TheGeorgian Golden Age (Georgian:საქართველოს ოქროს ხანა,romanized:sakartvelos okros khana) describes a historical period in theHigh Middle Ages, spanning from roughly the late 11th to 13th centuries, during which theKingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its power and development. In addition to military expansion, this period saw the flourishing of medieval Georgian architecture, painting and poetry, which was frequently expressed in the development of ecclesiastic art, as well as the creation of the first major works of secular literature.
Lasting more than two centuries, theGolden Age came to a gradual end due to persistent invasions ofnomads, such asMongols, as well as the spread ofBlack Death by these same nomadic groups. Georgia further weakened after theFall of Constantinople, which effectively marked the end of theEastern Roman Empire, Georgia's traditional ally. As a result of these processes, by the 15th centuryGeorgia fractured and turned into an isolated enclave, largely cut off fromChristianEurope and surrounded by hostile Islamic Turco-Iranic neighbors. For Georgia the Golden Age forms an important part of its status as a once-powerful and ancient nation that maintained relations withGreece andRome.[1]
The Golden Age began with the reign ofDavid IV ("the builder" or "the great"), the son ofGeorge II and Queen Helena, who assumed the throne at the age of 16 in a period ofGreat Turkish Invasions. As he came of age under the guidance of his court minister,George of Chqondidi, David IV suppressed the dissent of feudal lords and centralized the power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. In 1121, he decisively defeated much larger Turkish armies during theBattle of Didgori, with fleeing Seljuq Turks being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days. A huge amount of booty and prisoners were captured by David's army, which had also securedTbilisi and inaugurated a new era of revival.[3]
To highlight his country's higher status, he became the first Georgian king to reject the highly respected titles bestowed by theEastern Roman Empire, Georgia’s longtime ally, indicating that Georgia would deal with its powerful friend only on a parity basis. Due to close family ties between Georgian and Byzantine royalty -Princess Martha of Georgia, aunt of David IV, was once a Byzantine Empress Consort - by the 11th century as many as 16 Georgian ruling princes and kings had held Byzantine titles, David becoming the last one to do so.[4]
David IV made particular emphasis on removing the vestiges of unwanted Eastern influences, which the Georgians considered forced, in favor of the traditional Christian and Byzantine overtones. As part of this effort, he founded theGelati Monastery, aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site, which became an important center of scholarship in theEastern Orthodox Christian world of that time.
David also played a personal role in reviving Georgian religious hymnography, composing theHymns of Repentance (Georgian:გალობანი სინანულისანი,galobani sinanulisani), a sequence of eight free-verse psalms. In this emotional repentance of his sins, David sees himself as reincarnating the BiblicalDavid, with a similar relationship to God and his people. His hymns also share the idealistic zeal of the contemporaneous European crusaders to whom David was a natural ally in his struggle against theSeljuks.[5]
The kingdom continued to flourish underDemetrius I, the son of David. Although his reign saw a disruptive family conflict related to royal succession, Georgia remained a centralized power with a strong military, with several decisive victories against the Muslims inGanja, gates of which were captured by Demetrius and moved as a trophy to Gelati.
A talented poet, Demetrius also continued his father's contributions to Georgia's religiouspolyphony. The most famous of his hymns isThou Art a Vineyard, which is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the patron saint of Georgia, and is still sung in Georgia's churches 900 years after its creation.
Demetrius was succeeded by his sonGeorge in 1156, beginning a stage of more offensive foreign policy. The same year he ascended to the throne, George launched a successful campaign against theSeljuq sultanate ofAhlat. He freed the important Armenian town ofDvin from Turkish vassalage and was thus welcomed as a liberator in the area. George also continued the process of intermingling Georgian royalty with the highest ranks of the Eastern Roman Empire, a testament of which is the marriage of his daughter Rusudan toManuel Komnenos, the son of EmperorAndronikos I Komnenos.
