Country in Central Europe
"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For the country from 1949–1990, see
West Germany .
Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German ) Anthem: "Das Lied der Deutschen " [ a] Show globe Show map of Europe Location of Germany (dark green)
– inEurope (light green & dark grey)European Union (light green)
Capitaland largest city
Berlin [ b] 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E /52.517; 13.383 Official languages German [ c] Demonym(s) German Government Federalparliamentary republic [ 4] Frank-Walter Steinmeier Olaf Scholz Legislature Bundestag ,Bundesrat [ d] Area • Total
357,596 km2 (138,069 sq mi)[ 6] 63rd ) • Water (%)
1.27[ 5] Population • Q3 2024 estimate
[ 7] • 2022 census
[ 8] 19th )• Density
234/km2 (606.1/sq mi) (58th ) GDP (PPP ) 2024 estimate • Total
[ 9] 6th )• Per capita
[ 9] 22nd )GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate • Total
[ 9] 3rd )• Per capita
[ 9] 17th )Gini (2023) [ 10] low inequality HDI (2022) [ 11] very high 7th )Currency Euro (€ ) (EUR )Time zone UTC +1CET )UTC +2CEST )Date format Day, month, year Year, month, day Calling code +49 ISO 3166 code DE Internet TLD .de
Germany ,[ e] Federal Republic of Germany ,[ f] Central Europe . It lies between theBaltic Sea and theNorth Sea to the north and theAlps to the south. Its sixteenconstituent states have a total population of over 82 million in an area of 357,596 km2 (138,069 sq mi), making it the most populousmember state of the European Union . It bordersDenmark to the north,Poland and theCzech Republic to the east,Austria andSwitzerland to the south, andFrance ,Luxembourg ,Belgium , and theNetherlands to the west. Thenation's capital andmost populous city isBerlin and its mainfinancial centre isFrankfurt ; the largest urban area is theRuhr .
Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in theLower Paleolithic , with various tribes inhabiting it from theNeolithic onward, chiefly theCelts . VariousGermanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany sinceclassical antiquity . A region namedGermania was documented before AD 100. In 962, theKingdom of Germany formed the bulk of theHoly Roman Empire . During the 16th century,northern German regions became the centre of theProtestant Reformation . Following theNapoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, theGerman Confederation was formed in 1815.
Formalunification of Germany into the modernnation-state commenced on 18 August 1866 with theNorth German Confederation Treaty establishing thePrussia -ledNorth German Confederation , which became theGerman Empire in 1871. AfterWorld War I and theGerman Revolution of 1918–1919 , the Empire was replaced by theWeimar Republic . TheNazi rise to power in 1933 led to the establishment ofa totalitarian dictatorship ,World War II , andthe Holocaust . In 1949,after the war anda period of Allied occupation , Germany was organized intotwo separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, orWest Germany , and the German Democratic Republic, orEast Germany . Berlin continued itsde jure Four Power status . The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of theEuropean Economic Community and theEuropean Union in 1951, while the German Democratic Republic was a communistEastern Bloc state and member of theWarsaw Pact . Afterthe fall of thecommunist led-government in East Germany,German reunification saw theformer East German states join the Federal Republic of Germany on3 October 1990 .
Germany has been described as agreat power witha strong economy ; it has thelargest economy in Europe by nominal GDP . As a global power in industrial,scientific and technological sectors, it is both the world'sthird-largest exporter andimporter . As adeveloped country , itoffers social security ,a universal health care system , andtuition-free university education . Germany is part ofmultiple international organizations and forums . It has thethird-highest number of UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites :54 , of which 51 are cultural.
