George Washington Parke Custis | |
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| Born | April 30, 1781 Rosaryville, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | October 10, 1857(1857-10-10) (aged 76) |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Education | |
| Occupation | Author |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 5 or 6, includingMary andMaria |
| Parents | |
| Relatives |
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George Washington Parke Custis (April 30, 1781 – October 10, 1857) was an Americanantiquarian, author, playwright, and slave owner. He was a veteran of theWar of 1812. His fatherJohn Parke Custis served in theAmerican Revolution with then-GeneralGeorge Washington, and died after theBattle of Yorktown that ended the revolution.
Custis was the grandson ofMartha Washington, First Lady and wife of President George Washington. His father John was the stepson of George Washington. His mother wasEleanor Calvert Custis. He and his sisterEleanor (Nelly) were officially the wards of his mother's second husband (their stepfather,David Stuart). His father, his father's sister Patsy, his own sister Nelly and he grew up at George Washington'sMount Vernon.
Upon reaching age 21, Custis inherited a large fortune from his late father,John Parke Custis, including a plantation in what becameArlington, Virginia. High atop a hill overlooking thePotomac River andWashington, D.C., Custis built theGreek Revival mansionArlington House (1803–18), as a shrine to George Washington. There he preserved and displayed many of Washington's belongings. Custis also wrote historical plays about Virginia, delivered a number of patriotic addresses, and was the author of the posthumously publishedRecollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington (1860).
His daughter,Mary Anna Randolph Custis, marriedRobert E. Lee. They inherited Arlington House and the plantation surrounding it, but the property was soon confiscated by thefederal government during theCivil War. After the war, theUS Supreme Court determined the property to have been illegally confiscated and ordered it returned to Lee's heirs. After regaining Arlington,George Washington Custis Lee immediately sold it back to the federal government for its market value. Arlington House is now a museum, interpreted by theNational Park Service as the Robert E. Lee Memorial.Fort Myer andArlington National Cemetery are also located on what had been Custis' plantation.
Custis was born on April 30, 1781, at his mother's family home, Mount Airy, which survives inRosaryville State Park inPrince George's County, Maryland.[1] He initially lived with his parentsJohn Parke Custis andEleanor Calvert Custis, and his sistersElizabeth Parke Custis,Martha Parke Custis andNelly Custis, atAbingdon Plantation, which is now part ofRonald Reagan Washington National Airport, inArlington County, Virginia, which his father had purchased in 1778.[2] However, six months after Custis's birth, his father died of "camp fever" atYorktown, Virginia, shortly after thesiege of Yorktown ended on October 19, 1781.
Custis's grandmother,Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, had been widowed in 1757, and marriedGeorge Washington in January 1759. His father had grown up atMount Vernon. Following John Parke Custis's death, Custis and his sister, Nelly, were taken in by George and Martha Washington and grew up at Mount Vernon.[2][3][4] Custis's two oldest sisters, Elizabeth and Martha, remained at Abingdon with their widowed mother, who in 1783 married Dr.David Stuart, anAlexandria physician and associate of George Washington.[5]
The Washingtons brought Custis and Nelly, 8 and 10 years old, respectively, toNew York City in 1789 to live in thefirst andsecond presidential mansions. Following the transfer of the national capital toPhiladelphia, the original "First Family" occupied thePresident's House from 1790 to 1797.[citation needed]
Custis (nicknamed "Washy" or "Wash") attended—but did not graduate from—Philadelphia Academy (the preparatory school of what is nowthe University of Pennsylvania); the College of New Jersey (nowPrinceton University); andSt. John's College inAnnapolis, Maryland. George Washington repeatedly expressed frustration with young Custis and his inability to improve the youth's attitude. Upon young Custis's return to Mount Vernon after only one term at St. John's, George Washington sent him to his mother and stepfather (Dr. David Stuart) atHope Park, writing, "He appears to me to be moped and Stupid, says nothing, and is always in some hole or corner excluded from the Company."[6]
His grandfather gave him a sword when "Wash" Custis received a Virginia military commission shortly before the turn of the century. Custis served briefly at the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, but never experienced combat.[7]
