Archaeological stage in prehistoric Egypt
"Gerzeh" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
Gerzeh, Iran .
Chalcolithic ↑Stone Age Neolithic By region
Africa (2600 BC–1600 AD)Naqada culture ,Gerzeh culture ,A-Group culture ,C-Group culture ,Kerma culture West Asia (6000–3500 BC)
Ghassulian culture ,Uruk period Europe (5500–2200 BC)
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe Vinča culture ,Varna culture Cucuteni–Trypillia culture Yamna culture ,Corded Ware Cernavodă culture ,Decea Mureşului culture ,Gorneşti culture ,Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture ,Petreşti culture ,Coțofeni culture Remedello culture ,Gaudo culture ,Monte Claro culture Central Asia (3700–1700 BC)
Botai culture ,BMAC culture ,Afanasevo culture South Asia (4300–1800 BC)
Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation ,Bhirrana culture ,Hakra Ware culture Ahar–Banas culture Kaytha culture ,Malwa culture ,Savalda Culture ,Jorwe culture ,Anarta tradition Ajay culture China (5000–2900 BC)
Mesoamerica (6500–1000 BC)↓Bronze Age Iron Age
TheGerzeh culture , also calledNaqada II , refers to the archaeological stage at Gerzeh (alsoGirza orJirzah ), aprehistoric Egyptian cemetery located along the west bank of theNile . The necropolis is named after el-Girzeh, the nearby contemporary town inEgypt .[ 2] the oasis ofFaiyum .[ 3]
The Gerzeh culture is amaterial culture identified byarchaeologists . It is the second of three phases of the prehistoricNaqada cultures and so is also known as Naqada II. The Gerzeh culture was preceded by theAmratian culture ("Naqada I") and followed by theNaqada III ("protodynastic" or "Semainian culture").
Sources differ on dating, some saying use of the culture distinguishes itself from the Amratian and begins circa 3500 BC lasting through circa 3200 BC.[ 4] Amratian orBadari cultures , i.e. c.3800 BC to 3650 BC, even though some Badarianartifacts , in fact, may date earlier. Nevertheless, because the Naqada sites were first divided by the British EgyptologistFlinders Petrie in 1894, into Amratian (after the cemetery nearel-Amrah ) and "Gerzean" (after the cemetery near Gerzeh) sub-periods, the original convention is used in this text.
The Gerzeh culture lasted through a period of time when thedesertification of theSahara had nearly reached its state seen during the late twentieth century.
The primary distinguishing feature between the earlier Amratian and the Gerzeh is the extra decorative effort exhibited in thepottery of the period. Artwork on Gerzeh ceramics features stylised animals and environment to a greater degree than the earlier Amratian artwork. Further, images ofostriches on the pottery artwork possibly indicate an inclination these early peoples may have felt to explore theSahara desert.
Ivory objects from the Naqada Culture.
Paintings with symbols on Naqada II pottery. 3500-3200 BC.
Clay figurine c. 3700-3300 BC
Pictures of ceremonial reed boats appear on some Naqada II jars, showing two male and two female figures standing aboard, the boat being equipped with oars and two cabins.[ 5]
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Jar, Late Naqada II, 3500-3300 BC, Egypt
Contacts with Western and Central Asia [ edit ] Mesopotamian king on the Gebel el-Arak knife
Distinctly foreign objects and art forms entered Egypt during this period, indicating contacts with several parts of Asia. Scientific analysis of ancient wine jars in Abydos has shown that there was some high-volume wine trade with the Levant during this period.[ 8] Gebel el-Arak knife handle, which has patentlyMesopotamian relief carvings on it, have been found in Egypt,[ 9] Asia Minor .[ 10]
Lapis lazuli trade, in the form ofbeads , from its only known prehistoric source –Badakhshan in northeasternAfghanistan – also reached ancient Gerzeh.[ 11] grave goods are on display here.
It is generally thought thatcylinder seals were introduced from Mesopotamia to Egypt during theNaqada II period.[ 12] Elam , and some made locally in Egypt following Mesopotamian designs in a stylized manner, have been discovered in the tombs ofUpper Egypt dating to Naqada II and III, particularly inHierakonpolis .[ 13] [ 14] Gerzean context of Naqada II, inNaqada andHiw , attesting to the expansion of theJemdet Nasr culture as far as Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BC.[ 15] [ 12]
Jemdet Nasr -style Mesopotamian cylinder seal, from Grave 7304 Cemetery 7000 atNaqada ,Naqada II period.[ 12] In Egypt, cylinder seals suddenly appear without local antecedents from around Naqada II c-d (3500–3300 BC).[ 16] Uruk period , as an evolutionary step from various accounting systems and seals going back as early as the 7th millennium BC.[ 16] Uruk seals down to Naqada II-d (circa 3300 BC), and may even have been manufactured by Mesopotamian craftsman, but they start to diverge from circa 3300 BC to become more Egyptian in character.[ 16] Second Intermediate Period , but they were essentially replaced byscarabs from the time of theMiddle Kingdom .[ 12]
Burial sites in Gerzeh have uncoveredartifacts , such ascosmetic palettes , a boneharpoon , anivory pot,stone vessels , and severalmeteoritic ironbeads ,[ 17] Technologies at Gerzeh also include fine ripple-flaked knives of exceptional workmanship. Themeteoritic ironbeads , discovered in two Gerzean graves byEgyptologist Wainwright in 1911,[ 18] iron known,[ 19] [ 20] Iron Age ).