Etymology The English wordGermany derives from theLatin Germania Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of theRhine .[ 13] German termDeutschland diutisciu land deutsch cf. Dutch Old High German diutisc diot diota language of the common people from Latin andits Romance descendants . This in turn descends fromProto-Germanic *þiudiskaz 'of the people' (see also the Latinised formTheodiscus *þeudō , descended fromProto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- Teutons [ 14]
History
Prehistory Pre-human ancestors, theDanuvius guggenmosi [ 15] [ 16] Neanderthal ) was discovered in theNeander Valley .[ 17] Swabian Jura , including 42,000-year-oldflutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,[ 18] Lion Man ,[ 19] Venus of Hohle Fels .[ 20] [ 21] Nebra sky disk , created during theEuropean Bronze Age , has been attributed to a German site.[ 22]
Basilica of Constantine inTrier (Augusta Treverorum TheGermanic peoples are thought to haveemerged from theJastorf culture during theNordic Bronze Age or earlyIron Age .[ 23] [ 24] Scandinavia andnorthern Germany , they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with theCeltic ,Iranian ,Baltic , andSlavic tribes.[ 25] [ 26] La Tène culture . They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors.[ 27]
UnderAugustus , theRoman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province ofGermania between the Rhine andElbe rivers. In 9 AD, threeRoman legions weredefeated byArminius in theBattle of the Teutoburg Forest .[ 28] Germania and is thus considered one of the most important events inEuropean history .[ 29] Tacitus wroteGermania Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of modern Germany. However,Baden-Württemberg , southernBavaria , southernHesse and the westernRhineland hadbeen incorporated intoRoman provinces .[ 30] [ 31] [ 32]
Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.[ 33] Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established theFrankish Kingdom and pushed east to subjugateSaxony andBavaria . Areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited byWestern Slavic tribes.[ 30]
East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire East Francia in 843Martin Luther , born inEisleben in 1483, challenged the indulgences of theCatholic Church , giving rise to theReformation andProtestantism .Charlemagne founded theCarolingian Empire in 800; it wasdivided in 843 .[ 34] East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.[ 34] Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several majorduchies .[ 35] Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousinOtto III , whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy andBurgundy under theSalian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through theInvestiture Controversy .[ 36]
Under theHohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (Ostsiedlung [ 37] Hanseatic League , mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.[ 38] Great Famine in 1315, followed by theBlack Death of 1348–1350.[ 39] Golden Bull issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by sevenprince-electors .[ 40]
Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for thedemocratization of knowledge .[ 41] Martin Luther incited the Protestant Reformation andhis translation of the Bible began the standardization of the language; the 1555Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (Lutheranism ), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (cuius regio, eius religio [ 42] Cologne War through theThirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.[ 43] [ 44]
ThePeace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among theImperial Estates .[ 43] Imperial Reforms (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a strongerImperial Diet .[ 45] House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death ofCharles VI in 1740. Following theWar of the Austrian Succession and theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle , Charles VI's daughterMaria Theresa ruled asempress consort when her husband,Francis I , became emperor.[ 46] [ 47]
From 1740,dualism between the AustrianHabsburg monarchy and theKingdom of Prussia dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with theRussian Empire , agreed to thePartitions of Poland .[ 48] [ 49] French Revolutionary Wars , theNapoleonic era and the subsequentfinal meeting of the Imperial Diet , most of theFree Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 theImperium Napoleonic Wars .[ 50]
German Confederation and Empire TheGerman Confederation in 1815 Following the fall ofNapoleon , theCongress of Vienna founded the German Confederation, a loose league of39 sovereign states . The appointment of theemperor of Austria as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection ofPrussia 's rising influence. Disagreement withinrestoration politics partly led to the rise ofliberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesmanKlemens von Metternich .[ 51] [ 52] Zollverein [ 53] revolutionary movements in Europe , intellectuals and commoners started therevolutions of 1848 in the German states , raising the German question. KingFrederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.[ 54]
Berlin Palace , the main residence of theHouse of Hohenzollern KingWilliam I appointedOtto von Bismarck as theMinister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded thewar with Denmark in 1864 ; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in theAustro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create theNorth German Confederation which excludedAustria . After the defeat of France in theFranco-Prussian War , the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.[ 55] [ 56]
In theGründerzeit chancellor of Germany secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.[ 56] Wilhelm II , Germany took animperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.[ 57] A dual alliance was created with themultinational realm ofAustria-Hungary ; theTriple Alliance of 1882 included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[ 58] Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed severalcolonies includingGerman East Africa ,German South West Africa ,Togoland , andKamerun .[ 59] China .[ 60] Namibia ), from 1904 to 1908, carried out theannihilation of the local Herero and Nama peoples as punishment for an uprising;[ 61] [ 62] [ 63] genocide .[ 62]
