Approximately three million German prisoners of war were captured by the Soviet Union duringWorld War II, most of them during the great advances of theRed Army in the last year of the war. The POWs were employed asforced labor in the Soviet wartime economy and post-war reconstruction. By 1950 almost all surviving POWs had been released, with the last prisoner returning from the USSR in 1956.[1]
According to Soviet records 381,067 GermanWehrmacht POWs died inNKVD camps (356,700 German nationals and 24,367 from other nations).[2][3] However, estimates by most non-Soviet historians are much higher than the Soviet estimates.[4]: 237 A commission set up by the West German government found that 3,060,000 German military personnel were taken prisoner by the USSR and that 1,094,250 died in captivity (549,360 from 1941 to April 1945; 542,911 from May 1945 to June 1950 and 1,979 from July 1950 to 1955).[5] According to German historianRüdiger Overmans ca. 3,000,000 POWs were taken by the USSR; he put the "maximum" number of German POW deaths in Soviet hands at 1.0 million.[6] Based on his research, Overmans believes that the deaths of 363,000 POWs in Soviet captivity can be confirmed by the files ofDeutsche Dienststelle (WASt), and additionally maintains that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that 700,000 German military personnel listed as missing actually died in Soviet custody."[7][6]
In the first six months ofOperation Barbarossa, few Germans were captured by Red Army forces. After theBattle of Moscow and the retreat of the German forces the number of prisoners in theSoviet prisoner of war camps rose to 120,000 by early 1942.[8] TheGerman 6th Army surrendered in theBattle of Stalingrad, 91,000 of the survivors becameprisoners of war raising the number to 170,000[8] in early 1943, but 85,000 died in the months following their capture at Stalingrad, with only approximately 6,000 of them surviving to be repatriated after the war.[9] As the desperate economic situation in the Soviet Union eased in 1943, the mortality rate in the POW camps decreased. At the same time POWs became an important source offorced labor for the Soviet economy deprived of manpower. With the formation of the "National Committee for a Free Germany" and the "League of German Officers", POWs who cooperated with the Soviets received more privileges and better rations. As a result ofOperation Bagration and the collapse on the southern part of the Eastern front, the number of German POWs nearly doubled in the second half of 1944. In the first months of 1945 the Red Army advanced to theOder river and the Balkans. By April 1945 the number of POWs had risen to 2,000,000.[8]
A total of 2.8 millionWehrmacht personnel were held as POWs by the Soviet Union at the end of the war, according to Soviet records. A large number of German POWs had been released by the end of 1946,[10] when the Soviet Union held fewer POWs than theUnited Kingdom andFrance between them[citation needed]. With the creation of a pro-Soviet German state in theSoviet occupation zone of Germany (theGerman Democratic Republic) in October 1949, all but 85,000 POWs had been released and repatriated. Most of those still held had been convicted aswar criminals and sentenced to long terms in forced labor camps, usually 25 years. It was not until 1956 that the last of theseKriegsverurteilte ('war convicts') were repatriated, following the intervention ofWest German ChancellorKonrad Adenauer in Moscow.[11][12]
The Soviet Union released Austrian prisoners at a much faster rate than they released Germans, but the last Austrians were not released until 1955.[13]
According toRichard Overy, Russian sources state that 356,000 out of 2,388,000 POWs died in Soviet captivity.[14] In his revised Russian language edition ofSoviet Casualties and Combat Losses, Krivosheev put the number of German military POWs at 2,733,739 and dead at 381,067 (356,700 German nationals and 24,367 from other nations).[15] However, Soviet-era sources are disputed by historians in the West, who estimate 3.0 million German POWs were taken by the USSR and up to 1.0 million died in Soviet captivity.[6]Waitman Wade Beorn states that 35.8 percent of German POWs died in Soviet custody,[16] which is supported by other academic works.[17][18]