The successes of her predecessors were built upon by QueenTamar, daughter of George III, who became the first female ruler of Georgia in her own right and under whose leadership the Georgian state reached the zenith of power and prestige in the Middle Ages. She not only shielded much of her Empire from further Turkish onslaught but successfully pacified internal tensions, including a coup organized by herRussian husbandYury Bogolyubsky, prince ofNovgorod. Additionally, she pursued policies that were considered very enlightened for her time period, such as abolishing state-sanctioned death penalty and torture.[6]
Among the remarkable events of Tamar's reign was the foundation of theempire of Trebizond on theBlack Sea in 1204. This state was established in the northeast of the crumblingByzantine Empire with the help of the Georgian armies, which supportedAlexios I of Trebizond and his brother,David Komnenos, both of whom were Tamar's relatives.[7] Alexios and David were fugitive Byzantine princes raised at the Georgian court. According to Tamar's historian, the aim of the Georgian expedition to Trebizond was to punish the Byzantine emperorAlexius IV Angelus for his confiscation of a shipment of money from the Georgian queen to the monasteries ofAntioch andMount Athos. Tamar's Pontic endeavor can also be explained by her desire to take advantage of theWestern EuropeanFourth Crusade against Constantinople to set up a friendly state in Georgia's immediate southwestern neighborhood, as well as by the dynastic solidarity to the dispossessed Comnenoi.[8][9]
The country's power had grown to such extent that in the later years of Tamar's rule, the Kingdom was primarily concerned with the protection of the Georgian monastic centers in theHoly Land, eight of which were listed inJerusalem.[10]Saladin's biographerBahā' ad-Dīn ibn Šaddād reports that, after the Ayyubid conquest of Jerusalem in 1187, Tamar sent envoys to the sultan to request that the confiscated possessions of the Georgian monasteries in Jerusalem be returned. Saladin's response is not recorded, but the queen's efforts seem to have been successful.[11] Ibn Šaddād furthermore claims that Tamar outbid the Byzantine emperor in her efforts to obtain the relics of theTrue Cross, offering 200,000 gold pieces to Saladin who had taken the relics as booty at thebattle of Hattin – to no avail, however.[12]
Jacques de Vitry, thePatriarch of Jerusalem at that time wrote:[13]
There is also in the East another Christian people, who are very warlike and valiant in battle, being strong in body and powerful in the countless numbers of their warriors...Being entirely surrounded by infidel nations...these men are called Georgians, because they especially revere and worship St. George...Whenever they come on pilgrimage to theLord's Sepulchre, they march into the Holy City...without paying tribute to anyone, for theSaracens dare in no wise molest them...
With flourishing commercial centers now under Georgia's control, industry and commerce brought new wealth to the country and Tamar's court. Tribute extracted from the neighbors and war booty added to the royal treasury, giving rise to the saying that "the peasants were like nobles, the nobles like princes, and the princes like kings."[14][15]
Tamar's reign also marked the continuation of artistic development in the country commenced by her predecessors. While her contemporary Georgian chronicles continued to enshrine Christian morality, the religious theme started to lose its earlier dominant position to the highly original secular literature. This trend culminated in anepic written by Georgia's national poetRustaveli -The Knight in the Panther's Skin (Vepkhistq'aosani). Revered in Georgia as the greatest achievement of native literature, the poem celebrates the Medievalhumanistic ideals ofchivalry, friendship andcourtly love.
Around the time when Mongolsinvaded the Slavic northeast of Europe, the nomadic armies simultaneously pushed down south to Georgia.George IV, son of Queen Tamar, put aside his preparations in support of theFifth Crusade and concentrated on fighting the invaders, but the Mongol onslaught was too strong to overcome. Georgians suffered heavy losses in the war and the king himself was severely wounded. As a result, George became handicapped and died prematurely at the age of 31.
George's sisterRusudan assumed the throne but she was too inexperienced and her country too weakened to push out the nomads. In 1236 a prominent Mongol commanderChormaqan led a massive army against Georgia and its vassals, forcing Queen Rusudan to flee to the west, leavingeastern Georgia in the hands of noblemen who eventually made peace with the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute; those who resisted were subject to complete annihilation. The Mongol armies chose not to cross the natural barrier ofLikhi Range in pursuit of the Georgian Queen, sparing western Georgia of the widespread rampages. Later, Rusudan attempted to gain support from PopeGregory IX, but without any success. In 1243, Georgia was finally forced to acknowledge theGreat Khan as its overlord.
Perhaps no Mongol invasion devastated Georgia as much as the decades of anti-Mongol struggle that took place in the country. The first anti-Mongol uprising started in 1259 under the leadership ofDavid VI and lasted for almost thirty years. The anti-Mongol strife continued without much success under KingsDemetrius the Self-Sacrificer, who was executed by the Mongols, andDavid VIII.
Georgia finally saw a period of revival unknown since the Mongol invasions underKing George V the Brilliant. A far-sighted monarch, George V managed to play on the decline of theIlkhanate, stopped paying tribute to the Mongols, restored the pre-1220 state borders of Georgia, and returned theEmpire of Trebizond into Georgia's sphere of influence. Under him, Georgia established close international commercial ties, mainly with theByzantine Empire - to which George V had family ties - but also with the greatEuropeanmaritime republics,Genoa andVenice. George V also achieved the restoration of several Georgian monasteries inJerusalem to theGeorgian Orthodox Church and gained free passage for Georgian pilgrims to theHoly Land. The widespread use of theJerusalem cross in Medieval Georgia - an inspiration for the modernnational flag of Georgia - is thought to date to the reign of George V.[16]
The death of George V, the last of great kings of unified Georgia, precipitated an irreversible decline of the Kingdom. The following decades were marked byBlack Death, which was spread by the nomads, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership ofTamerlane, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers. After thefall of Byzantium, Georgia definitively turned into an isolated, fractured Christian enclave, a relic of the faded East Roman epoch surrounded by hostile Turco-Iranic neighbors.[citation needed]
Georgia's decline resulted in "emasculation" of its image inRussian Imperial perceptions, which systematically overlooked the nation's origins and instead portrayed it as a vulnerable, feminine "orient" in need of imperial protection.[17]
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