One burial uncovered evidence ofdecapitation .[ 21]
Oldest known Egyptian painted tomb [ edit ] An ancient Nekhen tomb painting in plaster with barques, staffs, goddesses, and animals – possibly the earliest example of an Egyptian tomb mural Discoveries atNekhen include Tomb 100, the oldest known tomb with amural painted on itsplaster walls. The sepulchre is thought to date to the Gerzeh culture (c. 3500–3200 BC).
It is presumed that the mural shows religious scenes and images. It includes figures featured in Egyptian culture for three thousand years—a funerary procession ofbarques , presumably a goddess standing between two uprightlionesses , a wheel of various horned quadrupeds, several examples of a staff that became associated with the deity of the earliestcattle culture and one being held up by a heavy-breasted goddess. Animals depicted includeonagers orzebras ,ibexes ,ostriches , lionesses,impalas ,gazelles , and cattle.
Several of the images in the mural resemble images seen in theGebel el-Arak Knife : a figure between two lions, warriors, or boats,[ 22] [ 23] [ 24] [ 25]
Figure with rampant lions
Proto-hieroglyphic symbols [ edit ] Designs on some of the labels or token fromAbydos , carbon-dated to circa 3400–3200 BC.[ 8] [ 26] Some symbols on Gerzeh pottery resemble traditionalEgyptian hieroglyphs , which were contemporaneous with the proto-cuneiform script ofSumer . The figurine of a woman is a distinctive design considered characteristic of the culture.
The end of the Gerzeh culture is generally regarded as coinciding with the unification of Egypt, the Naqada III period.
Egg-Shaped Mace Head 3500–3300 BC Naqada II
Painted linen (detail) from a grave in Gebelein, Naqada IIa-b (circa 3600 BC). Museo Egizio, Turin.
Pre-Dynastic model house,
El-Amra , Naqada IIC until 3200 BC, British Museum EA35505
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Naqada II .
^ Hendrickx, Stan (1996), "The relative chronology of the Naqada culture: Problems and possibilities", in Spencer, Jeffrey (ed.),Aspects of Early Egypt ^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc."Geographical information on Jirzah, Egypt" . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^ University College London."Map of the area between Meydum and Tarkhan" .Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000).The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 479 .ISBN 0-19-815034-2 ^ "Metmuseum" .www.metmuseum.org .^a b "Site officiel du musée du Louvre" .cartelfr.louvre.fr .^ Cooper, Jerrol S. (1996).The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference 10– 14.ISBN 9780931464966 ^a b Scarre, Chris; Fagan, Brian M. (2016).Ancient Civilizations ISBN 9781317296089 ^ Shaw, Ian. & Nicholson, Paul,The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, (London: British Museum Press, 1995), p. 109. ^ Redford, Donald B.Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Press, 1992), p. 16. ^ University College London."Gerzeh, tomb 80" .Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^a b c d Kantor, Helene J. (1952). "Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt".Journal of Near Eastern Studies .11 (4):239– 250.doi :10.1086/371099 .ISSN 0022-2968 .JSTOR 542687 .S2CID 161166931 . ^ Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014).A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art 424– 425.ISBN 978-1-4443-3350-3 ^ Conference, William Foxwell Albright Centennial (1996).The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference ISBN 978-0-931464-96-6 ^ Isler, Martin (2001).Sticks, Stones, and Shadows: Building the Egyptian Pyramids ISBN 978-0-8061-3342-3 ^a b c Honoré, Emmanuelle (January 2007)."Earliest Cylinder-Seal Glyptic in Egypt: From Greater Mesopotamia to Naqada" .H. Hanna Ed., Preprints of the International Conference on Heritage of Naqada and Qus Region, Volume I . ^ University College London."Finds in Gerzeh tomb 67" .Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^ Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association."The use of meteorites by the Ancient Egyptians" . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^ "metalwork: Early history." .Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved2008-03-22 .^ Jambon, Albert (2017)."Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy" (PDF) .Journal of Archaeological Science .88 . Elsevier BV:47– 53.Bibcode :2017JArSc..88...47J .doi :10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008 .ISSN 0305-4403 .S2CID 55644155 . ^ University College London."Gerzeh, tomb 67" .Digital Egypt for Universities . Retrieved2008-03-22 . ^ Shaw, Ian (2019).Ancient Egyptian Warfare: Tactics, Weaponry and Ideology of the Pharaohs ISBN 978-1-5040-6059-2 ^ Kemp, Barry J. (2007).Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation ISBN 978-1-134-56389-0 ^ Bestock, Laurel (2017).Violence and Power in Ancient Egypt: Image and Ideology before the New Kingdom ISBN 978-1-134-85626-8 ^ Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014).A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art ISBN 978-1-118-32509-4 ^ "The seal impressions, from various tombs, date even further back, to 3400 B.C. These dates challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia."Mitchell, Larkin."Earliest Egyptian Glyphs" .Archaeology . Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved29 February 2012 . Petrie/Wainwright/Mackay:The Labyrinth, Gerzeh and Mazghuneh , British School of Archaeology in Egypt XXI. London 1912 Alice Stevenson :Gerzeh, a cemetery shortly before History (Egyptian sites series),London 2006,ISBN 0-9550256-5-6 29°27′N 31°12′E / 29.450°N 31.200°E /29.450; 31.200
Territories/[ 1] [ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Kish /Assur Akshak /Akkad Uruk Adab Umma Lagash Ur Elam 4000–3200 BCE Naqada I Naqada II Egypt–Mesopotamia relations Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE)Susa I Uruk period Anu Ziggurat , 4000 BCE)Susa II 3200–3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period Naqada III )Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer /Menes Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash 3100–2900 BCE Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette Narmer Menes Neithhotep ♀ (regent)Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith ♀ (regent)Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period Proto-Elamite Susa III )2900 BCE Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE)First Eblaite First kingdom of Mari Kish I dynastyJushur ,Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma ,En-tarah-ana Babum ,Puannum ,Kalibum 2800 BCE
Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna Uruk I dynastyMeshkiangasher Enmerkar ("conqueror ofAratta ")2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE)Zamug ,Tizqar ,Ilku Iltasadum Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[ 6] Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period Indo-Mesopotamia relations 2600 BCE Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser Egyptian pyramids )Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE)Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu Kish II dynastyUhub Mesilim Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum Lagash En-hegal Lugal- Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug Puabi )Akalamdug Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu 2575 BCE Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Ur I dynasty Mesannepada 2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE)Second kingdom of Mari Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi Enna-Dagan Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba ♀ Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu Uruk II dynastyEnsha- Mug-si Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku Lagash I dynastyUr-Nanshe Akurgal A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur 2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik Ush Enakalle Elamite invasions[ 6] Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush 2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum 2400 BCE Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu Kish IV dynastyPuzur-Suen Ur-Zababa Urur Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi E-iginimpa'e Meskigal Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu Bara-irnun )Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi Ur II dynastyMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II Kikku-Siwe-Temti 2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Adab dynastyLugal-Anne-Mundu 2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari Invasion byMari [ 6] Ukush Lugalanda Urukagina Luh-ishan 2350 BCE Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin Uruk III dynastyLugal-zage-si 2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE)Akkadian Empire Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani 2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal 2200 BCE First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare SecondEblaite Third kingdom of Mari Shakkanakku Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan Shar-Kali-Sharri Igigi ,Imi ,Nanum ,Ilulu (3 years)Dudu Shu-turul Uruk IV dynastyUr-nigin Ur-gigir Lagash II dynastyPuzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku Hishep-ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak 2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE)Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin Gutian dynasty La-erabum Si'um Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu Umma II dynastyLugalannatum Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani Tirigan 2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare
Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal 2100 BCE (Vassals of UR III) Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar [ 7] Ur III dynasty Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin 2025–1763 BCE Amorite invasionsIbbi-Sin Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty )Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Third Eblaite Amorites )Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma (Amorite Shakkanakkus )Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan Lim Dynasty ofMari Amorites )Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (QueenShibtu ) Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II Isin-Larsa period Amorites )Dynasty of Isin Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Ishtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa :Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...)Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty : Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of UrukSîn-kāšid Sîn-iribamSîn-gāmil Ilum-gamilAn-am Irdanene Rîm-Anum Nabi-ilišuSukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ 1800–1595 BCE Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abraham Biblical )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Yamhad Yamhad dynasty )Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynastyShamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Adaside dynasty Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
First Babylonian dynasty Amorites )Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers Second Babylonian dynastySealand Dynasty ") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar m DIŠ+U-ENPeshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Abydos Seventeenth
Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hyksos ")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Mitanni Kirta Shuttarna I Baratarna 1531–1155 BCE Tutankhamun New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites ) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha
Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire Suppiluliuma I Mursili II Muwatalli II Mursili III Hattusili III Tudhaliya IV Suppiluliuma II Ugarit (vassal of Hittites)Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte 1155–1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II
Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon Syro-Hittite states Carchemish Tabal Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli 911–745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent)Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings)Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III 745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt Assyrian conquest of Elam 626–539 BCE Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages 539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 331–141 BCE Argead dynasty andPtolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Ceraunus Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀ Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty Antigonus I Seleucid Empire Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes 141–30 BCE Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I 30 BCE–116 CE Roman Empire (Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Judaea Syria 116–117 CE Province of Mesopotamia underTrajan Parthamaspates of Parthia 117–224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 224–270 CE Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm 270–273 CE Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus 273–395 CE Roman Empire Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia 395–618 CE Byzantine Empire Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima ,Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 618–628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Shahralanyozan Shahrbaraz Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II 628–641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima ,Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 639–651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia Chronology of the Neolithic period Rulers of ancient Central Asia
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_Colorized_per_source.jpg)
%2c_Hamadan_mint.jpg)