When Custis came of age in 1802, he inherited large amounts of money, land, and property from the estates of his father, John Parke Custis, and grandfatherDaniel Parke Custis. When Martha Washington died (also in 1802), Custis received both a bequest from her (as he had upon George Washington's death in 1799) as well as his father's former plantations because of the termination of Martha's life estate.[8] However, Martha's executor,Bushrod Washington, refused to sell to Custis the Mount Vernon estate on which Custis had been living and which Bushrod Washington (George Washington's nephew) had inherited. Custis thereupon moved into a four-room, 80-year-old house on land inherited from his father, who had called it "Mount Washington".[9]
Almost immediately, Custis began constructing Arlington House on his land, which at the time was within Alexandria County (now Arlington County) in theDistrict of Columbia. HiringGeorge Hadfield as architect, he constructed a mansion that was the first example ofGreek Revival architecture in America.[10] He located the building on a prominent hill overlooking the Georgetown-Alexandria Turnpike (at the approximate location of the present Eisenhower Drive in Arlington National Cemetery), thePotomac River, and the growing Washington City on the opposite side of the river.[10]
Interrupted by theWar of 1812 (and material shortages after the British burned the American capital city), Custis finally completed the mansion's exterior using slave labor and materials on site in 1818.[11] Custis intended the mansion to serve as a memorial to George Washington, and included design elements similar to that of George Washington's Mount Vernon.[12] Custis famously displayed relics from Mount Vernon at events he held at Arlington House.[13]
On July 7, 1804, Custis marriedMary Lee Fitzhugh. Of their four children, only one daughter,Mary Anna Randolph Custis, survived to maturity. Friends throughout their childhood, she married her distant cousin,Robert E. Lee at Arlington House on June 30, 1831. Lee's father,Henry Lee III (Light-Horse Harry Lee) had delivered theeulogy at George Washington's December 18, 1799, funeral.[14]
There are over 300,000 headstones and hundreds of memorials at Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington House itself is a memorial toGeorge Washington. The son ofMartha Dandridge Custis Washington,John Parke Custis purchased the 1,100-acre (450 ha) tract of wooded land on thePotomac River north ofAlexandria, Virginia in 1778. When John Parke Custis died after theBattle of Yorktown, the final battle of theAmerican Revolution, Arlington Estate was inherited by his son, then-six-month-old George Washington Parke Custis. John Parke Custis, his sister Martha (Patsy) Parke Custis, his son George (named after George Washington, the step-father of John). and his daughter Eleanor (Nelly) Parke Custis (later Lewis) grew up at Mount Vernon, the home of Martha and George Washington. George Washington Parke Custis built Arlington House as a memorial to George Washington. An Army veteran of theWar of 1812, George W. P. Custis and his wife Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis were buried in a fenced-in area now located in section 13.
Other family members include: daughterMary Anna Randolph Custis Lee;Maria Carter Syphax, illegitimate daughter of enslaved (and later freed) maid, Arianna Carter Syphax, son-in-law: Robert Edward Lee, and seven grandchildren: George Custis Lee, Mary, William, Robert E. Jr., Anne, Eleanor, and Mildred.
George W. P. Custis and his wife Mary Fitzhugh Custis who raised their daughterMary Anna Randolph Custis at Arlington, left the estate to her. Custis stipulated that whomever owned his beloved Arlington must be named Custis. Therefore, Arlington would go to his daughter and then to his grandson, Custis Lee. Mary Anna Custis married her distant cousin,United States Army LieutenantRobert E. Lee in June 1831. With the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War on April 12, 1861, Robert E. Lee resigned from the United States Army and took command of Virginia's confederate forces on April 23, 1861. Mary Custis Lee left Arlington on May 15, 1861 to join her daughters at Ravensworth, a nearby home owned by Custis relatives. When Mary Custis Lee did not pay her property taxes in person, the estate was legally confiscated. The United States would later return it, and then purchase the property from Custis Lee. Union troops occupied Arlington on May 24.
On July 16, 1862, theUnited States Congress passed legislation authorizing the purchase of land for national cemeteries for military dead. In May 1864, large numbers of Union forces died in theBattle of the Wilderness, requiring a large new cemetery to be built near the District of Columbia. A study quickly determined that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property for this purpose. While Private William Henry Christmas became the first Union soldier buried at Arlington on May 13, 1864, formal authorization for burials did not occur until June 15, 1864.
