mythology and semi-legendary Danish history, and Books 10–16, which deal with medieval history. Book 9 ends withGorm the Old. The last three books (14–16), which describe Danish conquests on the south shore of the Baltic Sea and wars againstSlavic peoples (theNorthern Crusades), are very valuable for the history of West Slavic tribes (Polabian Slavs,Pomeranians) andSlavic paganism. Book 14 contains a unique description of the temple on the island ofRügen.

Overview

Book 1

The first book is mostly Saxo's original work, sharing little with other primary works, but taking some inspiration from Ancient Greek epics. It very briefly covers the rule of the eponymous founder of the Danish nation,Dan, but also his brotherAngul, his sonsHumble andLother, and Dan's grandson,Skiold, whose son,Gram is the first Danish king to be given some detail, his reign revolves around conquering Sweden and Finland, only to die in a battle. Most of the book deals with the adventures ofHading, the son of Gram andFinnish princess,Signe. Here the adventure concerns the loss of Denmark to the Swedes as well as Hading's attempts to reclaim it with the help of giants and Odin. The book concludes with Hading's suicide after hearing of his friend's death.

Book 2

Book 2 follows adventures of Hading's descendants, who perform cunning raids across theBaltic Sea and far as England, while encountering many supernatural events and being forced to solve disputes viasingle combat. This book includes the stories of kingsHelge andRolf Krake, which are also told inHrólfs saga kraka.

Book 3

Book 3 begins with the story of a Swedish prince,Hother, in an alternate version of the story of Höðr and the death of the godBaldr (here presented as a false god named Balderus). Hother eventually does become King in Denmark after the deaths of Rolf Krake and his usurperHiartuar.

The second half of the book introducesAmleth, as a grandson of the Danish kingRorik. Amleth's father was murdered by his uncle, the governor ofJylland. Amleth pretends to be a fool in fear of his uncle who has married his mother. He is sent to Britain by his uncle to be put to death, but secretly rewrites the death warrant and instead marries the daughter of the king. Then he returns to Denmark and kills his uncle. This story was later told by Shakespeare asHamlet.

Book 4

After killing his uncle and securing the support of his people in doing so, Amleth returns to Britain. His father-in-law sends him to woo (on the King's behalf) the Scottish QueenHermutrude, who is famous for murdering all her suitors. However, Hermutrude refuses to marry the King and instead marries Amleth, making the King into Amleth's enemy. Amleth is killed by the new King of Denmark,Wiglek, who then marries Hermutrude. Many subsequent kings follow.

Book 5

Book 5 covers the life of just a single king,Frotho III, and focuses on his empire-building and the exploits of his brilliant Norwegian advisor,Erick the Eloquent (later King of Sweden). Ultimately Frotho ends up ruling over Britain, Scandinavia, the Slavs, and the Huns. Other tales from Norse legend are included in this book, within Frotho's lifetime, including the story ofHedin and Hogni and the story ofHialmar andArrow-Odd. Saxo says that it was during Frotho's reign thatJesus came to Earth, and there wasuninterrupted peace around the world. Frotho is eventually killed by a sorceress in the form of a sea-cow.

Book 6

Follows the adventurers of the legendary hero,Starkad who is disappointed in the decadent ways of Frothi III's descendants.

Book 7

Is a collection of short and unrelated love stories, many of these ventures featureshieldmaidens.

Book 8

Covers the famousBattle of Brávellir, betweenHarald Wartooth andSigurd Ring. Danish involvement in theSaxon wars againstCharlemagne, voyages toBiarmia, and the death of Starkad.^[3]

Book 9

The book deals withRagnar Lothbrok and his rising empire, he appoints many of his sons to govern parts of his empire all the way fromScotland toScythia.

The family tree oflegendary Kings of the Danes, according to theGesta Danorum (Books I to VII)

Kings of the Danes are in bold and marked with a crown (♕). Kings of the Swedes are marked with a dagger (†). Superscript numbers before a name indicate in which books ofGesta Danorum the individual is mentioned.

