German Canadians
Germano-Canadiens

Deutschkanadier, Deutsch-Kanadier
German Canadians as percent of population by census division (2021)
Total population
3,322,405[1] 9.6% of the total Canadian population
Regions with significant populations
Western Canada,Ontario (Waterloo Region),Atlantic Canada,Quebec
Languages
English • French • German
Religion
Protestantism • Catholicism  • Judaism[2]
Related ethnic groups
OtherGermans,Austrian Canadians,Swiss Canadians,Luxembourgish Canadians,Latvian Canadians

German Canadians (German:Deutschkanadier orDeutsch-Kanadier,pronounced[ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ]) areCanadian citizens ofGerman ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the2016 census, there are 3,322,405 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is todayGermany, while larger numbers came from German settlements inEastern Europe andImperial Russia; others came from parts of theGerman Confederation,Austria-Hungary andSwitzerland.

Inmodern German, theendonymDeutsch is used in reference to the German language and people. Before the modern era and especially theunification of Germany, "Germany" and "Germans" were ambiguous terms which could at times encompass peoples and territories not only in the modern state of Germany, but also modern-dayPoland, theCzech Republic,Switzerland,Austria,France, theNetherlands, and evenRussia andUkraine. For example, in theMiddle Ages, theLatin termTheodiscus was used to refer toWest Germanic languages in general, and in English, "Dutch" was sometimes used as a shorthand for any broadly Germanic people. Early Anglophone historians and contemporary travellers in Canada rarely mentioned the ethnic identity, primary language, or place of origin of early settlers at all,^[14] and even later historians in the 19th and 20th centuries were prone to using ambiguous terms such as "Pennsylvania Dutch". This term is sometimes described as a "misnomer" for Germans,^[15] but in its usage by English colonial authorities, "Dutch" was often an umbrella term which included people whose Germanic ancestry was in regions as widely separated asSwitzerland, thePalatinate (and broaderRhineland), andHolland.^[16]

A few Germans came toNew France when France colonized the area, but large-scale migration from Germany began only under British rule, when GovernorEdward Cornwallis establishedHalifax, Nova Scotia in 1749. Known as theForeign Protestants, the continental Protestants were encouraged to migrate to Nova Scotia between 1750 and 1752 to counterbalance the large number of CatholicAcadians. Family surnames,Lutheran churches, and village names along theSouth Shore of Nova Scotia retain their German heritage, such asLunenburg. The first German church in Canada, theLittle Dutch (Deutsch) Church in Halifax, is on land which was set aside for the German-speaking community in 1756. The church was designated aNational Historic Site of Canada in 1997.^[15]

In the late 18th century, British colonies in North America were significantly affected by the outbreak and subsequent loss of theAmerican Revolutionary War. At the time,Great Britain and its overseas empire were ruled by the German-descended KingGeorge III, who was also thePrince-Elector of Hanover, a state in what is now northwestern Germany. Thousands of soldiers fighting for the British were members of regiments hired from various small German states. These soldiers were collectively known as "Hessians", since many of them came fromHesse. Following the defeat of British forces, about 2,200 of them settled in Canada once their terms of service had expired or they had been released from American captivity. For example, a group from the Brunswick Regiment settled southwest ofMontreal and south ofQuebec City.^[17] In this, they formed part of a larger population movement composed of several waves of migration northward from the newly-foundedUnited States toUpper andLower Canada. In traditional Canadian historiography, these migrants are often grouped together under the broad label ofUnited Empire Loyalists, obscuring particular ethnic and religious identities,^[16] as well as their exact motivations for migrating to Canada.

Another broad grouping of migrants werereligious nonconformists, such asQuakers,Mennonites, and "Dunkers", who preferred British rule for religious reasons. These groups were formed on the basis of belief rather than ethnicity, but a number had their origin in Germany or in ethnic German communities in places such asPennsylvania. These people are sometimes referred to by the Anglicized term "Pennsylvania Dutch", which derives from the endonymPennsilfaanisch Deitsch.^[18] This term has led to their confusion with modern-dayDutch people. For this reason, some historiographers such as George Elmore Reaman use the term "Pennsylvania German", in order to distinguish them from migrants originating in Holland.^[16] Another complicating factor in assigning definite ethnic identities or origins to many migrants is that a number spent sometimes as long as several generations living in intermediary places such as Pennsylvania,New York, Holland, or England, despite an ultimate origin in Germany. One example is theIrish Palatines, who originated in the Palatinate (today a part of Germany) but had been settled for a time in Ireland bythe British Crown.

