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Gerhard Michalski

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
German World War II fighter pilot (1917–1946)

Gerhard Michalski
Born(1917-06-25)25 June 1917
Augsdorf
Died22 February 1946(1946-02-22) (aged 28)
Kaltenkirchen
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/ branch Luftwaffe
RankOberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)
UnitJG 53,JG z.b.V.,JG 4,JG 11
CommandsJG 4
Battles / wars
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Gerhard Michalski (25 June 1917 – 22 February 1946) was a GermanLuftwaffemilitary aviator andwing commander duringWorld War II. As afighter ace, he is credited with 73 aerial victories in 652 missions, of which 59 victories were achieved over theWestern Front including 13 four-engine bombers, and 14 over theEastern Front. He was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Early life and career

[edit]

Michalski was born on 25 June 1917 inAugsdorf in theProvince of Saxony of theGerman Empire. In 1936, he volunteered for military service in theLuftwaffe and was promoted toLeutnant in 1938. Michalski received theIron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 28 September 1939.[1]

World War II

[edit]

Michalski joined 6.Staffel (6th squadron) ofJagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1940. He claimed his first victory on 31 March 1940 during the "Phoney War", when he downed a FrenchMorane Saulnier MS 406 fighter over the French border nearPüttlingen.[2] Flying through theBattle of Britain, he claimed eight further aerial victories. In October 1940, Michalski was appointed Adjutant in II./JG 53.[1]

JG 53 flew its last mission on the Channel Front on 4 June 1941.[3] Four days later, II.Gruppe was ordered toMannheim-Sandhofen Airfield.[4]

Operation Barbarossa

[edit]

In preparation ofOperation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul at Mannheim-Sandhofen Airfield.[5] On 12 June, II.Gruppe relocated to Sobolewo. On 21 June, the commanding officers were ordered toSuwałki where they were briefed byGeneralfeldmarschallAlbert Kesselring.[6]

With JG 53 participating in the invasion of Russia from June 1941 onward, Michalski claimed 13 further victories by the end of August 1941 for a total of 22.[1]

On 5 October 1941, II.Gruppe of JG 53 was withdrawn from theEastern Front and ordered toInsterburg, present-day Chernyakhovsk.[7] TheGruppe was then sent toLeeuwarden Airfield in the Netherlands where they arrived on 12. October.[8] Prior to the relocation, Michalski was appointedStaffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4.Staffel of JG 53,[9] relacingOberleutnant Kurt Liedtke in this capacity.[10]

Mediterranean theater

[edit]

In November 1941, II.Gruppe of JG 53 were relocated toSicily for operations againstMalta. Michalski was to become the most successful German fighter pilot in theSiege of Malta, claiming 26 victories against the island's defenders.[11] Michalski was appointedGruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II.Gruppe of JG 53 in August 1942. He succeededHauptmann Walter Spies who was transferred. Command of 4.Staffel was then passed toOberleutnant Wilhelm Hobirk for two months before it was assigned toLeutnantFritz Dinger in October.[12] He was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 41 victories in September. On 1 October, Michalski was promoted toHauptmann (captain).[1]

Bf 109s of JG 53 in southern Italy, similar to those flown by Michalski.

On 15 October, Michalski was shot down in his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10484—factory number). He bailed out over sea, climbed into hislife raft before he was picked up by aDornier Do 24flying boat ofSeenotstaffel 6, the 6th Squadron of the Germanair-sea rescue service.[13] His victors wereNo. 126 SquadronSupermarine Spitfire fighters, flown by F/L. Jones and F/Sgt Varey, who shot him down offMarsaxlokk Bay.[14]

In November 1942, II./JG 53 were sent toTunisia. On 27 November, Michalski claimed a Spitfire fighter shot down 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) south ofMajaz al Bab. That day, the RAF lost two Spitfires in aerial combat, one fromNo. 72 Squadron and another fromNo. 152 Squadron, plus another Spitfire damaged in combat. While Luftwaffe pilots claimed ten Spitfires shot down.[15]

Following the fall of Tunisia, II./JG 53 relocated to bases in Sicily in May 1943. By June 1943, theGeschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 53,OberstGünther Freiherr von Maltzahn, had fallen ill and could no longer lead JG 53 during combat missions. In consequence, Michalski was tasked with leading the air elements of JG 53.[16] On 13 June, Michalski claimed a Supermarine Spitfire fighter shot down nearSyracuse. His opponent may have been Wing CommanderJohn Ellis who bailed out and was taken prisoner of war.[17]