In January 1799, Custis accepted a commission as acornet in theUnited States Army and was promoted to second lieutenant in March. He served asaide-de-camp toGeneralCharles Cotesworth Pinckney and was honorably discharged on June 15, 1800.[citation needed]
During the War of 1812, Custis, despite physical infirmities, assisted in the firing of anartillery piece to help defend Washington, D.C., from the British during theBattle of Bladensburg.[15] Custis also delivered and published an address condemning the death of Revolutionary War generalJames Lingan, whom a Baltimore mob killed for defending an anti-war publisher's right to oppose the war.[16] With Mrs. Madison, it is reported that Custis initiated the saving of George Washington's portrait from the Executive Mansion (The White House) from the British troops.[17]
Custis owned land and enslaved people in several Virginia counties. In the 1820 U.S. Federal Census, he owned 116 slaves inNew Kent County, Virginia in land he inherited from his father and hired a steward to manage.[18] He also owned 58 slaves in what became Arlington County, then the Alexandria section of the District of Columbia.[19] One of these slaves was his valetPhilip Lee.[20] In 1830, Custis owned 57 slaves in the Alexandria section of the District of Columbia,[21] and in 1840 owned 52 slaves in that area (33 male and 19 female).[22] The Alexandria slave schedules are missing or misindexed for the last census of his lifetime, in 1850. By 1850, Custis owned 98 enslaved people in New Kent County,[23] and an additional 34 in King William County, Virginia.[24]
During the 1820s, Custis was an active member of theAmerican Colonization Society—an organization led by his cousin Bushrod Washington and that supported the colonization of free blacks in Africa, particularly inLiberia. Custis eventually lost interest in the Society, but his wife and daughter continued to support it for many years. Colonization was generally unpopular withAfrican American slaves. Of the Arlington slaves, only William Burke and his family chose to move to Liberia. In 1854, William and Rosabella Burke and their children left Arlington House forMonrovia, Liberia. Rosabella continued to write to Mrs. Lee and named a new daughter "Martha" in tribute to the family.[25]
In 1826, Custis admitted the paternity ofMaria Carter, who had been born in 1803 toArianna "Airy" Carter (1776–1880), an African-American slave maid at the Arlington estate who had earlier resided at Mount Vernon as a slave of Martha Washington. Maria lived and worked at Arlington as a slave until 1826, when she married Charles Syphax, a slave who oversaw the dining room of Arlington House. (It was a religious ceremony only; enslaved people could not legally marry.)[26] Soon after Maria's marriage, Custis freed her and gave her a 17-acre (7-hectare) plot in the southwest corner of the Arlington estate. Maria subsequently raised ten children on her property, thus establishing theSyphax family. Tall trees and stretches of grassland reportedly surrounded Maria's white cottage.[25][27] Custis is also believed to have fathered a girl named Lucy with the slaveCaroline Branham.[28]
In 1802, theWashington Jockey Club sought a site for a new race course, as its old site—which occupied land from the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, across Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, to Twentieth Street, where theEisenhower Executive Office Building sits today—was suffering encroachment from the growth of the Federal City. Under the leadership ofJohn Tayloe III andCharles Carnan Ridgely, and with the support of Custis, Gen.John Peter Van Ness, Dr.William Thornton,John Threlkeld ofGeorgetown andGeorge Calvert ofRiversdale, Bladensburg, Maryland, the races were moved to Holmstead Farm's one-mile oval track on Meridian Hill, south of Columbia Road, between Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets.[citation needed]
In 1815, Custis was elected a member of theAmerican Antiquarian Society.[29]
One biographer claimedLafayette and his sonGeorges Washington de La Fayette visited Custis atMount Vernon in 1825, although Custis was then living at Arlington House.[30]
In 1836, Custis established a mill onFour Mile Run and Columbia Pike, in what a decade later became Arlington County, Virginia, as described below. It ground grain for nearby farmers, and eventually became the site of an early skirmish in the American Civil War.[31][32]
In 1846, the federal governmentretroceded to the state of Virginia the portion of the District of Columbia that was south and west of the Potomac River, which at the time contained the city and county ofAlexandria. Custis initially opposed the retrocession, but later spoke in support of it. The General Assembly approved the retrocession on March 13, 1847.[33]
On July 4, 1848, Custis attended the ceremony celebrating the laying of thecornerstone of theWashington Monument byFreemasons. Along with PresidentJames K. Polk, the ceremony attracted 20,000 other spectators.[34] On July 4, 1850, Custis dedicated a stone that the people of the District of Columbia had donated to the Monument at a ceremony that PresidentZachary Taylor attended, five days before Taylor died from food poisoning.[35]