⁽¹⁾ Humble

KEY

⁽¹⁾Angul

⁽¹⁾Dan ♕

⁽¹⁾Grytha

Marriage or coupling

Parent and child

The Angles

⁽¹⁾Humble ♕

⁽¹⁾Lother ♕

⁽¹⁾ King of theSaxons

Succession by other or unclear means

⁽¹⁾Roar

⁽¹⁾Sigtryg, King of the Swedes†

⁽¹⁾Skiold ♕

⁽¹⁾Alfhild

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Roar

⁽¹⁾Bess

⁽¹⁾ sister of Gram

⁽¹⁾Gróa

⁽¹⁾Gram ♕†

⁽¹⁾Sumble, King of the Finns

⁽¹⁾ Wagnhofde

⁽¹⁾Signe

⁽¹⁾Henry, King of the Saxons

⁽¹⁾ Hakon, King of the Nitherians

⁽¹⁾Hardgrep

⁽¹⁾Swipdag ♕†, King of Norway

⁽¹⁾ sister of Guthorm

⁽¹⁾Guthorm ♕

^(1,2,5)Hadding ♕

⁽¹⁾ Ragnhild

⁽¹⁾ Asmund†

⁽¹⁾ Gunnhild

⁽¹⁾ Guthorm

^(1,2) Ulfhild

⁽²⁾Ubbe ♕

⁽¹⁾ Henry

⁽¹⁾ Uffe†

^(1,2) Hunding†

⁽²⁾ Thorhild

⁽²⁾ Scot

⁽¹⁾ daughter of Uffe

⁽²⁾ Ragnar†

⁽²⁾ Swanhwid

⁽²⁾ sisters of Swanhwid

⁽²⁾Handwan

⁽²⁾ Thorwald

^(2,5)Frode ♕

⁽²⁾ daughter of Handwan

^(2,3)Hothbrodd†

⁽²⁾Halfdan ♕

⁽²⁾ Ro

⁽²⁾ Skat

⁽²⁾ Thora

^(2,3)Helge ♕

⁽²⁾Ro ♕

^(2,3)Athisl†

⁽²⁾Urse

^(2,3) King Gewar

^(2,3)Rolf Krage ♕†

⁽²⁾ Rute

⁽²⁾Bjarke

⁽²⁾Skulde

^(2,3)Hiartuar †♕

^(2,3)Hother †♕

⁽³⁾Nanna

⁽³⁾ Herlek

⁽³⁾ Gerit

⁽³⁾ former King of Britain

⁽³⁾ mother of the King of Britain

⁽³⁾ a slave

⁽³⁾ a bondmaid

⁽³⁾Rorik Slyngebond ♕

⁽³⁾ Gerwendil

^(3,4) King of Britain

^(3,4) Queen of Britain

^(3,4) Gerutha

^(3,4)Horwendil

^(3,4)Feng

^(3,4) foster sister of Amleth

^(3,4) daughter of the King of Britain

^(3,4)Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland

⁽⁴⁾Wiglek ♕

⁽⁴⁾ son of Amleth

⁽⁴⁾Wermund ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frowin, governor of Sleswik

⁽⁴⁾Uffe ♕, aka Olaf the Gentle

⁽⁴⁾ daughter of Frowin

⁽⁴⁾Ket

⁽⁴⁾Wig

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁴⁾Hugleik ♕

⁽⁴⁾Frode the Vigorous ♕

⁽⁴⁾Dan ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Kraka

⁽⁵⁾ Ragnar

⁽⁵⁾ Brak

^(4,5)Fridleif the Swift ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hun, King of the Huns

⁽⁵⁾ Hun

⁽⁵⁾ Gotar, King of Norway

⁽⁵⁾ Westmar

⁽⁵⁾ Koll

⁽⁵⁾ Gotwar

⁽⁵⁾ Roller

^(5,6)Erik† Shrewd-spoken

⁽⁵⁾ Gunwar the Fair

⁽⁵⁾ Alfhild

^(5,6)Frode ♕

⁽⁵⁾ Hanund

⁽⁵⁾ Grep (eldest of three)

⁽⁵⁾ 11 other sons (two named Grep)

⁽⁶⁾ Hythin, King of Tellemark

⁽⁵⁾ Alf

⁽⁵⁾Eyfura

⁽⁵⁾Arngrim

⁽⁶⁾ Grubb

⁽⁶⁾Hiarn ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Amund, King of Norway