On 18 June 1943, II.Gruppe engaged in combat with eight Spitfire fighters over southeast Sicily. In this encounter, Michalski was shot down in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 16362) nearDonnafugata Castle. Forced to bail out, he was injured and taken to hospital inRagusa.[18][19] His victor was Flying OfficerGeorge Noel KeithRoyal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), flying a Spitfire of No. 72 Squadron.[20][21] He bailed out wounded in the leg and with a broken ankle, landing in the sea, from where he was rescued by the German air-sea rescue service. Hospitalised, he returned to JG 53 in August 1943.[22]

On 1 October, Michalski was promoted toMajor (major). In November 1943, II./JG 53 was relocated to airfields in Austria, operating onReichsverteidigung (Defense of the Reich) duties. Michalski claimed his 60th victory on 2 November.[22]

Wing commander

[edit]

On 24 April 1944, Michalski was madeGeschwaderkommodore of the newly formedJagdgeschwader z.b.V. (JG z.b.V.—fighter wing for special deployment), a special purpose unit which was tasked with defending the southern German airspace under control of 7.Jagd-Division (7th Fighter Division). Initially, the unit was based atKassel and equipped with the Bf 109 G-6.[23] On 29 April, theUnited States Army Air Forces (USAAF)Eighth Air Force headed for Berlin. Michalski led theStab and II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) on the intercept mission. NearSchandelah, present-day part of Cremlingen, he shot down aBoeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber.[24] On 1 May, the Eighth Air Force attacked German railroad infrastructure in southern Germany. Defending against this attack, Michalski was shot down by USAAF escorting fighters in his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 440232) nearSaarbrücken. Due to his injuries, he was taken off duty. The position ofGeschwaderkommodore was left vacant until on 21 MayMajorWalther Dahl was given command of JG z.b.V.[25]

Following his recovery, Michalski was transferred to theVerbandsführerschule of theGeneral der Jagdflieger on 20 May 1944. On 21 July, he joined theStabsstaffel, I./Jagdgeschwader 11.[22]

On 15 June, JG z.b.V. had been renamed and becameJagdgeschwader 4 (JG 4—4th Fighter Wing) and Dahl was replaced byMajorGerhard Schöpfel as commander of JG 4. When on 6 August Schöpfel was wounded in combat, Michalski was transferred and becameGeschwaderkommodore of JG 4.[26] Michalski was awarded theKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 25 November for 72 victories. On 1 January 1945, Michalski was promoted toOberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel).[22]

AsGeschwaderkommodore, Michalski was ordered to Berlin on 22 January 1945 and attended the meeting withReichsmarschallHermann Göring which was later dubbed theFighter Pilots' Mutiny. This was an attempt to reinstateGeneralleutnantAdolf Galland asGeneral der Jagdflieger who had been dismissed for outspokenness regarding theOberkommando der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command), and had been replaced byOberstGordon Gollob. The meeting was held at theHaus der Flieger in Berlin and was attended by a number of high-ranking fighter pilot leaders which included Michalski,Günther Lützow,Hannes Trautloft,Hermann Graf,Erich Leie,Helmut Bennemann,Kurt Bühligen andHerbert Ihlefeld, and their antagonist Göring supported by his staffBernd von Brauchitsch andKarl Koller. The fighter pilots, with Lützow taking the lead as spokesman, criticized Göring and made him personally responsible for the decisions taken which effectively had led to the lost air war over Europe.[27]

Later life

[edit]