The largest group fleeing the United States was theMennonites. Many of their families' ancestors had been from southern Germany or Switzerland. In the early 1800s, they began to move to what is now southwestern Ontario and settled around theGrand River, especially inBerlin, Ontario (nowKitchener) and in the northern part of what later becameWaterloo County, Ontario.^[19]

The same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, roughly 50,000 between the 1830 and 1860.^[20][21] Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.^[22]

By 1871, nearly55% of the population of Waterloo County had German origins.^[23] Especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania.^[22]

The German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, the Lutheran churches played major roles in the religious, cultural and social life of the community. After 1914 English became the preferred language for sermons and publications. Absent a seminary, the churches trained their own ministers, but there was a doctrinal schism in the 1860s. While the anglophone Protestants promoted theSocial Gospel and prohibition, the Lutherans stood apart.^[24]

InMontreal, immigrants and Canadians of German-descent founded theGerman Society of Montreal in April 1835. The secular organization's purpose was to bring together the German community in the city and act as a unified voice, help sick and needy members of the community, and maintain customs and traditions.^[25] The Society is still active and celebrated its 180th anniversary in 2015.

Western Canada started to attract in 1896 and draw large numbers of other German immigrants, mostly fromEastern Europe.Plautdietsch-speakingRussian Mennonites of Dutch-Prussian ancestry were especially prominent since they were persecuted by theTsarist regime in Russia. The farmers were used to the harsh conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia (nowUkraine) and so were some of the most successful in adapting to theCanadian Prairies. Their increase accelerated in the 1920s, when the United States imposed quotas on Central and Eastern European immigration. Soon, Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee theThird Reich from moving to Canada. Many of the Mennonites settled in the areas ofWinnipeg andSteinbach, and the area just north ofSaskatoon.^[26]

By the early 1900s, the northern part ofWaterloo County, Ontario exhibited a strong German culture, and people of German origin made up a third of the population in 1911. Lutherans were the primary religious group. There were then nearly three times as many Lutherans as Mennonites. The latter, who had moved here from Pennsylvania in the first half of the 1800s, resided primarily in the rural areas and small communities.^[27]

Before and during World War I, there was someanti-German sentiment in the Waterloo County area and some cultural sanctions on the community, primarily in Berlin, Ontario (now Kitchener).^[18] Mennonites in the area were pacifist and so would not enlist. Immigrants from Germany found it morally difficult to fight against a country that was a significant part of their heritage.^[28] Low enlistment rates fueled anti-Germany sentiment that precipitated theBerlin to Kitchener name change in 1916. The city was renamed afterLord Kitchener, famously pictured on the "Lord Kitchener Wants You" recruiting posters.

Several streets in Toronto that had previously been named for Liszt, Humboldt, Schiller, Bismarck, etc. were changed to names with strong British associations, such as Balmoral. There were anti-German riots inVictoria and inCalgary during the first years of the war.^{[citation needed]}

News reports fromWaterloo County, Ontario, indicate "A Lutheran minister was pulled out of his house... he was dragged through the streets. German clubs were ransacked through the course of the war. It was just a really nasty time period."^[29] A document in the Archives of Canada makes the following comment: "Although ludicrous to modern eyes, the whole issue of a name for Berlin highlights the effects that fear, hatred and nationalism can have upon a society in the face of war."^[30]

Across Canada, internment camps opened in 1915 and 8,579 "enemy aliens" were held there until the end of the war. Many were German-speaking immigrants from Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Ukraine. Only 3,138 were classed as prisoners of war; the rest were civilians.^[31][32]

TheSecond World War saw a renewal of anti-German sentiment in Canada. Under theWar Measures Act, some 26prisoner-of-war camps opened and interned those who had been born inGermany,Italy, and particularly inJapan if they were deemed to be "enemy aliens". For Germans, that applied especially to single males who had some association with theNazi Party of Canada. No compensation was paid to them after the war.^[33] In Ontario, the largest internment centre for German Canadians was atCamp Petawawa, which housed 750 who had been born in Germany and Austria.^[34]

Between 1945 and 1994, some 400,000 German-speaking immigrants arrived in Canada;^[20] approximately 270,000 of these arrived by the early 1960s.^[35] Around a third of postwar German immigrants were from various parts of Eastern Europe and formerly German or German-ruled territories which fell outside of the boundaries of the two postwar German states.^[36] Migration followed a sponsorship system predominantly led by churches, leading to an influx of German immigrants to existing German neighbourhoods in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg, as well as rural townships in the Prairies.^[37] Alexander Freund remarks that "[f]or postwar Canadians [...] the great influx of German-speaking immigrants after the war posed, at least potentially, a personal confrontation with the recent past that could be difficult to navigate."^[38] There were also tensions between Germans and other European immigrants, some of whom had suffered under German occupation in Europe.^[39] Postwar Canadians "did not distinguish between Germans and Nazis",^[40] and this perspective was bolstered by decades of Americanwar films which portrayed Germans in an unsympathetic light.^[40] Pressure increased on Germans to assimilate.^[41] German-Canadians began to create advocacy organizations to promote their interests, such as the Trans-Canada Alliance for German Canadians, which was founded in 1951 by social democrats but was soon taken over by right-wing elements of the German community.^[42] In addition, the Canadian Baltic Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1948 to provide information and aid toBaltic Germans immigrating to Canada.^[43]