The assassination ofAustria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and triggerWorld War I . After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,[ 64] a general armistice ended the fighting. In theGerman Revolution (November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princesabdicated their positions, and Germany was declared afederal republic . Germany's new leadership signed theTreaty of Versailles in 1919, accepting defeat by theAllies . Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise ofAdolf Hitler .[ 65] [ 66]
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler , dictator ofNazi Germany from 1933 to 1945On 11 August 1919, PresidentFriedrich Ebert signed the democraticWeimar Constitution .[ 67] Communists briefly seized power in Bavaria and a few larger cities, while conservative elements failed to overthrow the central government in the 1920Kapp Putsch . Theoccupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and a period ofhyperinflation followed. Aplan to restructure Germany's war reparations and the creation ofa new currency in 1924 helped stabilise the government and ushered in theGolden Twenties , an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.[ 68] [ 69] [ 70]
The worldwideGreat Depression hit Germany in 1929, and by 1932 the unemployment rate had risen to 24%.[ 71] Nazi Party led byAdolf Hitler became the largest party in the Reichstag afterthe election of July 1932 , andPresident Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933.[ 72] Reichstag fire ,a decree abrogated basiccivil rights , and the firstNazi concentration camp opened.[ 73] [ 74] Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,[ 75] totalitarian state ,withdrew from the League of Nations , and dramatically increased the country'srearmament .[ 76] Autobahn [ 77]
In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced theNuremberg Laws which targetedJews and other minorities.[ 78] Saarland in 1935,[ 79] remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936,annexed Austria in 1938,annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with theMunich Agreement , and in violation of the agreementoccupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939.[ 80] Kristallnacht [ 81]
In August 1939,Hitler's government negotiated theMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into German andSoviet spheres of influence.[ 82] invaded Poland , beginningWorld War II in Europe ;[ 83] [ 84] conquered Denmark and Norway ,the Netherlands ,Belgium ,Luxembourg , andFrance , forcing the French government to sign anarmistice . The British repelled German air attacks in theBattle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troopsinvaded Yugoslavia ,Greece and theSoviet Union . By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most ofcontinental Europe andNorth Africa , but following the Soviet victory at theBattle of Stalingrad , the Alliedreconquest of North Africa andinvasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Sovietspushed into Eastern Europe ; the Western allieslanded in France and entered Germany despite afinal German counteroffensive . FollowingHitler's suicide during theBattle of Berlin ,Germany signed the surrender document on 8 May 1945,ending World War II in Europe [ 83] [ 85] war crimes at theNuremberg trials .[ 86] [ 87]
In what later became known asthe Holocaust , the German government persecutedminorities , including interning them in concentration anddeath camps across Europe. The regime systematically murdered 6 million Jews, at least 130,000Romani , 275,000disabled , thousands ofJehovah's Witnesses , thousands ofhomosexuals , and hundreds of thousands ofpolitical and religious opponents .[ 88] Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 millionPoles ,[ 89] Ukrainians , 1 millionBelarusians and 3.5 millionSoviet prisoners of war .[ 90] [ 86] German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million,[ 91] [ 92] ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughlyone-quarter of its pre-war territory.[ 93]
East and West Germany Thefall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 was one of the first developments in the end of theCold War , leading ultimately to the dissolution of theSoviet Union . After the surrender of Nazi Germany, theAllies de jure abolished the German state and partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, theUnited Kingdom , and theUnited States , were merged on 23 May 1949 to form theFederal Republic of Germany (German :Bundesrepublik Deutschland ); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became theGerman Democratic Republic (GDR) (Deutsche Demokratische Republik [ 94] East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany choseBonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.[ 95]
West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with asocial market economy . In 1948, West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the AmericanMarshall Plan .[ 96] Konrad Adenauer was elected the firstfederal chancellor of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth (Wirtschaftswunder [ 97] NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of theEuropean Economic Community .[ 98] Saarland joined West Germany.[ 99]
East Germany was anEastern Bloc state under political and military control by theSoviet Union via occupation forces and theWarsaw Pact . Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro Socialist Unity Party of Germany , supported by theStasi [ 100] East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[ 101] Berlin Wall , built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of theCold War .[ 102]
Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by ChancellorWilly Brandt 'sOstpolitik [ 103] Iron Curtain andopen its border with Austria , causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regularmass demonstrations received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of theWende Two Plus Four Treaty German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of thefive re-established states of the former GDR.[ 104] fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 became a symbol of theFall of Communism , thedissolution of the Soviet Union , German reunification andDie Wende [ 105]