Michalski was involved in a motor vehicle accident on 22 February 1946 and died in a hospital at the age of 28 inKaltenkirchen.[22] His brother Werner waskilled in action as aLeutnant on 10 April 1942 serving withJagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter".[28]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historianDavid T. Zabecki, Michalski was credited with 73 aerial victories.[29] Spick also lists him with 73 aerial victories in 652 missions, of which 59 victories were achieved over theWestern Front including 13 four-engine bombers and 29 Spitfire fighters.[30] Mathews and Foreman, authors ofLuftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched theGerman Federal Archives and found records for 68 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 14 on the Eastern Front and 54 on the Western Front, including 11 four-engined bombers.[31]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ =Planquadrat), for example "PQ 03 Ost 9848". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15minutes oflatitude by 30 minutes oflongitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[32]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Michalski did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates anHerausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim!Claim#DateTimeTypeLocationClaim!Claim#DateTimeTypeLocation
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
"Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
131 March 194016:00M.S.406southwest ofSarreguemines[34]
– 6.Staffel ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
At the Channel and over England — 26 June – August 1940
2115 August 194018:50Hurricanesouthwest ofPortland[35]
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
At the Channel and over England — August 1940 – 8 June 1941
3210 October 194011:40?[Note 1]SpitfireFolkestone[36]
Thames Estuary		724 November 194016:50HurricaneGravesend[37]
4311 October 194008:55Spitfire[36]8630 November 194015:26HurricaneAshford[37]
5428 October 194017:28Hurricane20 km (12 mi) south ofLondon[37]9725 April 194115:47Spitfire[38]
651 November 194015:40Spitfire[37]
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 8 October 1941
1081 July 194113:52I-153[39]171529 August 194115:57I-16[40]?[Note 2]
1194 July 194116:45SB-2[39]181611 September 194109:02I-18 (MiG-1)[40]
12104 July 194116:49SB-3[39]191721 September 194116:05I-18 (MiG-1)[41]
13115 July 194109:26SB-3southeast of Smitten[39]201823 September 194117:05I-18 (MiG-1)[41]
141214 July 194119:24DB-3[42]211928 September 194108:03I-18 (MiG-1)[41]
151319 July 194117:25R-5[42]22204 October 194109:43?[Note 3]I-18 (MiG-1)[43]
161427 August 194117:10R-5[42]
– 4.Staffel ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
Mediterranean Theater — 15 December 1941 – August 1942
23?[Note 4]2120 December 194116:40Hurricane[46]353029 June 194208:45Spitfire[47]
2429 December 194110:40Hurricane[48]36312 July 194208:07Spitfire10 km (6.2 mi) northeast ofMalta[47]
5–8 km (3.1–5.0 mi) north of Ta' Vnezja
25223 January 194209:18?[Note 5]Hurricane[48]37322 July 194213:30Spitfire7–8 km (4.3–5.0 mi) east ofLa Valletta[47]
262320 January 194214:18Hurricane[48]38338 July 194206:48Spitfire[49]
27
—
24 January 194214:25Hurricane[48]39348 July 194211:35Spitfire[49]
282417 March 194208:08SpitfireMalta[50]403530 July 194208:25Spitfire[49]
29
—
2 April 194210:42Spitfire[50]413631 July 194214:58Spitfire[49]
30258 May 194209:40P-40Ta' Vnezja[51]423731 July 194215:00Spitfire[49]
2614 May 194211:43Spitfire[33]382 August 194214:30Spitfire5 km (3.1 mi) west of Venezia[33]
3115 May 194211:31Spitfire[51]43392 August 194216:23Spitfire[49]
32273 June 194211:13Spitfire60 km (37 mi) southeast ofPantelleria[47]444010 August 194212:21Spitfire[49]
33288 June 194211:25Spitfire[47]45?[Note 4]12 August 1942
—
Spitfire[52]
342915 June 194210:40Beaufighter70 km (43 mi) southeast of Pantelleria[47]464114 August 194218:48Spitfire[53]
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[33]
Mediterranean Theater — August – 31 December 1942
474213 October 1942?[Note 6]14:10?[Note 7]Spitfire20 km (12 mi) north of La Valletta[53]494427 November 194214:56Spitfire15 km (9.3 mi) south ofMajaz al Bab[54]
484314 October 194208:20Spitfire[53]vicinity of Malta
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[31]
Mediterranean Theater — 1 January – 15 October 1943
50?[Note 4]
—
1 January 194311:56Spitfire[55]565019 April 194316:08Spitfire3 km (1.9 mi) southeast ofMenzel Temime[56]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest ofZembra
514525 February 194312:16P-3815 km (9.3 mi) west ofTebourba[56]57512 May 194314:54P-40southwest ofBéja[56]
52?[Note 8]2 March 194311:50Spitfire5 km (3.1 mi) southeast ofSfax[56]58528 June 194308:52Spitfire40 km (25 mi) south-southwest ofPozzallo[56]
462 March 194311:50B-17*5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Béja[33]59539 June 194314:00P-3815 km (9.3 mi) south of Pantelleria[56]
53?[Note 8]4722 March 194314:10P-38PQ 03 Ost 9848[56]605413 June 194312:12SpitfireSyracuse[56]
544818 April 194319:05P-404 km (2.5 mi) southeast of theGulf of Tunis[56]61?[Note 4]558 September 194317:00P-38[57]50 km (31 mi) southwest ofCapri
554919 April 194315:56Spitfire15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zembra[56]
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[58]
Defense of the Reich — 16 October – 31 December 1943
62562 November 194312:40?[Note 9]B-24*Kaindorf[59]
–Stab II.Gruppe ofJagdgeschwader 53 –[58]
Defense of the Reich — 1 January – April 1944
63577 January 194411:28P-38[60]15 km (9.3 mi) south ofKalsdorf678 April 1944
—
B-24[60]
645824 February 194412:56B-17[60]vicinity ofFriedburg6811 April 1944
—
B-24[60]
655925 February 194411:56B-24[60]Radlersberg-Fridau696113 April 194415:54B-17[60]Königsdorf
666023 March 194410:28B-17[60]southwest of Braundes706219 April 194410:35B-17[60]south ofHann. Münden, east ofKassel
–Stab ofJagdgruppe z.b.V. –[58]
Defense of the Reich — April 1944
716329 April 194411:03B-17Schandelah,[61] east ofBraunschweig
–Stab ofJagdgeschwader 4 –[58]
Defense of the Reich — September 1944 – 8 May 1945
726421 September 194415:25Lancasternorthwest ofNijmegen[61]75672 November 194412:56?[Note 10]B-17PQ 15 Ost JD-JE[61]
736527 September 194418:15Typhoonsouthwest ofGoch[61]76688 March 194510:27Yak-9[58]Eastern Front
74662 November 194412:55B-17PQ 15 Ost JE-JD[61]