Going into the 1960s, Canadian nationalism and ethnic politics revolved increasingly around the Anglophone-Francophone divide,^[40] leaving little place for other groups, including the Germans.^[44] As the war became more distant, the Canadian national narrative, guided by historians, journalists, and veterans' organizations, was formed with the exclusion of German or other inter-cultural perspectives on the war,^[45] emphasizing instead themes of heroism and sacrifice by Canadian soldiers.^[46] Some German-Canadians "withdrew into a 'culture of grievance.'"^[47] As time went on, Canadian perspectives broadened around controversial Allied actions such as thebombing of Dresden, which some German-Canadians found encouraging.^[48]

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German Canadians byprovince and territory (2001−2016)

Province/Territory	2016[1]		2011[13]		2006[12]		2001[11]
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Ontario	1,189,670	8.98%	1,154,550	9.13%	1,144,560	9.52%	965,510	8.56%
Alberta	712,955	17.92%	683,830	19.17%	679,700	20.87%	576,350	19.6%
British Columbia	603,265	13.23%	567,670	13.13%	561,570	13.78%	500,675	12.94%
Saskatchewan	296,385	27.69%	288,790	28.63%	286,045	29.99%	275,060	28.56%
Manitoba	220,735	17.79%	218,490	18.61%	216,755	19.12%	200,370	18.15%
Quebec	142,230	1.79%	132,945	1.72%	131,795	1.77%	88,700	1.24%
Nova Scotia	97,550	10.74%	97,605	10.77%	101,865	11.28%	89,460	9.97%
New Brunswick	34,205	4.68%	34,870	4.74%	33,830	4.7%	27,490	3.82%
Newfoundland and Labrador	8,620	1.68%	8,190	1.61%	7,390	1.48%	6,275	1.24%
Prince Edward Island	7,060	5.05%	7,160	5.21%	7,050	5.25%	5,400	4.05%
Yukon	5,575	15.88%	5,210	15.64%	4,835	16.01%	4,085	14.32%
Northwest Territories	3,410	8.29%	3,375	8.27%	3,495	8.51%	3,005	8.1%
Nunavut	745	2.09%	640	2.02%	550	1.88%	395	1.48%
Canada	3,322,405	9.64%	3,203,330	9.75%	3,179,425	10.18%	2,742,765	9.25%

There are several German ethnic-bloc settlements in theCanadian Prairies in western Canada. Over a quarter of people in Saskatchewan are German-Canadians. German bloc settlements include the areas around Strasbourg, Bulyea, Leader, Burstall, Fox Valley, Eatonia, St. Walburg, Paradise Hill, Loon Lake, Goodsoil, Pierceland, Meadow Lake, Edenwold, Windthorst, Lemberg, Qu'appelle, Neudorf, Grayson, Langenburg, Kerrobert, Unity, Luseland, Macklin, Humboldt, Watson, Cudworth, Lampman, Midale, Tribune, Consul, Rockglen, Shaunavon and Swift Current.^{[citation needed]}

In Saskatchewan the German settlers came directly from Russia, or, after 1914 from the Dakotas.^[21] They came not as large groups but as part of a chain of family members, where the first immigrants would find suitable locations and send for the others. They formed compact German-speaking communities built around their Catholic or Lutheran churches, and continuing old-world customs. They were farmers who grew wheat and sugar beets.^[51] Arrivals from Russia,Bukovina, and RomanianDobruja established their villages in a 40-mile-wide tract east of Regina.^[52] The Germans operated parochial schools primarily to maintain their religious faith; often they offered only an hour of German language instruction a week, but they always had extensive coverage of religion. Most German Catholic children by 1910 attended schools taught entirely in English.^[53] From 1900 to 1930, German Catholics generally voted for the Liberal ticket (rather than the Provincial Rights and Conservative tickets), seeing Liberals as more willing to protect religious minorities. Occasionally they voted for Conservatives or independent candidates who offered greater support for public funding of parochial schools.^[54] Nazi Germany made a systematic effort to proselytize among Saskatchewan's Germans in the 1930s. Fewer than 1% endorsed their message, but some did migrate back to Germany before anti-Nazi sentiment became overwhelming in 1939.^[55]

