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RWTH Aachen

TU Berlin

HU Berlin

FU Berlin

Bonn

TU Dresden

Hamburg

Heidelberg

KIT

Konstanz

LMU Munich

TUM

Tübingen

Bremen

Cologne

Freiburg

Göttingen

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German Universities of Excellence: Current (red) and past (purple)

TheExcellence Initiative of theGerman Council of Science and Humanities and theGerman Research Foundation (DFG) aims to promote cutting-edge research and to create outstanding conditions for young scholars at universities, to deepen cooperation between disciplines and institutions, to strengthen international cooperation of research, and to enhance the international appeal of excellent German universities. It is the result of lengthy negotiations between the federal government and the German states.^[1]

Since almost all German universities are public (mostprivate universities do not have the official German "Universitätsstatus"), and therefore mainly paid by taxes and generally egalitarian, there is no GermanIvy League of private higher education institutions. However, the Excellence Initiative aims to strengthen some selected public universities more than others in order to raise their international visibility. Thus, the German "Universities of Excellence" are sometimes considered the German Ivy League of public institutions, and these universities are commonly referred to by the media as "elite universities".^[2][3][4] The initiative is conducted by the DFG together with theGerman Science and Humanities Council (WR). More than 30 universities in total received funding. It includes three lines of funding:

1. The establishment of more than 40research schools for young scientists andPhD candidates, which will receive €1 million each per year.
2. The creation of thirty so-called Clusters of Excellence, that connect universities with leading German research institutes and businesses. Annually, these clusters will receive around €6.5 million each to fund their work.
3. The selection of 11 Universities of Excellence, which will be funded highly for their "future concepts", i.e., institutional strategies to promote top-level university research.^[1] Particularly this third line of funding has drawn appreciable international attention, both in academia and media.^[2]

Altogether €2.7 billion (€1.9 billion for 2007–2012) of additional funds have been distributed over the course of five years, most of this coming from the federal government. The WR is responsible for the third line of funding, and the DFG is responsible for the first and second lines of funding.

11 future concepts across 13 universities were selected for funding in 2019.^[5] Six universities retained their status for a third time:RWTH Aachen,FU Berlin (as part of theBerlin University Alliance),Heidelberg University,University of Konstanz,LMU Munich, andTechnical University of Munich. Three further universities retained their status for a second consecutive time:HU Berlin (as part of the Berlin University Alliance),TU Dresden, and theUniversity of Tübingen. TheKarlsruhe Institute of Technology returned to excellence status for a second time after having been funded in the first round (2006). The three first-time excellence universities are theUniversity of Bonn,University of Hamburg, andTU Berlin (as part of the Berlin University Alliance).

Out of the 140 universities in Germany 11 universities were chosen, among them five new winners (HU Berlin,University of Bremen,University of Cologne,TU Dresden,University of Tübingen) and six title holders:RWTH Aachen,FU Berlin,Heidelberg University,University of Konstanz,LMU Munich, andTechnical University of Munich. As in 2006 and 2007, also other universities were awarded for special clusters of excellence and renowned graduate schools.

The funding for a future concept does often, but not necessarily result in a superior overall budget compared to other German universities. For example, due to its small size, the University of Constance is, despite this additional funding, not included in the top 20 funded universities in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

According to theThird European Report on Science & Technology Indicators, an official document compiled by theEuropean Commission, four of the Universities of Excellence are among Europe's top 10 universities: Technical University of Munich (joint 3rd), Freiburg (joint 6th), Karlsruhe (joint 6th), and Heidelberg (joint 9th).^[6][7]

In theAcademic Ranking of World Universities 2012, Technical University of Munich (53), LMU Munich (60), Heidelberg (62), and Freiburg (99) are included in the global top 100, heading the field of German universities by those criteria.^[8]

Eight of the eleven Universities of Excellence are included in the world's top 250 universities, according to theQS World University Ranking 2012: Technical University of Munich (53); Heidelberg (55); LMU Munich (60); Free University of Berlin (87); Humboldt University of Berlin (130); Tübingen (144); RWTH Aachen (150); Cologne (247). TheTimes Higher Education World University Ranking 2012 ranks 8 of these 11 Universities of Excellence among the world's 250 top universities: LMU Munich (45); Heidelberg (73); Technical University of Munich (88); Humboldt University of Berlin (109); Free University of Berlin (151); RWTH Aachen (168); Tübingen (187); Konstanz (194).

Federal Education MinisterAnnette Schavan said following the awards ceremony, "The excellence initiative is writing scientific history. Research at German universities finds itself on a successful, international course."^[9]

Source:Federal Ministry of Education and Research^[10]

Whether the Excellence Initiative has had a positive effect is currently a matter of debate. A report by theWZB Berlin Social Science Centre indicates that the program failed to create more diverse education options and produced little in the way of lasting change.^[11] Additionally, the Goethe Institut claims that an additional criticism is that "competition up to now has focussed exclusively on the research rather than the teaching at universities", that prevailing qualitative imbalances in East and West German education systems may potentially be perpetuated via the program (by favoring more established Western universities over their younger Eastern counterparts), and, furthermore, that the funding may actually be insufficient to achieve the goal of creating "globally competitive universities".^[12]

However, an international commission led by physicist Dieter Imboden of theETH Zurich in Switzerland praised the program, saying it had a "very positive" influence on higher education in Germany, and recommending it be extended and further developed.^[13]

• College and university associations and consortia in Germany
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• Technische Universitäten in Germany

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