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 Germany |  Iran |
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| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Germany,Tehran | Embassy of Iran,Berlin |
Germany–Iran relations are thebilateral relations betweenGermany andIran. Official diplomatic relations between Iran and Germany afterWorld War II began in 1939, when Iran opened its first diplomatic mission office inBonn. Both countries'predecessor states had maintained formal diplomatic relations since the end of the 19th century. Germany has an embassy inTehran, which was originally established in the court ofNaser al-Din Shah Qajar in October 1884 and has been in the present building since 1894.[1] Iran opened its embassy inBerlin in 1885.[2] Germany and Iran continued to have political relations well into World War II. In December 2022, Germany said it was "suspending state incentives to promote trade with Iran due to the repression ofdemonstrators."[3]
Unofficial relations between theGerman Reich and Iran date to the early 19th century.Goethe's dedication of hisWest-östlicher Divan (West-Eastern Divan) toHafez in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural ties go.[4]
During theQajar era, with the increasing unpopularity of world powers in Persia such asRussia andUnited Kingdom, especially after the Treaties ofTurkmenchay andGulistan and the revolt ofGrand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi in theTobacco movement, many Iranian intellectuals began searching for a "third force", which could be relied upon as a potential ally: Germany, which had largely remained out of theGreat Game.
When Iran's first modern university was first established,Amir Kabir preferred the hiring of Austrian and German professors forDarolfonoon.[5] EvenNasereddin Shah supported the idea of hiring them to serve as Darolfonoon's faculty, despite political pressures towards the contrary.[6] In that regard, it is even written thatAmir Kabir always showed interest in discussing the structural system of Germany's government and society as a model for modernizing his country.[7]
During theConstitutionalist movement of Guilan, German soldiers were actively involved in training the popular army ofMirza Kuchak Khan.[8] Mirza's field commander was a German officer by the nameMajor Von Pashen who had joined theJangal movement after being released from a British prison inRasht: he was Mirza's closest ally. Another famous German agent in Iran (especially duringWorld War I) wasWilhelm Wassmuss, nicknamed the "German Lawrence".
Among commercial treaties, one can mention the June 6th, 1873 treaty signed inBerlin betweenPrince Bismarck and Mirza Hussein Khan.
In 1936, the head ofReichbank and the financial mastermind of Nazi Germany[who?] travelled to Tehran and many important commercial agreements were signed between the two countries. In the same year, Iranians were classified as "pure blood Aryans" and thus were excluded from theNuremberg Laws.[9] Hitler himself declared Iran to be an "Aryan country." In 1939, Nazi Germany sent over 7500 books with racial tones advocating for greater collaboration between AryanPersians and Germans.[10][11]Iranian railways were constructed by German engineers. Railway companies were specifically ordered to avoid employing any person of Jewish descent in any of its subdivisions. Many gentile anti-Semites were preparing for the Johoudkoshan (Massacre of the Jews) and were warning Jews in the streets to leave Iran while they could. Nazi Germany had nightly broadcasts in Persian and was calling many leading Iranian politicians who had anti-German tendencies "crypto-Jews". Bahram Shahrukh, who was employed by German radio, performed fiery anti-Jewish broadcasts every night. In Purim 1941, Shahrukh promoted the idea of revenge for the massacre of the Purim in biblical times and suggested his Iranian followers attack the Jews. Nightly newspapers were distributed in Tehran and swastikas were often painted on Jewish homes and shops. In that time, Iranians had a very similar anti-Semitic worldview. While the Nazis villainized the Jews, Persians had a deep rooted hatred towards Arabs.
In order to fight the growing racialantisemitism among the Iranian population, many Jews and Arabs joined theTudeh party and advocated forcommunism. Even though Jews comprised less than two percent of the Iranian population, almost fifty percent of the members of the Tudeh party were Jewish. The Tudeh party was the only Iranian political party to accept Jews. Most writers for publications of the party were Jewish. Furthermore, many Iranian Jews viewed communism as a Jewish movement since many leading members of the communist revolution in Russia were Jewish and were looked upon favorably by Persian Jews.