In 1853, the writerBenson John Lossing visited Custis at Arlington House.[36]
Custis achieved some distinction as an orator and playwright. In addition to the Lingan eulogy, he deliveredThe Celebration of the Russian Victories, in Georgetown, District of Columbia; on June 5, 1813 (1813). Two of Custis's plays,The Indian Prophecy; or Visions of Glory (1827) andPocahontas; or, The Settlers of Virginia (1830), were published during his lifetime. Other plays includedThe Rail Road (1828),The Eighth of January, or, Hurra for the Boys of the West! (ca. 1830),North Point, or, Baltimore Defended (1833), andMontgomerie, or, The Orphan of a Wreck (1836). Custis wrote a series of biographical essays about his adoptive father that were compiled and posthumously published in 1859 and 1860, after his own death in 1857, asRecollections and Private Memoirs of Washington.[37]
Custis was descended from a number of aristocraticcolonial era families, as well as, through his motherEleanor Calvert Custis Stuart, Britishnobility and, very distantly, from the royal houses ofHanover andStuart. His mother was descended fromCharles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, andHenry Lee of Ditchley, one of whose descendants wasEdward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield, who marriedCharlotte Fitzroy, an illegitimate daughter of Charles II by one of his mistresses,Barbara Palmer. It is believed Custis was descended from George I's natural daughterMelusina von der Schulenburg, Countess of Walsingham, whose extra-marital liaison withCharles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, produced a son,Benedict Swingate Calvert, who was Custis's maternal grandfather. Custis's father,John Parke Custis, was the son of Martha Washington by her marriage toDaniel Parke Custis.[citation needed]
Custis's sister Eleanor "Nelly" Parke Custis Lewis married George Washington's nephew,Lawrence Lewis. As a wedding present, Washington gave Nelly a section of Mount Vernon's land, on which the Lewises establishedWoodlawn plantation and constructed Woodlawn Mansion. TheNational Park Service has listed Woodlawn on theNational Register of Historic Places.[38]
Another sister of Custis, Martha Parke Custis Peter, married Thomas Peter. Using Martha's inheritances from George and Martha Washington, the Peters purchased property inGeorgetown within the District of Columbia. The couple then constructed theTudor Place mansion on the property. Tudor Place and its grounds, which the National Park Service has listed on the National Register of Historic Places, contain features that resemble those of Arlington House and Woodlawn.[39]
Custis died on October 10, 1857, and was buried at his Arlington estate alongside his wife,Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, who had died four years earlier.[40] Custis's will provided that:
Custis' death impacted the careers of Robert E. Lee and his two elder sons on the cusp of theAmerican Civil War.[43] Then-Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee, named as the will's executor, took a two-year leave from his army post in Texas to settle the estate. During this period Lee was ordered to lead troops to quashJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. By 1859, Lee's eldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, got transferred to an army position in Washington, D.C., so that he could care for Arlington plantation, where his mother and sisters were living. Lee's second son, Rooney Lee, resigned his army commission, got married, and took over farmingWhite House andRomancoke plantations near Richmond. Robert E. Lee was able to leave for Texas to resume his army career in February 1860.[44]
At the outbreak of the American Civil War,Union Army forces seized the 1,100-acre (4.5 km2) Arlington Plantation for strategic reasons (protection of the river and national capital).[45] The United States government then confiscated the Custis estate for non-payment of taxes.[45] In 1863,Freedman's Village was established there for freed slaves.[45][46][47]
On December 29, 1862, Robert Lee freed all of the remaining Custis slaves, as this was the last day within the five year limit he was allowed to retain them.[48]
In 1864,Montgomery C. Meigs,Quartermaster General of the United States Army, appropriated some parts of Arlington Plantation for use as a military burial ground.[45][49] After the Civil War ended, George Washington Custis Lee sued and recovered title to the Arlington Plantation from the United States government in 1882, when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in favor of Lee inUnited States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196.[45][50] Lee then sold the property back to the United States government for $150,000.[45] Arlington House, built by Custis to honor George Washington, is now the Robert E. Lee Memorial. It is restored and open to the public under the auspices of theNational Park Service, while theDepartment of Defense controls Fort Myer andArlington National Cemetery on the remainder of the Arlington Plantation.[citation needed]
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