 | |
 Germany |  Switzerland |
|---|---|
Diplomatic relations betweenGermany andSwitzerland are Switzerland's closest. There are over 200 agreements between Switzerland and Germany; and between Switzerland and theEuropean Union (EU), of which Germany is a member.[1] Switzerland is also part of the EU'sSchengen Area which abolishes international borders between Schengen states.
The two share a border and a language (German is one of Switzerland's four official languages). More than 44,000 Germans commute across the border every day and there is strong cross border cooperation, particularly on theUpper Rhine andLake Constance.
From around the year 1000, the territories of present-day Switzerland were part of theHoly Roman Empire, which extended over large parts ofWestern andCentral Europe. However, it never constituted a state in the modern sense, but was a loose alliance of individual states and territories. In theHigh Middle Ages, the land west of the riversAare andReuss belonged toBurgundy and the land east of it to theDuchy of Swabia. As the mountainousAlpine region was far removed from any imperial authority, various territories organized themselves into alliances in the 13th and 14th centuries (Old Confederacy), which were able to emancipate themselves from the authority of theHabsburgs over time. The Confederacy saw themselves as part of the Empire and took part in theImperial Diet. However, when a Habsburg was on the throne, they distanced themselves from the emperor and drew closer to the other imperial estates. TheLuxembourg EmperorSigismund transferred theAargau from the Habsburgs to the Confederacy in 1415 and gave the Eight OldCantonsimperial immediacy.[2]
In the 15th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy alliance was increasingly seen as a unit and an independent identity was formed. In 1521, the Confederacy concluded an alliance with theKingdom of France, which made the French the protector of the Confederacy against the Habsburgs and increasingly influenced Switzerland more strongly than the Empire. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Confederacy no longer participated in the institutions of the Empire and during theThirty Years' War, the Confederacy remained neutral while the Empire was devastated. With thePeace of Westphalia in 1648, the Swiss finally broke away from the Holy Roman Empire and the formal supremacy of the Holy Roman Emperor and thus becamesovereign. However, some areas of Switzerland, such as thePrince-Bishopric of Basel, remained part of the Empire until the 1803Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.[2]
Conflict arose between the monarchistGerman Confederation and liberal Switzerland overSwiss asylum policy when Switzerland became a refuge for German revolutionaries and liberals after theCarlsbad Decrees. After the Carlsbad Decrees (1819),Metternich put Switzerland under pressure, forcing it to pass a Convention in 1823, which included surveillance of the domestic press and restrictions on the right of asylum. Austria had previously threatened to invade. During theBaden Revolution of 1848/49, there was renewed conflict whenBaden revolutionaries used Switzerland as a base, which is why theGerman Customs Union abolished the customs privileges granted in the 1830s in 1851. A conflict betweenPrussia and Switzerland was settled peacefully in 1857 after theNeuchâtel Crisis.[3]
After theunification of Germany, Switzerland tried to maintain good relations with the new great power that had emerged on its borders. UnderOtto von Bismarck, there were again disputes over Swiss asylum policy, this time over the admission ofsocialists after theSozialistengesetz. UnderWilhelm II, relations were problem-free and a state visit by Wilhelm in 1912 triggered an enthusiastic reaction inGerman-speaking Switzerland and mixed reactions inFrench-speaking Switzerland. After trade relations intensified, the Empire became Switzerland's most important trading partner and by 1910 there were already 220,000 Germans living in Switzerland. TheFirst World War divided Switzerland internally, as German-speaking Switzerland sympathized with Germany and French-speaking Switzerland with France, which was further fuelled by foreignwar propaganda. As part of its policy of neutrality, however, Switzerland remained neutral in foreign policy, which was a difficult balancing act as Switzerland only bordered on warring parties.[4]
The rise ofAdolf Hitler caused great concern in Switzerland and was only welcomed by theright-wing front movement (Frontbewegung). Hitler's promise to respectSwiss neutrality was given little credibility by the Swiss. At the same time, economic relations with Germany were of great importance to the Swiss. In 1935, the Jewish German journalistBertold Jacob-Salomon was kidnapped by theNazi regime on Swiss soil, but was released after protests by the Swiss government, which was a remarkable success for Swiss foreign policy. A year later, theGustloff affair led to furious propaganda by the Nazi press against Switzerland and the banning of theNSDAP foreign organization in Switzerland.[4]
After the start of theSecond World War, Switzerland maintained its policy of neutrality. When the country was temporarily completely surrounded by theAxis powers due to theGerman occupation of France, Switzerland's room for maneuver was severely limited. However, Switzerland announced its readiness to resist an attack on it and the Axis had other priorities during the world war, even if the National Socialists regarded Switzerland as part of aGreater Germanic Reich. Switzerland pursued a restrictive policy towards refugees from Nazi Germany and turned away numerous persecuted persons. After Hitler's defeat became apparent in 1943, Switzerland's admission policy finally became more liberal.[4]
During the years 1940 to 1945, theGerman Reichsbank exchanged 1.3 billionSwiss francs worth of gold (equivalent to approximately 18 billion francs adjusted for inflation to 2019) with Swiss banks. This transaction facilitated the acquisition of Swiss francs and other foreign currencies, which were subsequently utilized to procure strategically vital raw materials such astungsten andoil from neutral nations.[5]
On July 24, 1945, theSwiss Federal Council implemented the decision it had been preparing since May 1 and had taken on May 8: Switzerland ended its recognition of the German government. The state continued to exist for Switzerland, but was unable to act due to the lack of a government.
Due to anti-democratic activities, many Germans were expelled from the country and National Socialist organizations were banned. After the closure of all representations, Switzerland, under the leadership ofHans Zurlinden and later the former Berlin ambassador Frölicher, took over the German Representation of Interests (DIV) in Switzerland on a fiduciary basis, a kind of management for a future legitimate German state. The whole thing took place under the suspicious eyes of theAllies, who wanted to confiscate private German assets and take over the German files now under the jurisdiction of the Swiss Foreign Ministry. While the files “managed” somewhat by the Swiss were later handed over, the Allies relented on the private assets in the course of the emergingCold War.
In 1951,West Germany recognized the debts from the Nazi era and Switzerland released the blocked German state assets. German authorities gradually took over the tasks of the DIV so that it could be dissolved in 1953. A German embassy was opened again. In the early post-war period, the modern friendly neighborly relations were established.
In addition to relations with theFederal Republic of Germany (FRG), Switzerland also maintained relations with theGerman Democratic Republic (GDR) between 1972 and 1990. While the FRG was a member ofNATO during the Cold War, the GDR was a member of theWarsaw Pact. Switzerland maintained its policy of neutrality.
A dispute over fiscal matters and tax policy issues was settled with the Germany–Switzerland tax agreement in 2011.
Germany is Switzerland's most important trading partner: a third of all imports to Switzerland come from Germany (more than Switzerland's next four trading partners combined). Switzerland is also the third largest foreign investor in Germany (after otherEU states and the United States) and Swiss companies also employ 260,000 people in Germany. Germany is the fifth largest investor in Switzerland and German companies employ 94,000 people in Switzerland.[1]
The two are also each other's largest group of foreign visitors, and Switzerland is the most popular emigration destination for Germans. The German population in Switzerland is the second largest foreign group (after Italians) and the number of Swiss living in Germany has increased by 11% to 76,000. Many of these emigrants are highly qualified professionals such as university teachers.[1]
| Africa |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Americas | ||
| Asia | ||
| Europe | ||
| Oceania | ||
| Former states | ||
| Multilateral relations | ||
| Related topics | ||
Authority control databases: National |
|---|