⁽⁶⁾ child of Hythin

⁽⁶⁾ Halfdan†

⁽⁵⁾ 12 sons, includingAnganty

⁽⁶⁾ Ane

⁽⁶⁾ Juritha

⁽⁶⁾Fridleif ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Frogertha

⁽⁶⁾ Hanef, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾Swerting, King of Saxony

⁽⁶⁾ Olaf

⁽⁶⁾Frode ♕

^(6,7) Siward†

⁽⁶⁾ sons of Swerting

⁽⁶⁾ sister of the sons of Swerting

^(6,7)Ingild ♕

⁽⁶⁾ Helga

⁽⁶⁾ Helge

⁽⁶⁾ Asa

^(6,7) Frode

^(6,7) Fridleif

^(6,7) Ingild

^(6,7)Olaf ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Karl, governor of Gothland

⁽⁷⁾ Ulfhild

⁽⁷⁾Frode ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Hather, a chief

⁽⁷⁾Harald ♕

⁽⁷⁾ Signe

⁽⁷⁾ Erik†

⁽⁷⁾ Thorhild

⁽⁷⁾Halfdan Biargramm ♕†

⁽⁷⁾ Harald

⁽⁷⁾ Asmund

Kings of Norway

Name spellings are derived fromOliver Elton's 1905 translation,The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus,via Wikisource.

History

Chronology

When exactlyGesta Danorum was written is the subject of numerous works; however, it is generally agreed thatGesta Danorum was not finished before 1208. The last event described in the last book (Book 16) is KingCanute VI of Denmark subduingPomerania under DukeBogislaw I, in 1186. However, the preface of the work, dedicated to ArchbishopAnders Sunesen, mentions the Danish conquest of the areas north of theElbe in 1208.

Book 14, comprising nearly one-quarter of the text of the entire work, ends withAbsalon's appointment to archbishop in 1178. Since this book is so large andAbsalon has greater importance than KingValdemar I, this book may have been written first and comprised a work on its own. It is possible that Saxo then enlarged it with Books 15 and 16, telling the story of King Valdemar I's last years and King Canute VI's first years.

It is believed that Saxo then wrote Books 11, 12, and 13.Svend Aagesen's history of Denmark,Brevis historia regum Dacie (circa 1186), states that Saxo had decided to write about "The king-father and his sons," which would be KingSweyn Estridson, in Books 11, 12, and 13. He would later add the first ten books. This would also explain the 22 years between the last event described in the last book (Book 16) and the 1208 event described in the preface.

Manuscripts

The original manuscripts of the work are lost, except for four fragments: theAngers Fragment,Lassen Fragment,Kall-Rasmussen Fragment andPlesner Fragment. The Angers Fragment is the biggest fragment, and the only one attested to be inSaxo's own handwriting. The other ones are copies fromc. 1275. All four fragments are in the collection of the Danish Royal Library inCopenhagen, Denmark.

The text has, however, survived. In 1510–1512,Christiern Pedersen, a Danish translator working in Paris, searched Denmark high and low for an existing copy of Saxo's works, which by that time was nearly all but lost. By that time most knowledge of Saxo's work came from a summary located inChronica Jutensis, from around 1342, calledCompendium Saxonis. It is also in this summary that the nameGesta Danorum is found. The title Saxo himself used for his work is unknown.

Christiern Pedersen finally found a copy in the collection of ArchbishopBirger Gunnersen ofLund, Skåne (Skåne is now part ofSweden, but at the time was still part of Denmark), which he gladly lent him. With the help of printerJodocus Badius,Gesta Danorum was refined and printed.

Printing

Front page ofChristiern Pedersen's Saxo version, Paris 1514.

The first printed press publication and the oldest known complete text of Saxo's works is Christiern Pedersen's Latin edition, printed and published by Jodocus Badius in Paris, France, on 15 March 1514 under the title ofDanorum Regum heroumque Historiae ("History of the Kings and heroes of the Danes"). The edition features the followingcolophon: ...impressit in inclyta Parrhisorum academia Iodocus Badius Ascensius Idibus Martiis. MDXIIII. Supputatione Romana. (theIdes of March, 1514).

The full front page reads (with abbreviations expanded) in Latin:

Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae stilo eleganti a Saxone Grammatico natione Zialandico necnon Roskildensis ecclesiae praeposito, abhinc supra trecentos annos conscriptae et nunc primum literaria serie illustratae tersissimeque impressae.