The shelling of Iran's parliament by the Russians and the signing of the 1919 treaty firmly planted the roots of suspicion against Britain and Russia. Many people were aware ofWilhelm II's speech inDamascus in 1898 calling on all Muslims to rely on him as a true friend.[12] By the early 1930s,Reza Shah or the elder Reza Pahlavi's economic ties withNazi Germany began worrying the Allied states. Germany's modern state and economy highly impressed the Shah, and there were hundreds of Germans involved in every aspect of the state from setting up factories to building roads, railroads and bridges.[13]
Abdol Hossein Sardari, an Iranian junior diplomat, tried to save manyPersian Jews from extermination by convincing many Nazi officials to leave them alone.[14] Sardari was stationed in Paris at the time of the Nazi occupation.[15] His efforts led the Nazis to issue a directive that Iranian Jews should be exempt from wearing the yellow star of David. It is said that Sardari gave out between 500 and 1,000 Iranian passports, without the consent of his superiors. His actions are believed to have saved 2,000 to 3,000 Jewish lives, as passports were issued for entire families.[14]
In 1939, Germany provided Iran with the so-called German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books selected "to convince Iranian readers... of the kinship between the National Socialist Reich and the Aryan culture of Iran".[16] In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of theFührerprinzip.[17]
For many decades, Iran and Germany had cultivated ties, partly as a counter to the imperial ambitions of Britain and Russia (later the Soviet Union). Trading with the Germans appealed to Iran because they did not have a history of imperialism in the region, unlike the British and the Russians.
From 1939 to 1941, Iran's top foreign trade partner (nearly 50% of its total trade) was Germany, which helped Iran in opening modern sea and air communications with the rest of the world.[18]
Demands from the Allies for the expulsion of German residents in Iran, mostly workers and diplomats, were refused by the Shah. A British embassy report in 1940, estimated that there were almost 1,000 German nationals in Iran.[19] According to Iran'sEttelaat newspaper, there were actually 690 German nationals in Iran (out of a total of 4,630 foreigners, including 2,590 British).[20] Jean Beaumont estimates that "probably more than 3,000" Germans actually lived in Iran, but they were believed to have a disproportionate influence because of their employment in strategic government industries and Iran's transport and communications network".[21]: 215–216
However, the Iranians also began to reduce their trade with the Germans under Allied demands.[22][23] Reza Shah even though in close ties with Axis, sought to appear neutral and to keep the Allies close, which was becoming increasingly difficult with the British and Soviet demands on Iran. Many British forces were already present inIraq as a result of theAnglo-Iraqi War earlier in 1941. Thus, British troops were stationed on the western border of Iran prior to the invasion.
In 1941, because of his heavy Nazi tendencies, and out of fear of another genocide of semites taking place, the Allies forced Reza Shah to abdicate the throne to his son,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. His followers, who refused the British occupation of Iran, such asFazlollah Zahedi[24] andMohammad Hosein Airom, shared similar fates. The British believed that Zahedi was planning a mass uprising against Allies, in cooperation with Nazi forces. He was arrested and found with German weapons and correspondence from a German agent. He was flown out of the country and interned in Palestine.
Postwar, Iran fell as hard as other Axis members. It came under the inescapable diplomatic shadow of theUnited States, which reduced the chances of further deepening relations betweenTehran andBonn. Many Nazi generals and soldiers who fled the war, sought refuge in Iran, resulting in the continuation of Nazi ideologies and organizations in Iran. In commercial links,West Germany still remained well ahead of other European countries, even the United States, until 1974.[citation needed]
In 1972, after the visit toTehran of West German ChancellorWilly Brandt, Iran and West Germany signed an economic agreement to provide for Iranian exports of oil and natural gas to Germany, with West German exports to and investments in Iran in return. However, given its huge surplus in foreign trade in 1974 and 1975, the Iranian government bought 25% of the shares ofKrupp Hüttenwerke (German forsmelting plants), the steel subsidiary of the German conglomerate Krupp, in September 1974. That provided the much-needed cash injection to Krupp, it also gave Iran access to German expertise to expand itssteel industry. Iran'sBushehr nuclear power plant was also designed and partially built by the GermanKraftwerk Union ofSiemens, meanwhile, an agreement was inked. Along with the agreement, a letter of intent was also signed on November 10 by which theWest German firm would construct four new 1,200-megawatt nuclear power stations in Iran over the next ten years. The letter was signed by theAtomic Energy Organization of Iran and a director ofSiemens on behalf of Kraftwerk Union. The four new plants were to be built in pairs, two inIsfahan and two in theMarkazi Province, probably nearSaveh. The target date for the first plant to go on stream was 1984, with another plant expected to become operational in each of the following three years. Kraftwerk Union was already building two similar-sized nuclear power stations nearBushehr on thePersian Gulf, while a French consortium headed by theCreusot-Loire subsidiaryFramatome was building two 900-megawatt nuclear plants along theKarun River south ofAhvaz.[25]
In 1975, West Germany became the second supplier of non-military goods to Iran. Valued at $404 million, West German imports amounted to nearly one-fifth of total Iranian imports.[26]
Hans-Dietrich Genscher was the first Westernforeign minister to visit Iran after theIslamic Revolution in 1979, visiting Iran in 1984.
