Gertrude Himmelfarb | |
|---|---|
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| Born | (1922-08-08)August 8, 1922 New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Died | December 30, 2019(2019-12-30) (aged 97) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Education | Brooklyn College (BA) University of Chicago (PhD) Jewish Theological Seminary Girton College, Cambridge |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2, includingBill |
| Relatives | Milton Himmelfarb (brother) |
Gertrude Himmelfarb (August 8, 1922 – December 30, 2019), also known asBea Kristol, was an American historian. She was a leader of conservative interpretations of history and historiography. She wrote extensively onintellectual history, with a focus on Great Britain and theVictorian era, as well as on contemporary society and culture.
Himmelfarb was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Bertha (née Lerner) and Max Himmelfarb, both ofRussian Jewish background.[1] She received her undergraduate degree fromBrooklyn College in 1942 and her doctorate from theUniversity of Chicago in 1950. Himmelfarb later went on to study at theUniversity of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, and theJewish Theological Seminary in New York.[2]
In 1942, she marriedIrving Kristol, known as the "godfather" ofneoconservatism, and had two children, Elizabeth Nelson andWilliam Kristol, a political commentator and editor ofThe Weekly Standard. She never changed her last name. SociologistDaniel Bell wrote that theirs was "the best marriage of our generation" and her husband wrote that he was “astonished how intellectually twinned” the two were “pursuing different subjects while thinking the same thoughts and reaching the same conclusions”.[1]
She was long involved in Jewish conservative intellectual circles.[3] Professor Emerita at theGraduate School of the City University of New York, she was the recipient of many awards and honorary degrees. She served on the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress, the Council of Academic Advisors of the American Enterprise Institute, and the Council of the National Endowment for the Humanities. She was a Fellow of the British Academy and of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences,[4] and a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society.[5] In 1991, she delivered the Jefferson Lecture under the auspices of the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2004, she was awarded theNational Humanities Medal by PresidentGeorge W. Bush. Himmelfarb died from heart failure at her home in Washington on December 30, 2019, at the age of 97.[1][6]
Himmelfarb long nurtured theneoconservative movement in U.S. politics and intellectual life; her husband, Irving Kristol, helped found the movement.[7]
Himmelfarb was a leading defender of traditional historical methods and practices. Her book,The New History and the Old (published in 1987 and revised and expanded in 2004), is a critique of the varieties of "new history" that have sought to displace the old. The "New Histories" she critiqued include:quantitative history that presumes to be more "scientific" than conventional history, but relies on partial and dubious data;[8]Marxist historiography derived from economic assumptions and class models that leave little room for the ideas and beliefs of contemporaries or the protagonists and events of history;[9] psychoanalytic history dependent on theories and speculations that violate the accepted criteria of historical evidence;[10] analytic history that reduces history to a series of isolated "moments" with no overriding narrative structure;[11]social history, "history from the bottom", that denigrates the role of politics, nationality, and individuals (the "great men" of history);[12] and, later, postmodernist history, which denies even the ideal of objectivity, viewing all of history as a "social construct" on the part of the historian.[13]
Himmelfarb criticizedA.J.P. Taylor for seeking to "demoralize" history in his 1961 bookThe Origins of the Second World War, and for refusing to recognize "moral facts" aboutinterwar Europe.[14] Himmelfarb maintained that Taylor was wrong to treatAdolf Hitler as a "normal" German leader playing by the traditional rules of diplomacy inThe Origins of the Second World War, instead of being a "world-historical" figure such asNapoleon.[14]
Himmelfarb energetically rejected postmodern academic approaches:
[Postmodernism in history] is a denial of the objectivity of the historian, of the factuality or reality of the past, and thus of the possibility of arriving at any truths about the past. For all disciplines it induces a radical skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism that denies not this or that truth about any subject but the very idea of truth – that denies even the ideal of truth, truth is something to aspire to even if it can never be fully attained.[15]
Himmelfarb was best known as a historian ofVictorian England.[16] Himmelfarb argued "for the reintroduction of traditional values such as shame, responsibility, chastity, andself-reliance, into American political life and policy-making".[17]
In an obituary,David Brooks described Himmelfarb as "The Historian of Moral Revolution".[6]
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