The choral tradition is historically very prominent within German music in Canada. In the latter part of the 19th century,Turnvereine (Turner clubs) were active in both Canada and the United States, and were associated with communities of German continental immigrants in urban centres such asCincinnati, Ohio;Buffalo, New York; andErie, Pennsylvania.^[56] TheSängerfest ("singer festival", pluralSängerfeste) movement, which began in Germany at the start of the 19th century, spread to the United States by the 1840s, and to Canada by 1862, when the first majorSängerfest was held inBerlin,Canada West (laterKitchener, Ontario) from August 6 to 9.^[56] This followed the format of a typical Turner event by also including theatrical and athletic events, as well as band concerts.^[56] Another festival was held the following year in the nearby community of Waterloo, which had an audience of 2000 people.^[56] It was followed in 1866 by an even larger event, organized by the German Club of Hamilton, which had 5000 attendees and featured choirs from both Ontario and the United States.^[56]

The continued success of these events led to the founding of theDeutsch-kanadischer Sängerbund (German-Canadian Choir Federation) in Hamilton in 1873 and the Canadian Choir Federation in Berlin in 1893.^[56] Major song and music festivals were held by German communities throughout Ontario in Toronto, Hamilton, Waterloo, Bowmanville,Guelph,Sarnia, Port Elgin, Bridgeport, Elmira, and, most often out of all of these, in Berlin.^[56] Three of the most spectacularSängerfeste were organized by Berlin's Concordia Club; one 1879 festival which was organized by the club attracted 12,000 visitors.^[56] Anti-German sentiment, which arose during the First World War, led to an interruption in theSängerfeste, along with other German cultural institutions, and attempts to re-establish the tradition during the mid-20th century postwar period were largely unsuccessful due to social changes. The last significantSängerfest in Canada were held in the 1980s.^[56]

Theantiquarian, archaeologist, andfolkloristWilliam J. Wintemberg produced a number of works on folklore in Ontario during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including communities whose traditions and beliefs were based in the Pennsylvania German cultural milieu. With widespread social change in the 20th century, these traditional beliefs began to decline, though some persisted in reduced form. These communities were deeply religious, but also commonly had spiritual beliefs described by George Elmore Reaman as "mystic".^[57] Their folkloric traditions includedproverbs, rituals, and beliefs about the weather,luck, health and health problems, wild and domestic animals, crops, certain herbs and other plants believed to have special properties,witches andwitchcraft, blessings, and particular times of the year, such as specific holidays. The moon and its phases were also important to them,^[58] as well as the signs of theZodiac.^[59] They had a complex set of beliefs around thunder and lightning and their cause and avoidance, as well as particular beliefs around fires caused by lightning.^[60] Thecelt had some prominence as a cultural object, and was called thegewitter-stein ("lightning stone") ordonder-keidel ("thunder wedge"); it was associated with the splitting of trees by lightning.^[60] People who were regarded as witches andwitch doctors both existed in these communities. Accounts of witches sometimes associate them withcurses.^[61] Accounts of witch doctors often associate them with charms, or healing of both people and livestock.^[61][62] The famoushex signs painted on barns in Pennsylvania were historically absent from German barns in Ontario, as barns were usually unpainted.^[62] There was, however, a strong belief in rituals and objects associated with both good and bad luck; good luck is associated with charms and symbols such as thesign of the cross,^[63] thefour-leaf clover, and the finding of ahorseshoe.^[62]

There are two German international schools in Canada:

• Alexander von Humboldt Schule Montréal
• German International School Toronto

There are alsobilingual German-English K-12 schools in Winnipeg, Manitoba:

• Donwood Elementary School (K–5)
• Princess Margaret School (K–5)
• Chief Peguis Junior High (6–8)
• River East Collegiate (9–12)
• Westgate Mennonite Collegiate (6-12)

• Foreign Protestants
• German Americans
• Hessian (soldiers)
• German inventors and discoverers
• German Mills, Ontario
• German Canadian Club Hansa
• Waterloo County, Ontario
• Berliner Journal
• List of German language newspapers of Ontario

Wikimedia Commons has media related toCanadians of German descent.

• German Clubs, Communities and Businesses in Canada and USA
• University of Alberta's History of Germans in Alberta
• Multicultural Canada website including German books and periodicals and digitized issues of theBerliner Journal, 1880–1916
• History of Ours: the German People A history of Germans in Brantford, Ontario.
• German Canadian Club "Hansa Haus" in Mississauga, Ontario German-Canadian Cultural Centre in the GTA
• German Canadian Association of Nova Scotia Nonprofit organization in Nova Scotia that promotes German Canadian heritage and cultures
• German Canadian Congress

• Canadian people of German descent
• European diaspora in Canada
• German diaspora in Canada
• German diaspora by country

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