AlthoughWest Germany was a key technology supplier toSaddam Hussein during theIran–Iraq War, especially to Saddam's chemical weapons program,[27][28][29] Germany also kept open relations with Iran in some industrial and civilian technological sectors.
After the war, Germany increasingly became a primary trading partner of Iran, with German goods worth about 3.6 billioneuros being imported into Iran in 2004.
The 1992Mykonos restaurant assassinations and Mykonos Trial in Berlin severely soured relations. On September 17, 1992,Kurdish Iranian insurgent leadersSadegh Sharafkandi, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan and their translator Nouri Dehkordi were assassinated at the Mykonos Greek restaurant, inBerlin,Germany. In the Mykonos trial, the courts foundKazem Darabi, an Iranian national, who worked as a grocer in Berlin, and theLebanese Abbas Rhayel, guilty of murder and sentenced them to life in prison. Two other Lebanese, Youssef Amin and Mohamed Atris, were convicted of being accessories to murder. In its 10 April 1997 ruling, the court issued an international arrest warrant for Iranian intelligence minister Hojjat al-IslamAli Fallahian[30] after it declared that the assassination had been ordered by him with knowledge of Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei and PresidentAyatollah Rafsanjani.[31]
In a 2004 letter to Berlin MayorKlaus Wowereit,Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the then mayor ofTehran, objected to the commemorative plaque in front of the restaurant and called it an insult to Iran.[32]
In 1999, a German, Helmut Hofer, was arrested inTehran after he had an affair with an Iranian woman. That caused some tremors in the domestic political landscape and the diplomatic relations of Tehran-Berlin.[33]
That was followed in 2005, when a German angler on vacation in theUnited Arab Emirates was arrested in thePersian Gulf and convicted to a prison sentence of 18 months. In 2009 a German lawyer, Andreas Moser, was arrested during the protests against the 2009 elections but was released after one week.[34] Also in 2005, the hardline Iranian PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad stirred relations with comments directed against the JewishHolocaust.[35] However, Tehran's tensions with Germany and most of the rest of Europe have eased considerably in recent years after the election of the more moderateHassan Rouhani as president in 2013.
On 4 February 2006, the day that theInternational Atomic Energy Agency Board of Governors voted to refer ("report") Iran's case to theUnited Nations Security Council,German ChancellorAngela Merkel told the annualMunich Conference on Security Policy that the world must act to stop Iran from developing a nuclear bomb.[36] With Germany having been one of the threeEuropean Union countries that had negotiated with Iran for two-and-a-half years in a bid to persuade Iran to stop itsuranium enrichment program, Merkel said that Iran was a threat to both Europe and Israel.[37]
In July 2015, Germany was theonly non-UNSC nation that signed, along with the fiveUN Security Council'sfive permanent members, theJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran, an agreement on theIranian nuclear program. Following theU.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA in May 2018, Germany, along with the two other EU state signatories to the JCPOA (E3), issued a joint statement, which said, "It is with regret and concern that we, the Leaders of France, Germany and the United Kingdom take note of PresidentTrump’s decision to withdraw the United States of America from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Together, we emphasise our continuing commitment to the JCPoA. This agreement remains important for our shared security"[38]
In January 2020, Germany was among the E3 states that jointly formally informed the EU that they had registered their "concerns that Iran [was] not meeting its commitments under the JCPoA" and thereby triggered the dispute resolution mechanism under the JCPOA, a move that they said had "the overarching objective of preserving the JCPoA".[39] The move was thought to be aimed at pushing the sides back to the negotiating table.[40]
In September 2020, in the first coordinated move by the three countries, Germany, France and the UK summoned Iranian ambassadors in a joint diplomatic protest against Iran's detention of dual nationals and its treatment of political prisoners.[41] In December 2020, Iran's Foreign Ministry summoned the envoys from France and Germany, which held the EU rotatingpresidency, to protest French and EU criticism of the execution of the journalistRuhollah Zam.[42]
On 3 November 2022,amid severe crackdown on protests by the Iranian government, the German government urged German citizens (concerning, "above all", dual German-Iranian citizens) to leave Iran, upon reported risks of arbitrary detentions and long prison terms.[43] In November, the German parliament passed a comprehensive package of measures against the Islamic Republic following a session on the current situation in Iran, intended to increase pressure on the regime in Tehran.[44]
In response to Iran sentencing German nationalJamshid Sharmahd to death in February 2023, Germany summoned Iran'schargé d'affaires, declared two employees of the Iranian embassy personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country.[45]Annalena Baerbock said that Germany would "not accept this massive breach of a German citizen's rights."[46] In retaliation, Iran declared two German diplomats as personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country, accusing Germany of interfering in its judicial affairs.[47]