Reunified Germany and the European Union TheBerlin/Bonn Act madeBerlin thecapital of Germany again, with theReichstag becoming the seat of theGerman parliament in 1999. United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation ofWest Germany , so it retained its memberships in international organisations.[ 106] Berlin/Bonn Act (1994),Berlin again became thecapital of Germany , whileBonn obtained the unique status of aBundesstadt [ 107] [ 108] [ 109]
Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in theEuropean Union , signing theMaastricht Treaty in 1992 and theLisbon Treaty in 2007,[ 110] eurozone .[ 111] Balkans and sentGerman troops toAfghanistan as part of a NATO effort to providesecurity in that country after the ousting of theTaliban .[ 112] [ 113]
In the2005 elections ,Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.[ 114] European integration , theenergy transition (Energiewende sustainable energy supply, thedebt brake for balanced budgets, measures to increase thefertility rate (pronatalism ), andhigh-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised asIndustry 4.0 .[ 115] 2015 European migrant crisis , the country took in over a million refugees and migrants.[ 116]
Geography A physical map of Germany Germany is theseventh-largest country in Europe .[ 4] Denmark to the north,Poland and theCzech Republic to the east,Austria andSwitzerland to the south, andFrance ,Luxembourg ,Belgium , and theNetherlands to the west. Germany is also bordered by theNorth Sea and, at the north-northeast, by theBaltic Sea . German territory covers 357,596 km2 (138,069 sq mi).[ 6] Zugspitze at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee Ostsee Neuendorf-Sachsenbande ,Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level[ 117] Danube and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal,potash , timber,lignite ,uranium , copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.[ 4]
Climate Most of Germany has atemperate climate , ranging fromoceanic in the north and west tocontinental in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.[ 118]
From February 2019–2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.[ 119] [ 120] [ 121]
Climate change in Germany is leading to long-term impacts on agriculture, more intenseheatwaves andcoldwaves , flash andcoastal flooding , and reduced water availability.[ 122] [ 123]
Biodiversity Berchtesgaden National Park inBavaria The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrialecoregions :Atlantic mixed forests ,Baltic mixed forests ,Central European mixed forests ,Western European broadleaf forests , andAlps conifer and mixed forests .[ 124] [update] [ 125]
Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory,beeches ,oaks , and otherdeciduous trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% areconifers , particularlyspruce andpine .[ 126] ferns ,flowers ,fungi , andmosses . Wild animals includeroe deer ,wild boar ,mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep),fox ,badger ,hare , and small numbers of theEurasian beaver .[ 127] cornflower was once a Germannational symbol .[ 128]
The16 national parks in Germany include theJasmund National Park , theVorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , theMüritz National Park , theWadden Sea National Parks , theHarz National Park , theHainich National Park , theBlack Forest National Park , theSaxon Switzerland National Park , theBavarian Forest National Park and theBerchtesgaden National Park .[ 129] 17 Biosphere Reserves ,[ 130] 105 nature parks .[ 131] 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany.[ 132] Berlin Zoo , which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[ 133]
Politics Germany is afederal ,parliamentary ,representative democratic republic. Federallegislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of theBundestag Bundesrat Bundestag direct elections using themixed-member proportional representation system. The members of theBundesrat [ 4] Grundgesetz Bundestag Bundesrat rule of law , are valid in perpetuity.[ 134]
The president , who has beenFrank-Walter Steinmeier since 2017, is thehead of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by theBundesversammlung Bundestag [ 4] German order of precedence is theBundestagspräsident President of the Bundestag ), who is elected by theBundestag [ 135] head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by theBundespräsident Bundestag [ 4] The chancellor , who has beenOlaf Scholz since 2021, is the head of government and exercisesexecutive power throughhis Cabinet .[ 4]
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by theChristian Democratic Union and theSocial Democratic Party of Germany . So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberalFree Democratic Party and theAlliance 90/The Greens have also been junior partners incoalition governments . Since 2007, the democratic socialist partyThe Left has been a staple in the GermanBundestag 2017 German federal election , the right-wing populistAlternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.[ 136] [ 137]
Constituent states Germany is afederation and comprises sixteenconstituent states which are collectively referred to asLänder [ 138] Land [ 139] [ 138] [update] districts (Kreise rural districts and 107urban districts .[ 140]
State Capital Area[ 141] Population[ 8] Nominal GDP [ 142] Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2023)[ 143] km2 mi2 Billions EUR (2023) Share of Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751 13,804 11,104,040
615.071
14.92
54,339
Bavaria Munich 70,550 27,240 13,038,724
768.469
18.65
57,343
Berlin Berlin 892 344 3,596,999
193.219
4.69
51,209
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 11,449 2,534,075
97.477
2.37
37,814
Bremen Bremen 420 162 693,204
39.252
0.95
56,981
Hamburg Hamburg 755 292 1,808,846
150.575
3.65
79,176
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 8,153 6,207,278
351.139
8.52
54,806
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,214 8,963 1,570,817
59.217
1.44
36,335
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,593 18,376 7,943,265
363.109
8.81
44,531
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,113 13,171 17,890,489
839.084
20.36
46,194
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854 7,666 4,094,169
174.249
4.23
41,797
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 992 1,006,864
41.348
1.00
41,617
Saxony Dresden 18,416 7,110 4,038,131