English language:

Histories of the Kings and heroes of the Danes, composed in elegant style by Saxo Grammaticus, aZealander and also provost of the church ofRoskilde, over three hundred years ago, and now for the first time illustrated and printed correctly in a learned compilation.

Latin versions

The source of all existing translations and new editions is Christiern Pedersen's LatinDanorum Regum heroumque Historiae. There exist a number of different translations today, some complete, some partial.

Christiern Pedersen (1514),Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae, Badius Ascensius, Jodocus, 1462-1535
Johannes Oporinus (1534),Saxonis Grammatici Danorum Historiae Libri XVI
Philip Lonicer (1576),Danica Historia Libris XVI
Stephan Hansen Stephanius (1645),Saxonis Grammatici Historiæ Danicæ Libri XVI
Christian Adolph Klotz (1771),Saxonis Grammatici Historiae Danicae libri XVI
Peter Erasmus Müller (1839),Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica
Alfred Holder (1886),Saxonis Grammatici Gesta Danorum, Strassburg, K. J. Trübner
Jørgen Olrik;Hans Ræder (1931),Saxonis Gesta Danorum
Karsten Friis-Jensen (2005),Gesta Danorum

Danish translations

Christiern Pedersen, never published ca. 1540, Lost
Jon Tursons, lost, never published ca. 1555
Anders Sørensen Vedel (1575),Den Danske Krønicke, Kjøbenhavn, Trykt hos B. Luno
Sejer Schousbölle (1752),Saxonis Grammatici Historia Danica
N. F. S. Grundtvig (1818–1822),Danmarks Krønike af Saxo Grammaticus
Frederik Winkel Horn (1898),Saxo Grammaticus: Danmarks Krønike
Jørgen Olrik (1908–1912),Sakses Danesaga
Peter Zeeberg (2000),Saxos Danmarkshistorie , 2 volumes

English translations

Oliver Elton (1894),The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus
Hilda Ellis Davidson, ed. (1979–1980),Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX, translated byPeter Fisher (Volume 1: English text; volume 2: Commentary by Hilda Ellis Davidson)
Eric Christiansen (1980–1981),Saxo Grammaticus: Danorum regum herorumque historia, books X-XVI
William F. Hansen (1983),Saxo Grammaticus and the life of Hamlet
Karsten Friis-Jensen, ed. (2015),Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum The History of the Danes, translated byPeter Fisher (Volume 1: Books I-X; Volume 2: Books XI-XVI).

Other translations

Hermann Jantzen (1900),Saxo Grammaticus. Die ersten neun Bücher der dänischen Geschichte, Leipzig, W. Engelmann
Ludovica Koch;Maria Adele Cipolla (1993),Sassone Grammatico: Gesta dei re e degli eroi danesi
Yukio Taniguchi (1993),Sakuso Guramatikusu: Denmakujin no jiseki
Santiago Ibáñez Lluch (1999),Saxo Gramático: Historia Danesa
Андрей С. Досаев (2017),Саксон Грамматик. Деяния данов [Full translation onRussian by Andrey Dosaev in two vols.]
Daniel Palmqvist (2021),Gesta Danorum, Saxo Grammaticus, En del av Sveriges historia.^[4] [The first nine of the 16 books translated into Swedish].

Gesta Danorum is also translated partially in other English,French andGerman releases.

Hamlet

Main article:Sources of Hamlet

This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Certain aspects ofGesta Danorum formed the basis forWilliam Shakespeare's playHamlet, and Saxo's version, told of in Books 3 and 4, is very similar to that of Shakespeare's play. The name "Hamlet" itself is an anagram of "Amleth", though it is unclear if this was a deliberate creative choice on Shakespeare's part.

In Saxo's version, two brothers,Orvendil andFengi are given the rule overJutland by KingRørik Slyngebond of the Danes. Soon after, Orvendil marries King Rørik's daughter, Geruth (Gertrude inHamlet). Amleth is their first and only child. Fengi becomes resentful of his brother's marriage, and also wants sole leadership of Jutland, so therefore murders Orvendil. After a very brief period of mourning, Fengi marries Geruth, and declares himself sole leader of Jutland. Eventually, Amleth avenges his father's murder and plans the murder of his uncle, making him the new and rightful King of Jutland. However, while Hamlet dies in Shakespeare's version just after his uncle's death, in Saxo's version Amleth survives and begins ruling his kingdom, going on to other adventures.