In April 2024, Iran’s foreign ministry summoned the ambassadors of Britain, France, and Germany to question what it referred to as their "irresponsible stance" regarding itsdrone and missile attack against Israel.[48]
In July 2024, Iran's foreign ministry summoned the German ambassador over Germany's decision to ban the Islamic Centre Hamburg (IZH) association; theFederal Ministry of the Interior had argued the IZH acted as a direct representative of Iran's Supreme Leader and sought to bring about an Islamic revolution in Germany that would create theocratic rule.[49]
In October 2024, Germany announced that it would shut all three Iranian consulates on its territory in reaction to the execution of German-Iranian nationalJamshid Sharmahd but allowed the embassy to remain open.[50]
In June 2025, German ChancellorFriedrich Merz praisedIsraeli strikes on Iran and stated that Israel is "doing the dirty work for us" in Iran.[51] The Iranian government described the comments by Merz as "shameful", and summoned the German ambassador in response.[52]
On 1 July 2025, a Danish citizen was arrested in Germany for allegedlyspying for Iran, collecting information for a possible attack on Jews in Germany.[53]
Around 50 German firms have their own branch offices in Iran, and more than 12,000 firms have their own trade representatives in Iran. Several renowned German companies are involved in major Iranian infrastructure projects,l especially in the petrochemical sector, likeLinde,BASF,Lurgi,Krupp,Siemens,ZF Friedrichshafen,Mercedes,Volkswagen andMAN (2008).[54]
In 2005, Germany had the largest share of Iran's export market with $5.67 billion (14.4%).[55] In 2008, German exports to Iran increased 8.9% and were 84.7% of the total German-Iranian trade volume.
The overall bilateral trade volume until the end of September 2008 stood at 3.23 billioneuros, compared to 2.98 billion euros the previous year.[54][56] The value of trade between Tehran and Berlin has increased from around 4.3 billion euro in 2009 to nearly 4.7 billion euro in 2010.[57] According to German sources, around 80% of machinery and equipment in Iran is of German origin.[58]
The German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) has estimated that economicsanctions against Iran may cost more than 10,000 German jobs and have a negative impact on the economic growth of Germany. Sanctions would hurt especially medium-sized German companies, which depend heavily on trade with Iran.[54]
There has been a shift in German business ties with Iran from long-term business to short-term and from large to mid-sized companies that have fewer business interests in the US and thus are less prone to American political pressure.[59] Around 100 German companies have branches in Iran and more than 1000 businesses work through sales agents, according to the German-Iranian Chamber of Industry and Commerce.[60]
After the official agreement between Iran and the West during theIran nuclear deal, Germany's economic relations with Iran began increasing once more. German exports to Iran grew more than 27% from 2015 to 2016.[61]
On 20 October 2018, theAssociation of German Banks stated that exports from Germany to Iran have reduced to 1.8 billion euros since January.[62]
In 2022, Germany cancelled all export guarantees for companies dealing with Iran as a reaction to violent protests in the Islamic republic. German business deals with Iran were booming prior to 2022, as it exported €1.2 billion worth of goods, mostly automobile parts and pharmaceuticals. Iran has the largest automotive market in the Middle East region and many of the world’s car makers intend to enter or re-enter Iran’s market after sanctions are lifted.[63][64]
In March 2025, Germany’sFederal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) issued a supervisory notice addressing the risks posed by circumvention transactions in the context of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing. These transactions are designed to bypass legal or regulatory restrictions, often by concealing the origin of funds or disguising the identity of involved entities. Within this notice, Iran was the only country explicitly identified as a high-risk focus. BaFin emphasized the need for German financial institutions to exercise heightened scrutiny over transactions potentially linked to Iranian trade, citing the risk of circumventinginternational sanctions. This focus is informed in part by findings of theFinancial Action Task Force (FATF), which hasrepeatedly cited Iran for systemic deficiencies in countering money laundering and thefinancing of terrorism.[65]
The Nazis found a favorable climate amongst the Iranian elite to spread fascistic and racist propaganda. The Nazi propaganda machine advocated the (supposedly) common Aryan ancestry of "the two Nations." In order to further cultivate racist tendencies, in 1936 the Reich Cabinet issued a special decree exempting Iranians from the restrictions of the Nuremberg Racial Laws on the grounds that they were 'pure-blooded' Aryans ... In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn among Reza Shah, Hitler, and Mussolini to emphasize the charismatic resemblance among these leaders.