155.982
3.78
38,143
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452 7,897 2,146,443
78.38
1.90
35,911
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,802 6,101 2,927,542
118.68
2.88
40,090
Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 6,256 2,110,396
75.909
1.84
35,715
Germany Berlin 357,386 137,988 82,719,540 4,121.16 100 48,750
Law Germany has acivil law system based onRoman law with some references toGermanic law .[ 144] Bundesverfassungsgericht judicial review .[ 145] inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice for civil and criminal cases, along with theFederal Labour Court ,Federal Social Court ,Federal Fiscal Court , andFederal Administrative Court for other matters.[ 146]
Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in theStrafgesetzbuch Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public.[ 147] lay judges (Schöffen [ 148] [ 149]
In 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000.[ 150] crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.[ 151]
Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 2017, andLGBT rights are generally protected in the country.[ 152]
Foreign relations Germany hosted the2022 G7 summit atSchloss Elmau inBavaria . Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad[ 153] [ 154] Council of Europe ,NATO , theOECD , theG7 , theG20 , theWorld Bank and theIMF . It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained astrong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.[ 155] [ 156] [ 157] are close political allies .[ 158] Atlanticism .[ 159]
After 1990,Germany and Russia worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in whichenergy development became one of the most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia.[ 160] [ 161]
Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[ 162] second-biggest aid donor in 2019 after the United States.[ 163]
Military A GermanTPz Fuchs armoured personnel carrier Germany's military, theBundeswehr Heer KSK ),Marine Luftwaffe Cyber- und Informationsraum [ 164] seventh-highest in the world .[ 165] Russian invasion of Ukraine , Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.[ 166] [ 167] [ 168]
As of May 2024[update] Bundeswehr [ 169] [ 170] military service was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[ 171] [ 172] [ 173] Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , Germany was thefifth-largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2019 to 2023.[ 174]
In peacetime, theBundeswehr state of defence , the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of theBundeswehr [ 175] Bundeswehr Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994, the term "defence" has been defined not only to include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding thesecurity of Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017,[update] Daesh , 980 in the NATO-ledResolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 inKosovo .[ 176] [ 177]
Economy Frankfurt , a leading business andfinancial centre in Europe and the seat of theEuropean Central Bank [ 178] Germany has asocial market economy with a highly skilledlabour force , a low level ofcorruption ,[ 179] innovation .[ 180] largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP , which is also the world'sthird-largest economy by nominal GDP [ 181] sixth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP .[ 182] [ 183] country's service sector contributes approximately 72% of the total GDP, industry 27%—with Germany having thelargest manufacturing sector in Europe —andagriculture 1% as of 2023[update] [ 4] Eurostat amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020[update] fourth-lowest in the EU .[ 184]
Germany is part of theEuropean single market which represents more than 450 million consumers.[ 185] eurozone economy according to theInternational Monetary Fund .[ 186] euro , in 2002.[ 187] European Central Bank ,[ 188] Frankfurt .[ 178] third-largest exporter andthird-largest importer ,[ 189] second-largest trade surplus after China.Its largest trade partners in 2024 were the United States, China, and the Netherlands.[ 190] Germany's main exports are vehicles, machinery, and chemical goods.[ 191]
TheGerman automotive industry is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world.[ 192] sixth-largest by production and largest by export value in 2023.[ 193] Volkswagen Group , the world'ssecond-largest automotive manufacturer by vehicle production .[ 194]
Then-chancellorAngela Merkel at the 2013Electromobility Summit in Berlin. All new cars sold in Germany must bezero-emission vehicles by 2035.[ 195] Of the world's 500 largest stock market-listed companies by revenue in 2023, theFortune Global 500[ 196] DAX , the German stock market index which is operated by theFrankfurt Stock Exchange .[ 197] Mercedes-Benz ,BMW ,Volkswagen ,Audi ,Porsche ,Opel ,Siemens ,Allianz ,Adidas ,Puma ,Hugo Boss ,SAP ,Bosch andDeutsche Telekom .[ 198] Berlin is ahub forstartup companies and has become the leading location for venture capital-funded firms in the European Union.[ 199] small and medium enterprises , known as theMittelstand [ 200] hidden champions .[ 201]
Research and development efforts form an integral part of the German economy,[ 202] ranking fourth in research and development expenditure since 2005.[ 203] ranked fourth globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published[ 204] Nature Index in 2023.[ 205] Max Planck Society , theHelmholtz Association , theFraunhofer Society , and theLeibniz Association .[ 206] European Space Agency .[ 207] Global Innovation Index in 2024.[ 208]
Infrastructure AnICE 3 train on theCologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line , with operating speed up to 300 km/h (190 mph) With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.[ 209] densest in Europe .[ 210] Autobahn ) is widely known for having no general federally mandatedspeed limit for some classes of vehicles.[ 211] Intercity Express orICE train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph).[ 212] Frankfurt Airport ,Munich Airport andBerlin Brandenburg Airport .[ 213] Port of Hamburg is thethird-busiest port in Europe and one of the twentylargest container ports in the world .[ 214]