Awards

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:45.[33]
  2. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as aMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1.[33]
  3. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:45.[33]
  4. ^abcdThis claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[44][45]
  5. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:18.[33]
  6. ^According to Prien, this claim was dated 12 October 1942.[52]
  7. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:16.[33]
  8. ^abThis claim is not listed by Prien.[55]
  9. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 12:48.[58]
  10. ^According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 11:56.[58]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abcdStockert 2011, p. 170.
  2. ^Prien 1997, p. 76.
  3. ^Prien 1997, p. 242.
  4. ^Prien 1997, p. 244.
  5. ^Prien 1997, p. 252.
  6. ^Prien 1997, p. 253.
  7. ^Prien et al. 2003b, p. 127.
  8. ^Prien et al. 2003a, p. 104.
  9. ^Prien et al. 2003a, p. 105.
  10. ^Prien et al. 2003b, p. 129.
  11. ^Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 652.
  12. ^Prien et al. 2004, p. 134.
  13. ^Prien 1998, pp. 489, 495.
  14. ^Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, pp. 607–608.
  15. ^Shores & Massimello 2016, pp. 145–147.
  16. ^Prien et al. 2010, pp. 379, 389.
  17. ^Cull, Malizia & Galea 2000, pp. 76–77.
  18. ^Prien 1998, pp. 628, 654.
  19. ^Prien et al. 2010, p. 394.
  20. ^Cull, Malizia & Galea 2000, pp. 95–99.
  21. ^Shores et al. 2018, pp. 96, 98.
  22. ^abcdeStockert 2011, p. 171.
  23. ^Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 397.
  24. ^Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 397, 404.
  25. ^Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 397, 400, 404.
  26. ^Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, pp. 397–398, 400.
  27. ^Braatz 2005, p. 348–351.
  28. ^Obermaier 1989, p. 71.
  29. ^Zabecki 2014, p. 1615.
  30. ^Spick 1996, p. 237.
  31. ^abMathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 849–850.
  32. ^Planquadrat.
  33. ^abcdefghijklmnMathews & Foreman 2015, p. 849.
  34. ^Prien et al. 2001, p. 386.
  35. ^Prien et al. 2002, p. 226.
  36. ^abPrien et al. 2002, p. 228.
  37. ^abcdPrien et al. 2002, p. 230.
  38. ^Prien et al. 2002, p. 231.
  39. ^abcdPrien et al. 2003b, p. 131.
  40. ^abPrien et al. 2003b, p. 134.
  41. ^abcPrien et al. 2003b, p. 135.
  42. ^abcPrien et al. 2003b, p. 133.
  43. ^Prien et al. 2003b, p. 137.
  44. ^Prien et al. 2004, pp. 142, 148.
  45. ^Prien et al. 2011, pp. 122–123.
  46. ^Prien 1991, p. 1669.
  47. ^abcdefPrien et al. 2004, p. 146.
  48. ^abcdPrien et al. 2004, p. 142.
  49. ^abcdefgPrien et al. 2004, p. 148.
  50. ^abPrien et al. 2004, p. 143.
  51. ^abPrien et al. 2004, p. 144.
  52. ^abPrien 1991, p. 1677.
  53. ^abcPrien et al. 2004, p. 149.
  54. ^Prien et al. 2004, p. 150.
  55. ^abPrien 1991, p. 1678.
  56. ^abcdefghijPrien et al. 2011, p. 123.
  57. ^Prien 1991, p. 1680.
  58. ^abcdefgMathews & Foreman 2015, p. 850.
  59. ^Prien et al. 2009, p. 244.
  60. ^abcdefghPrien 1991, p. 1683.
  61. ^abcdePrien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 404.
  62. ^abThomas 1998, p. 80.
  63. ^abScherzer 2007, p. 543.
  64. ^Fellgiebel 2000, p. 311.
  65. ^Fellgiebel 2000, p. 93.

