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"Roman Netherlands" redirects here. For the history of Roman influence and activity in modern-day Dutch territory beyond the Rhine, seeNetherlands in the Roman era.
Borders of the Germania Inferior, with main roads and cities/forts
According toPtolemy (2.9), Germania Inferior included the Rhine from its mouth up to the mouth of theObringa, a river identified with either theAar or theMoselle.[1] The territory included modern-dayLuxembourg, the southernNetherlands, part ofBelgium, and part ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia inGermany, west of the Rhine.
The Roman empire in the time ofHadrian (ruled 117–138), showing, on the lowerRhine river, theimperial province of Germania Inferior (NW Germany/S. Netherlands, E. Belgium), and the threelegions deployed there in 125. Note that the coast lines shown in the map are those of today, known to be different from those in Roman times in the North Sea area.
Roman settlement in what would become Germania Inferior began around 50 BC, these settlements being incorporated in the provinceGallia Belgica. The first confrontations between theRoman army and the peoples of Germania Inferior occurred duringJulius Caesar'sGallic Wars. Caesar invaded the region in 57 BC and in the next three years annihilated several tribes, including theEburones and theMenapii, which were most likely Celtic or mixed Celtic-Germanic tribes, though called Germanic by Caesar. Germanic influence (mainly through theTungri) increased during Roman times, leading to the assimilation of the Celtic peoples in the area.
Despite largely being occupied by Roman forces since the reign of Augustus, Germania Inferior was not integrated as a province until the reign ofDomitian (r. 81-96 AD), ca. 85 AD. The province was split from Gallia Belgica following campaigns against theChatti from 83-85 AD. This expansion led to the creation of two new imperial provinces, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior (Upper & Lower Germany respectively),[2] known together asGermani Cisrhenani. The capitol of Germania Inferior was located at the city ofColonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, modern-dayCologne.[3] The adjectiveInferior refers to its position downstream of the Rhine relative to Germania Superior.
The army of Germania Inferior, typically shown on inscriptions as EX.GER.INF. (Exercitus Germaniae Inferioris), included severallegions at various times: of these, LegionsIMinervia andXXXUlpia Victrix were the most permanent. The Roman Navy'sClassis Germanica (Germanic fleet), charged with patrolling theRhine and theNorth Sea coast, were based atCastra Vetera and later at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensis.
As attested in the early 5th century documentNotitia Dignitatum, the province was renamedGermania Secunda (Germania II) in the 4th century. It was administered by aconsularis and formed part of theDiocese of Gaul. Up to the end of Roman control, it was an intensely garrisoned province that was inhabited by Romans andRipuarian Franks in the 5th century. Its capital remained at Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, which also became the seat of aChristian bishopric, which was in charge of an ecclesiastical province that survived thefall of the Western Roman Empire.
After the final abandonment of the province it became the core of theFrankish Kingdom.
^"Obringa" in Bruzen la Martiniere,Le Grand Dictionnaire Geographique Volume 6, 1737;Albert Forbiger,Handbuch Der Alten Geographie Volume 3, Mayer und Wigand, 1848,fn (***) p. 126f.
^Carroll, Maureen (2002).Romans, Celts & Germans: the German provinces of Rome (Reprinted ed.). Stroud: Tempus Publ. p. 15.ISBN978-0-7524-1912-1.
^Rüger, C. (2004) [1996]."Germany". In Alan K. Bowman;Edward Champlin; Andrew Lintott (eds.).The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 527–528.ISBN0-521-26430-8.
Lendering, Jona (2000).De randen van de aarde : de Romeinen tussen Schelde en Eems. Amsterdam.ISBN90-263-1630-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
As found in theNotitia Dignitatum. Provincial administration reformed anddioceses established byDiocletian,c. 293. Permanentpraetorian prefectures established after the death ofConstantine I. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates ofRavenna andAfrica established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by thetheme system in c. 640–660, although inAsia Minor and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