References

^Hermanson, Lars (2005)."Friendship and Politics in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum".Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire.83 (2):261–284.doi:10.3406/rbph.2005.4922.
^Kisor, Yvette; Osborn, Marijane (2007-07-01)."Harthgrepa (from Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum, Book I)".ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews.20 (3):61–65.doi:10.3200/ANQQ.20.3.61-65.ISSN 0895-769X.
^Malm, Mats (1992)."The otherworld journeys of the eighth book of Gesta Danorum".The Otherworld Journeys of the Eighth Book of Gesta Danorum:159–173.
^Published by Cultura Aetatis 2021. ISBN 978-91-984633-9-2

Sources

Fisher, Peter; Davidson, Hilda Ellis, eds. (1979),Saxo Grammaticus The History of the Danes, Book I-IX, vol. I: Text, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer
Fisher, Peter; Davidson, Hilda Ellis, eds. (1980),Saxo Grammaticus The History of the Danes, Book I-IX, vol. II: Commentary, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer
Grammaticus, Saxo (1894),Elton, Oliver;Powell, Frederick York (eds.),The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, London: David Nutt
Grammaticus, Saxo (1905),Elton, Oliver;Powell, Frederick York;Anderson, Rasmus B.; Buel, J.W. (eds.),The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus in Two Volumes, Norroena Society
- In two volumes:Volume 1, 1905 ;Volume 2, 1905,e-text both volumes without appendices or indices
Saxo Grammaticus (24 September 1999),Gesta Danorum (in Latin), Det Kongelige Bibliotek (table of contents in Danish).
Stangerup, Helle (2004),Saxo Hans værk – Hans verden (in Danish), Høst & Søn forlag,ISBN 87-14-29949-6
Apoteker Sibbernsens Saxobog, Copenhagen: Reitzels Forlag, 1927
Horn, Frederik Winkel (1911),Saxo Grammaticus Danmarks Krønike (in Danish), Copenhagen: Chr. Flors Boghandel;online
Olrik, Jørgen; Ræder, H. (1931),Saxonis Gesta Danorum, Copenhagen: Levin & Munkesgaard
Vedel, Anders Sørensen (1967),Den Danske Krønicke Saxo-oversættelse 1575 udgivet i facsimile (in Danish), Copenhagen: G. E. C Gad; alsoonline at the Internet Archive
Weibull, Curt (1915), "Saxo. Kritiska undersökningar i Danmarks historia från Sven Estridsens död till Knut VI",Historisk Tidskrift för Skåneland,6 (1–3), Lund, Blekingska boktryckeriet

External links

Gesta Danorum in English translation at Wikisource (only Book I-IX; Book X-XVI are unavailable)
The Latin original in a critical edition by Olrik and Raeder (1931) at the Royal Danish Library (seehere for differences between it and the newest edition by Karsten Friis-Jensen).
The Latin original in A. Holder's edition (1886)
The Latin original in Christiern Pedersen's first complete print edition
Media related toGesta Danorum at Wikimedia Commons
Proverbs and proverbial materials in Saxo's 'Gesta Danorum', archived fromthe original on 2018-10-04, retrieved2017-08-18