According to Edward Peterson, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship".[19]Niall Ferguson maintains that "it is clear that many German units sought to surrender to the Americans in preference to other Allied forces, and particularly the Red Army".[20]Heinz Nawratil maintains that U.S. forces refused to accept the surrender of German troops inSaxony andBohemia, and instead handed them over to the Soviet Union.[21]
According to a report in theNew York Times thousands of prisoners were transferred to Soviet authorities from POW camps in the West. It is known that 6,000 German officers were sent from the West to theSachsenhausen concentration camp (one of theNKVD special camps at the time) and from there to POW camps.[22]Soviet Ministry for the Interior documents released in 1990 listed 6,680 inmates in theNKVD special camps in Germany 1945–49 who were transferred to Soviet POW camps.[23]
The West German government set up a Commission headed byErich Maschke to investigate the fate of German POWs in the war. In its report of 1974 they found that 3,060,000 German military personnel were taken prisoner by the USSR[24] and that 1,094,250 died in captivity (549,360 from 1941 to April 1945; 542,911 from May 1945 to June 1950 and 1,979 from July 1950 to 1955).[25] According to German historianRüdiger Overmans ca. 3,000,000 POW were taken by the USSR; he put the "maximum" number of German POW deaths in Soviet hands at 1.0 million.[6] Based on his research, Overmans believes that the deaths of 363,000 POWs in Soviet captivity can be confirmed by the files ofDeutsche Dienststelle (WASt), and additionally maintains that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that 700,000 German military personnel listed as missing actually died in Soviet custody".[7][6]
| Year | Quarter | Number of German POWs |
|---|---|---|
| 1941 | IV | 26,000 |
| 1942 | I | 120,000 |
| II | 120,000 | |
| III | 110,000 | |
| IV | 100,000 | |
| 1943 | I | 170,000 |
| II | 160,000 | |
| III | 190,000 | |
| IV | 200,000 | |
| 1944 | I | 240,000 |
| II | 370,000 | |
| III | 560,000 | |
| IV | 560,000 | |
| 1945 | I | 1,100,000 |
| II | 2,000,000 | |
| III | 1,900,000 | |
| IV | 1,400,000 | |
| 1946 | IV | 1,100,000 |
| 1947 | IV | 840,000 |
| 1948 | IV | 500,000 |
| 1949 | IV | 85,000 |
| 1950 | IV | 29,000 |
Source of figures: Rüdiger Overmans,Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein., 2000 Page 246
According to Russian historianGrigori F. Krivosheev, Soviet NKVD figures list 2,733,739 German "Wehrmacht" POWs (Военнопленные из войск вермахта) taken with 381,067 having died in captivity.[15] The table below lists the Soviet statistics for total number of German prisoners of war reported by theNKVD as of 22 April 1956 (excluding USSR citizens who were serving in Wehrmacht). The Soviets considered ethnic Germans of Eastern Europe conscripted by Germany as nationals of their country of residence before the war, for example the Sudeten Germans were labelled as Czechs.[15] These figures do not include prisoners from Italy, Hungary, Romania, Finland and Japan. The Soviet statistics for POW do not include conscripted civilians for theForced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union.
However Austrian historianStefan Karner [de] maintains that Soviet era documents indicate that 2.6 million prisoners were taken by the Soviets including 400,000 civilians.[26]
Figures for "Wehrmacht" POW according to Soviet NKVD[15]
| Nationality | Total accounted prisoners of war | Released and repatriated | Died in captivity | % Died in captivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| German | 2,388,443 | 2,031,743 | 356,700 | 15% |
| Austrian | 156,681 | 145,790 | 10,891 | 7% |
| Czech and Slovak | 69,977 | 65,954 | 4,023 | 6% |
| French | 23,136 | 21,811 | 1,325 | 6% |
| Yugoslav | 21,830 | 20,354 | 1,476 | 7% |
| Polish | 60,277 | 57,149 | 3,128 | 5% |
| Dutch | 4,730 | 4,530 | 200 | 4% |
| Belgian | 2,014 | 1,833 | 181 | 9% |
| Luxemburger | 1,653 | 1,560 | 93 | 6% |
| Spanish | 452 | 382 | 70 | 15% |
| Danish | 456 | 421 | 35 | 8% |
| Norwegian | 101 | 83 | 18 | 18% |
| others | 3,989 | 1,062 | 2,927 | 73% |
| Total | 2,733,739 | 2,352,672 | 381,067 | 13.9% |