Bibliography

[edit]
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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer[in German] (2000) [1986].Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015).Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton on Thames: Red Kite.ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
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  • Prien, Jochen (1991).Pik-As: Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 53 — 3 — Das Ende in Italien 1944, Rumänien, Ungarn 1944/45, Einsatz zur Verteidigung des Reiches 1943–1945 [Ace of Spades: History of the Fighter Wing 53 — 3 — The End in Italy 1944, Romania, Hungary 1944/45, Defense of the Reich 1943–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-16-8.
  • Prien, Jochen (1997).Jagdgeschwader 53 A History of the "Pik As" Geschwader March 1937 – May 1942. Atglen, Pennsylvania:Schiffer Publishing.ISBN 978-0-7643-0175-9.
  • Prien, Jochen (1998).Jagdgeschwader 53 A History of the "Pik As" Geschwader May 1942 – January 1944. Atglen, Pennsylvania:Schiffer Publishing.ISBN 978-0-7643-0292-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26 June 1940 bis 21 June 1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2004).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 8/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—November 1941 bis Dezember 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 8/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—November 1941 to December 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-74-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2009).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 10/III—Reichsverteidigung—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 10/III—Defense of the Reich—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-89-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2010).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/I—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/I—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-923457-95-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-942943-00-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried (2018).Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 13/IV—Einsatz im Reichsverteidigung und im Westen—1.1. bis 31.12.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 13/IV—Action in the Defense of the Reich and in the West—1 January to 31 December 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck.ISBN 978-3-942943-19-2.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007).Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag.ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Shores, Christopher F.; Cull, Brian; Malizia, Nicola (1991).Malta: The Spitfire Year. London, UK: Grub Street.ISBN 978-0-948817-16-8.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni (2016).A History of the Mediterranean Air War, 1940–1945. Volume Three: Tunisia and the End in Africa, November 1942–1943. London, UK: Grub Street Publishing.ISBN 978-1-910690-67-3.
  • Shores, Christopher; Massimello, Giovanni; Guest, Russell; Olynyk, Frank; Bock, Winfried; Thomas, Andy (2018).A History of the Mediterranean Air War 1940–1945: Volume Four: Sicily and Italy to the Fall of Rome: 14 May, 1943 – 5 June 1944. London: Grub Street.ISBN 978-1-911621-10-2.
  • Spick, Mike (1996).Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books.ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Stockert, Peter (2011).Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 7 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 7] (in German). Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick.OCLC 76072662.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998).Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag.ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014).Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California:ABC-Clio.ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.
Military offices
Preceded by
none
 Commander ofJagdgeschwader z.b.V.
20 April 1944 – 20 May 1944		Succeeded by
HauptmannWalther Dahl
Preceded by Commander ofJagdgeschwader 4
7 August 1944 – 8 May 1945		Succeeded by
none
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