Windmills behindLisberg Castle In 2019[update] [ 215] nuclear power plants were phased out in 2023.[ 216] renewable sources (2018),[ 217] solar panels andoffshore wind .[ 218] Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity,[ 219] [ 220] water management .[ 221] highest in the world —at around 65%.[ 222] greenhouse gases .[ 223] German energy transition (Energiewende [ 224] [ 218] [ 225] primary energy consumption by 11% between 1990 and 2015[ 226] [ 227]
Tourism Neuschwanstein Castle inBavaria Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contributed over €105.3 billion to German GDP in 2015.[ 228] [ 228] eighth-most-visited country .[ 229] Cologne Cathedral , theBrandenburg Gate , theReichstag , theDresden Frauenkirche ,Neuschwanstein Castle ,Heidelberg Castle , theWartburg , andSanssouci Palace .[ 230] Europa-Park nearFreiburg is Europe's second-most popular theme park resort.[ 231]
Demographics With a population of 84.7 million according to the 2023 German census,[ 232] member state of the European Union , thesecond-most populous country in Europe afterRussia ,[ 4] [ g] nineteenth-most populous country in the world . Itspopulation density stands at 236 inhabitants per square kilometre (610 inhabitants/sq mi). Thefertility rate of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of thelowest in the world .[ 4] death rate has exceeded itsbirth rate . However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s. Germany has thethird oldest population in the world , with an average age of 47.4 years.[ 4]
A bilingual street sign in bothGerman andLower Sorbian inCottbus (Chóśebuz ),Brandenburg Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as national minorities because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:[ 234] Danish minority in the northernmost state ofSchleswig-Holstein ;[ 234] Sorbs , aSlavic population , are in theLusatia region ofSaxony andBrandenburg ; theRoma andSinti live throughout the country; and theFrisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part ofLower Saxony .[ 234]
Germany isa major destination for immigrants , ranking second in the world after the United States in terms of immigration.[ 235] 2015 refugee crisis , the Population Division of theUnited Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to thesecond-highest number of international migrants worldwide , about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.[ 236] [ 237] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , whereby over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.[ 238] [update] [ 239] migration background .[ 240]
Germany has a number of largecities . There are 11 officially recognisedmetropolitan regions . Thecountry's largest city isBerlin , while its largest urban area is theRuhr .[ 241]
Largest cities or towns in Germany Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop. Berlin Hamburg 1 Berlin Berlin 3,596,999 11 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 571,039 Munich Cologne 2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,808,846 12 Dresden Saxony 557,782 3 Munich Bavaria 1,478,638 13 Nuremberg Bavaria 522,554 4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,017,355 14 Hanover Lower Saxony 513,291 5 Frankfurt Hesse 743,268 15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 501,415 6 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 611,258 16 Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia 356,768 7 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 610,458 17 Bochum North Rhine-Westphalia 354,288 8 Leipzig Saxony 598,899 18 Bielefeld North Rhine-Westphalia 330,072 9 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 598,246 19 Bonn North Rhine-Westphalia 321,544 10 Bremen Bremen 575,071 20 Mannheim Baden-Württemberg 313,693
Religion Cologne Cathedral , a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site According to the 2022 census,Christianity is the largest religion at 49.7% of the population; 23.1% identified as Protestant and 25.1% as Catholic.[ 243]
Islam is the second-largest religion in the country.[ 244] [ 245] [ h] [ 246] Sunnis andAlevis from Turkey, but there are a small number ofShi'ites ,Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions each comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.[ 244]
In 2011, formal members of theJewish community represented no more than 0.2% of the total German population, and 60% of them resided inBerlin .[ 247] former Soviet Union , who came to Germany from the 1980s onwards.[ 248] [ 249]
A study in 2023 estimated that 46.2% of the population are not members of any religious organization ordenomination .[ 250] Irreligion in Germany is strongest in major metropolitan areas and throughout the formerEast Germany , which used to be predominantly Protestant before the imposition ofstate atheism under communism.[ 251] [ 252]
Languages German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany.[ 253] languages of the European Union , and one of the threeprocedural languages of theEuropean Commission , alongside English and French.[ 254] [ 255]
Recognised native minority languages in Germany areDanish ,Low German ,Low Rhenish ,Sorbian ,Romani ,North Frisian andSaterland Frisian ; they are officially protected by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The most used immigrant languages areTurkish ,Arabic ,Kurdish ,Polish ,Italian ,Greek ,Spanish ,Serbo-Croatian ,Bulgarian and otherBalkan languages , as well asRussian . Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.[ 253]
Education Heidelberg University , Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally considered one of its most renownedResponsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individualstates . Optionalkindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after whichschool attendance is compulsory for at least nine years depending on the state. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.[ 256] academic orvocational education .[ 257] Duale Ausbildung [ 256] [ 258]
Most of theGerman universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.[ 259] Abitur [ 260] oldest in the world , withHeidelberg University (established in 1386),Leipzig University (established in 1409) and theUniversity of Rostock (established in 1419) being the oldest in the country.[ 261] Humboldt University of Berlin , founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformerWilhelm von Humboldt , became the academicmodel for many Western universities .[ 262] [ 263] Universities of Excellence .