v
t
e

Old Norse religion andmythology

Mythological Norse people, items and places

Deities,
dwarfs,jötnar,
and other figures

Æsir	Almáttki áss Baldr Bragi Dellingr Forseti Heimdall Hermóðr Höðr Hœnir Ítreksjóð Lóðurr Loki Máni Meili Mímir Móði and Magni Odin Óðr Thor Týr Ullr Váli (son of Odin) Víðarr Vili and Vé
Ásynjur	Bil Eir Frigg Fulla Gefjon Gerðr Gná Hlín Iðunn Ilmr Irpa Lofn Nanna Njörun Rán Rindr Sága Sif Sigyn Sjöfn Skaði Snotra Sól Syn Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr Þrúðr Vár Vör
Vanir	Freyja Freyr Ingunar-Freyr Yngvi Gersemi Gullveig Hnoss Kvasir Njörðr Sister-wife of Njörðr
Jötnar	Ægir Alvaldi Angrboða Aurboða Baugi Beli Bergelmir Bestla Bölþorn Býleistr Eggþér Fárbauti Fjölvar Fornjót Gangr Geirröðr Gillingr Gjálp and Greip Gríðr Gunnlöð Gymir Harðgreipr Helblindi Helreginn Hljod Hræsvelgr Hrímgerðr Hrímgrímnir Hrímnir Hroðr Hrungnir Hrymr Hymir Hyrrokkin Iði Ím Járnsaxa Laufey Leikn Litr Logi Mögþrasir Narfi (father of Nott) Sökkmímir Surtr Suttungr Þjazi Þökk Þrívaldi Þrúðgelmir Þrymr Útgarða-Loki Vafþrúðnir Víðblindi Vosud Vörnir Ymir
Dwarfs	Alvíss Andvari Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri Billingr Dáinn Durinn Dúrnir Dvalinn Fáfnir Fjalar and Galar Gandalf Hreiðmarr Litr Mótsognir Ótr Regin Sons of Ivaldi Brokkr Eitri
Heroes	List of figures in Germanic heroic legend A B–C D–E F–G H–He Hi–Hy I–O P–S T–Y people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend named animals and plants named weapons, armour and treasures
Others	Ask and Embla Auðr Auðumbla Aurvandill Beyla Borr Búri Byggvir Dísir Landdísir Dragons Draugs Einherjar Eldir Elves Dark elves (Dökkálfar) Light elves (Ljósálfar) Black elves (Svartálfar) Fimafeng Fjalar (rooster) Fenrir Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn Fylgja Garmr Gullinbursti Hati Hróðvitnisson Hel Hildisvíni Hjúki Horses of the Æsir Árvakr and Alsviðr Blóðughófi Falhófnir Gísl Glaðr Glær Glenr Grani Gullfaxi Gulltoppr Gyllir Hamskerpir and Garðrofa Hófvarpnir Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi Sleipnir Svaðilfari Jörð Jörmungandr Líf and Lífthrasir Loddfáfnir Móðguðr Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán Nine Mothers of Heimdallr Narfi (son of Loki) Níðhöggr Norns Skuld Urðr Verðandi Personifications Dagr Elli Nótt Sumarr and Vetr Sæhrímnir Skírnir Sköll Shield-maiden Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr Troll Þjálfi and Röskva Vættir Landvættir Váli (son of Loki) Valkyries Völundr Vörðr

Places
(Cosmology)

Underworld	Hel Éljúðnir Gjallarbrú Náströnd Niflhel Niðafjöll
Rivers	Élivágar Gjöll Ífingr Kerlaugar Körmt and Örmt Slidr River Vadgelmir Vimur River
Other locations	Asgard Amsvartnir Andlang Barri Bifröst Bilskirnir Brávellir Brimir Fensalir Fólkvangr Fornsigtuna Fyrisvellir Gálgviðr Gandvik Gastropnir Gimlé Ginnungagap Glaðsheimr Glæsisvellir Glitnir Gnipahellir Grove of fetters Heiðr Himinbjörg Hindarfjall Hlidskjalf Hnitbjorg Hoddmímis holt Iðavöllr Járnviðr Jötunheimr Mímameiðr Myrkviðr Munarvágr Nóatún Okolnir Sessrúmnir Sindri Singasteinn Þrúðheimr Þrúðvangr Þrymheimr Uppsala Útgarðar Valaskjálf Valhalla Vanaheimr Víðbláinn Vígríðr Vingólf Wells Hvergelmir Mímisbrunnr Urðarbrunnr Ýdalir Yggdrasil

Sources

Society

Religious practice	Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe Blót Hof Heitstrenging Horses Hörgr Worship Öndvegissúlur Reginnaglar Sacred trees and groves Sonargöltr Temple at Uppsala Til árs ok friðar Vé Wetlands and islands
Festivals and holy periods	Álfablót Dísablót Germanic calendar Þorrablót Vetrnætr Yule
Other	Death Ergi Félag Galdr Goði Hamingja Heiti Kenning Mead hall Nīþ Numbers Philosophy Rings Runes Seiðr Skald Viking Age Völva

See also

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