George T. Raymond (May 10, 1914 – May 9, 1999) was an American civil rights leader fromPennsylvania who served as president of theChester, Pennsylvania, branch of theNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1942 to 1977.^[1] He was integral in thedesegregation of businesses, public housing and schools in Chester and co-led theChester school protests in 1964 which made Chester a key battleground in thecivil rights movement.

Raymond was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, and graduated fromChester High School in 1933. He studied business administration atDrexel Institute of Technology for one year but economic hardship forced him to leave school and find work.^[2]

Raymond worked at multiple odd jobs and finally landed at the Chester Boys Club, joined the NAACP and began his career in the civil rights movement.^[3]

Raymond became the leader of the Chester branch of the NAACP in 1942 and began to implement programs to endracial discrimination.^[4] He partnered withJ. Pius Barbour, the pastor ofCalvary Baptist Church in Chester and together they adopted a gradualist approach to civil rights.^[5]

In 1945, Raymond and the Chester branch of the NAACP successfully desegregated movie theaters, restaurants, hotels and other businesses in Chester through non-violent protests and the threat of legal action.^[6]

In 1953, theUnited States Supreme Court rendered its decision in the caseBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka declaring state laws establishing separate schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The Chester Board of Education technically met the requirements of integration, however Board policy allowed students to request transfers to schools outside their neighborhood. The Board approved most transfers for white students but few for black students. As a result, in 1953, five elementary schools in Chester were almost completely black. However, each of those five schools had white students living within its district that were allowed to attend all-white schools in other parts of town.^[7]

In 1955, Raymond and the NAACP desegregated public housing run by the Chester Housing Authority.^[8]

In 1958, Raymond purchased a house in the borough ofRutledge, Pennsylvania, in majority whiteDelaware County. The day before he was to move in, a fire burned down the house.^[9] After the fire, the township attempted to exerciseeminent domain and claim Raymond's property as a site for a new town hall. Raymond threatened legal action and the township backed down. The house was rebuilt and Raymond took residence in the house in 1959.^[10]

In 1964, theChester school protests led to a month long series of almost nightly protests initiated byStanley Branche and theCommittee for Freedom Now against the Chester School Boardde factosegregation of schools. The protests were marked by violence and police brutality which causedJames Farmer to dub Chester the “Birmingham of the North,” in reference to the harsh treatment of protesters inBirmingham, Alabama, around the same time.^[11][12] Raymond presented the school board with a list of 10 demands including teacher transfers, transportation of students to schools in other neighborhoods, hiring blacks for supervisory positions and hiring more black secretaries.^[13] Over six hundred people were arrested over a two-month period of civil rights rallies, marches, pickets, boycotts and sit-ins.^[14]

Raymond died ofheart failure on May 9, 1999, and was interred at Haven Memorial Cemetery.^[15]

Raymond was presented the Freedom Award by Supreme Court JusticeThurgood Marshall.^[16][when?]

In 1991, the George T. Raymond award was established in his honor by the NAACP.^[15]

Three scrapbooks created by Raymond of newspaper clippings, booklets and photographs chronicling the Chester civil rights movement throughout the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s are available online at the Wolfman Digital Collections atWidener University.^[17]

Citations

Sources

• McLarnon, John M. (2002).""Old Scratchhead" Reconsidered: George Raymond & Civil Rights in Chester, Pennsylvania".Pennsylvania History.69 (3):297–341.
• Mele, Christopher (2017).Race and the Politics of Deception: The Making of an American City. New York University Press.ISBN 978-1-4798-6609-0.
• Sigmond, Carl E. (29 August 2011)."African American residents of Chester, PA, demonstrate to end de facto segregation in public schools, 1963–1966". Retrieved13 July 2018.

• George Raymond Papers at the Widener University Wolfgram Memorial Library Digital Collections

• 1914 births
• 1999 deaths
• 20th-century American people
• Activists for African-American civil rights
• African-American activists
• American anti-racism activists
• American civil rights activists
• Chester High School alumni
• NAACP activists
• People from Chester, Pennsylvania
• School desegregation pioneers

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