Health TheHospital of the Holy Spirit inLübeck , established in 1286, is a precursor to modernhospitals .[ 264] Germany's system of hospitals, calledKrankenhäuser universal health care system, dating fromBismarck's social legislation of the 1880s.[ 265] health care system . The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to theWorld Health Organization (WHO), Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded in 2013.[ 266] [ 267]
Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for women according to the WHO, and it had a very lowinfant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1,000live births . In 2019[update] [ 268] Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue: a 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.[ 269]
Culture TheStriezelmarkt , aChristmas market inDresden Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious andsecular , andits scientists ,writers andphilosophers have played a significant role in the development of Western thought.[ 270] BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013[ 271] [ 272]
Germany is well known for such folk festivals as theOktoberfest andChristmas customs , which includeAdvent wreaths ,Christmas pageants ,Christmas trees ,Stollen cakes, and other practices.[ 273] [ 274] [update] UNESCO inscribed54 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List .[ 275] public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been anational day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as theTag der Deutschen Einheit German Unity Day ).[ 276]
Music Ludwig van Beethoven , one of the most famed composers ofclassical music , was born inBonn in 1770.Germanclassical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers.Dieterich Buxtehude ,Johann Sebastian Bach andGeorg Friedrich Händel were influential composers of theBaroque period .Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical andRomantic eras.Carl Maria von Weber ,Felix Mendelssohn ,Robert Schumann andJohannes Brahms were significant Romantic composers.Richard Wagner was known for his operas.Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and earlymodern eras.Karlheinz Stockhausen andWolfgang Rihm are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[ 277]
In 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, andfourth-largest in the world .[ 278] Neue Deutsche Welle ,pop ,Ostrock ,heavy metal /rock ,punk ,pop rock ,indie ,Volksmusik (folk music),schlager pop andGerman hip hop . Germanelectronic music gained global influence, withKraftwerk andTangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.[ 279] techno andhouse music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g.Paul van Dyk ,Felix Jaehn ,Paul Kalkbrenner ,Robin Schulz andScooter ).[ 280]
German painters have influencedWestern art .Albrecht Dürer ,Hans Holbein the Younger ,Matthias Grünewald andLucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of theRenaissance ,Johann Baptist Zimmermann of theBaroque ,Caspar David Friedrich andCarl Spitzweg ofRomanticism ,Max Liebermann ofImpressionism andMax Ernst ofSurrealism . Several German art groups formed in the 20th century;Die Brücke Der Blaue Reiter expressionism in Munich and Berlin. TheNew Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art includeneo-expressionism and theNew Leipzig School .[ 281]
German designers became early leaders of modernproduct design .[ 282] Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fairBread & Butter are held twice a year.[ 283]
Architectural contributions from Germany include theCarolingian andOttonian styles, which were precursors ofRomanesque .Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also inRenaissance andBaroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g.Weser Renaissance ).[ 281] Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified byits timber framing (Fachwerk [ 284] classicism and a distinctive style ofhistoricism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to asGründerzeit style .Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influencedArt Deco and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the earlymodernist movement : it is the home ofWerkbund initiated byHermann Muthesius (New Objectivity ), and of theBauhaus movement founded byWalter Gropius .[ 281] Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façadeskyscraper .[ 285] architects and offices includePritzker Prize winnersGottfried Böhm andFrei Otto .[ 286]
Literature and philosophy Brothers Grimm , who collected popular German folk tales and published them ina collection German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such asWalther von der Vogelweide andWolfram von Eschenbach . Well-known German authors includeJohann Wolfgang von Goethe ,Friedrich Schiller ,Gotthold Ephraim Lessing andTheodor Fontane . The collections of folk tales published by theBrothers Grimm popularisedGerman folklore on an international level.[ 287] Deutsches Wörterbuch [ 288]
Influential authors of the 20th century includeGerhart Hauptmann ,Thomas Mann ,Hermann Hesse ,Heinrich Böll , andGünter Grass .[ 289] [ 290] Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.[ 291] Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.[ 292]
German philosophy is historically significant:Gottfried Leibniz 's contributions torationalism ; theenlightenment philosophy byImmanuel Kant ; the establishment of classicalGerman idealism byJohann Gottlieb Fichte ,Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel andFriedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ;Arthur Schopenhauer 's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation ofcommunist theory byKarl Marx andFriedrich Engels ;Friedrich Nietzsche 's development ofperspectivism ;Gottlob Frege 's contributions to the dawn ofanalytic philosophy ;Martin Heidegger 's works on Being;Oswald Spengler 's historical philosophy; and the development of theFrankfurt School have all been very influential.[ 293]
