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TheGerman Colony (Hebrew:המושבה הגרמנית,romanized: HaMoshava HaGermanit;Arabic:الحي الألمانية;German:Deutsche Kolonie) is an area ofHaifa established in 1868 as aChristian German Templer Colony in Ottoman Palestine. It was the first of several colonies established by the group in theHoly Land. Others were founded inSarona nearJaffa,Galilee andJerusalem. Some of the original buildings are still surviving today, and the area continues to be visited, lived in, and in use.[1][2]
The Templers, a religious Protestant sect formed in southern Germany in the 19th century, settled in Palestine at the urging of their leader,Christoph Hoffmann, in the belief that living in the Holy Land would hasten the second coming of Christ. The Templers built a colony in keeping with strict urban planning principles and introduced local industries that brought modernity to Palestine, which had long been neglected by the Ottomans. They were the first to organize regular transportation services betweenJaffa,Acre andNazareth, which also allowed formail delivery.[citation needed]
In 1874 the Christian denomination of theTemple Society underwent aschism and later envoys of theEvangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces successfullyproselytised among the schismatics, making up about a third of the colonists. Thus the Colony became a place of partisans of two different Christiandenominations and their respective congregations.
While in Germany the Templers were regarded as sectarians, theEvangelical proselytes gained major financial and mental support from GermanLutheran and Evangelicalchurch bodies. This created an atmosphere of mistrust and envy among the German colonists in Haifa. On July 17, 1886, the proselytes appealed to theSupreme Church Council of theState Church of Prussia's older Provinces to be accepted as and helped to found an Evangelical congregation. In 1891 theJerusalemsverein (English:Association of Jerusalem), a Berlin-based Evangelical charitable organisation to subsidize Protestant activities in the Holy Land, decided to support the new Haifa congregation.
TheJerusalemsverein sent and sponsored a teacher for the congregants' children. In 1892 theJerusalemsverein decided to lend the congregation the money needed to build a prayer hall. Otto Fischer (1813–1910), a Haifa resident, donated the land at the foot of Mount Carmel, and the Haifa engineer Ernst August Voigt gratuitously drew the constructions plans.[3] In September 1892 the constructions started and pastor Carl Schlicht (Jerusalem) inaugurated the community centre, including a prayer hall and two school rooms, on July 2, 1893. The community center and school buildings became theHaifa City Museum in 2011.[4] Starting in the same year theJerusalemsverein sponsored a pastor for the new Haifa Evangelical Congregation.
The teacher Herrmann initiated a choir. From 1900 on, Marie Teckhaus, aDeaconess sponsored by theKaiserswerth Deaconesses Mother House, ran a medical station, open for patients of all denominations and religions. In 1907 the congregation built a separate school building, but later the discrepancies between the two German-speaking congregations – Evangelical and Templer – shrank, thus before World War I the schools were pooled.[citation needed]
The population fluctuated between 300 and 400 settlers between 1870 and 1914. Sixty of the colonists were American citizens and their leader,Jacob Schumacher served as the U.S. consular agent for Haifa and northern Palestine.[5] Due to their population increase and the ongoing urbanisation of Haifa, the colonists searched to buy lands in order to found new settlements. These were to be exclusively monodenominational. Thus the Templers settled inBethlehem of Galilee and the Evangelical Protestants founded the neighbouringWaldheim.[6]
Employing modern farming methods, the Templers introduced soil fertilization, better methods of crop rotation and new crops such as potatoes. They imported agricultural machinery and engaged in "mixed farming," combining dairy farming and field crops.[7]
Registering the land was problematic due to back taxes and local boundary disputes, which sometimes turned violent.[8] The Templers thus abandoned farming in favor of industry and tourism. They built hotels, opened workshops and established an olive oil soap factory.[9]
The affluent German colony stood out in its poor surroundings. The only doctor in the city lived there, and one of the residents was a construction engineer. By the end of the Ottoman era the colony had 750 inhabitants, 150 houses and dozens of businesses.[9] The colony was the first model of urban planning in Palestine, with a main street running from north to south (today,Ben-Gurion Boulevard [he]), leading down to the harbor. Smaller streets branched out from the main street. At the southern end of the colony were the Templer vineyards (where theBahá'í World Centre stands today). The colony was built as a garden city with single-family homes surrounded by gardens and shade trees lining the main boulevard.[10]
After the outbreak ofWorld War I in 1914, theGerman Empire allied with theOttoman Empire; a large number of German colonists in Palestine joined theImperial German Army during the conflict and fought againstAllied forces in theSinai and Palestine campaign. When Allied forces captured Palestine from the Ottoman Empire, the German colonists were regarded by Allied occupational authorities asenemy aliens, but were not deported back to Germany.[citation needed]
In 1937, 34% of German colonists in Palestine were members of theNazi Party.[11] During thecoronation of George VI and Elizabeth on 12 May 1937, all German colonies flew theflag of Nazi Germany.[12] After the outbreak ofWorld War II in 1939, all colonists with German citizenship were detained by theBritish authorities and sent, together with Italian and Hungarian citizens in Palestine, tointernment camps inWaldheim andBethlehem of Galilee.[13] On 31 July 1941, 661 German colonists were deported viaEgypt toAustralia by the British, leaving 345 in Palestine.[11]
Some of the original Templer homes have been restored in recent years. Buildings along Ben-Gurion Boulevard have been turned into cafés, boutiques, hotels, and restaurants. One houses theHaifa City Museum, and the colony has become a center of Haifa nightlife with pubs and bars being a common sight. Starting in particular during the 1990s, the area witnessed a "growing number ofPalestinian-owned cafés and bars opened to offer spaces for small performances and exhibitions by Palestinian artists."[2]
32°49′12″N34°59′26″E / 32.82000°N 34.99056°E /32.82000; 34.99056