Media Babelsberg Studio inPotsdam , the first large-scale film studio in the worldThe largest internationally operatingmedia companies in Germany areBertelsmann ,Axel Springer SE andProSiebenSat.1 Media .Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with over 38 million TV households as of 2012.[ 294] free-to-view public andcommercial channels.[ 295] 300 public and private radio stations in Germany ; Germany's national radio network is theDeutschlandradio and the publicDeutsche Welle is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.[ 295] newspapers andmagazines is the largest in Europe.[ 295] Bild Süddeutsche Zeitung Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Die Welt [ 295] ADAC Motorwelt Der Spiegel [ 295] a large video gaming market , with over 34 million players nationwide.[ 296] Gamescom held inCologne is the world's largestgaming convention .[ 297]
German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of theSkladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renownedBabelsberg Studio inPotsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential withGerman expressionists such asRobert Wiene andFriedrich Wilhelm Murnau . DirectorFritz Lang 'sMetropolis Trümmerfilm DEFA , while the dominant genre in West Germany was theHeimatfilm [ 298] New German Cinema directors such asVolker Schlöndorff ,Werner Herzog ,Wim Wenders , andRainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim.
TheAcademy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German productionThe Tin Drum Die Blechtrommel Nowhere in Africa Nirgendwo in Afrika The Lives of Others Das Leben der Anderen Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annualEuropean Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of theEuropean Film Academy . TheBerlin International Film Festival , known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear " and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leadingfilm festivals . The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at theGerman Film Awards .[ 299]
Cuisine BavarianBratwurst with mustard, apretzel , andGerman beer German cuisine varies from region to region and neighbouring regions often share culinary similarities, including with the southern regions ofBavaria andSwabia ,Switzerland , andAustria . International varieties such aspizza ,sushi ,Chinese food ,Greek food ,Indian cuisine , anddoner kebab are popular as well.
Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries androlls (Brötchen [ 300] German cheeses account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe.[ 301] Bratwursts andWeisswursts .[ 302]
The national alcoholic drink isbeer .[ 303] highest in the world .[ 304] German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century.[ 305] Wine has become popular in many parts of the country, especially near theGerman wine regions .[ 306] ninth-largest wine producer in the world .[ 307]
The 2018Michelin Guide eleven restaurants in Germany three stars , giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.[ 308]
Sports TheGerman national football team after winning theFIFA World Cup for the fourth time in 2014 Football is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, theGerman Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund ) is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,[ 309] Bundesliga , attracts the second-highestaverage attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.[ 310] German men's national football team won theFIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,[ 311] UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996,[ 312] FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017.[ 313]
Germany is one of the leadingmotor sports countries in the world. Constructors likeBMW andMercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport.Porsche has won the24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, andAudi 13 times (as of April 2024[update] [ 314] Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won sevenFormula One World Drivers' Championships .[ 315] Sebastian Vettel is also among the most successfulFormula One drivers of all time.[ 316]
German athletes historically have been successful contenders in theOlympic Games , ranking third in anall-time Olympic Games medal count when combiningEast andWest German medals prior toGerman reunification .[ 317] Summer Games and theWinter Games inGarmisch-Partenkirchen .Munich hosted theSummer Games of 1972 .[ 318] [ 319]
See also
Notes ^ From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.[ 1] ^ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital andde jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,Bonn , has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt [ 2] ^ Danish ,Low German ,Sorbian ,Romani , andFrisian are recognised by theEuropean Charter for Regional or Minority Languages .[ 3] ^ The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since theGerman Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament. ^ Deutschland (German ) ,German: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ ^ Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German ) ,German: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ⓘ [ 12] ^ ExcludingTurkey , which only has 3% of its territory in Europe along with some 10% of its population[ 233] ^ A migrant background was defined as having been born or having at least one parent born in a country from a prespecified list of countries with a significant Muslim population, or as having citizenship or having at least one parent with citizenship of one of these countries.[ 246]
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