George Pataki | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Pataki in 2004 | |
| 53rdGovernor of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1995 – December 31, 2006 | |
| Lieutenant | Betsy McCaughey Mary Donohue |
| Preceded by | Mario Cuomo |
| Succeeded by | Eliot Spitzer |
| Member of theNew York State Senate from the37th district | |
| In office January 1, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Mary B. Goodhue |
| Succeeded by | Vincent Leibell |
| Member of theNew York State Assembly from the91st district | |
| In office January 1, 1985 – December 31, 1992 | |
| Preceded by | William Ryan |
| Succeeded by | Vincent Leibell |
| Mayor ofPeekskill | |
| In office January 1, 1981 – December 31, 1984 | |
| Preceded by | Fred Bianco |
| Succeeded by | Richard E. Jackson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | George Elmer Pataki (1945-06-24)June 24, 1945 (age 80) Peekskill, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4, includingAllison |
| Education | Yale University (BA) Columbia University (JD) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
George Elmer Pataki (/pəˈtɑːki/; born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who served as the 53rdgovernor of New York from 1995 to 2006. He previously served in theState Legislature from 1985 to 1994, and as the mayor ofPeekskill from 1981 to 1984. Pataki was the thirdRepublican since 1923 to win New York's governorship, afterThomas E. Dewey andNelson Rockefeller, and is the most recent one to do so.
Pataki's most notable achievements as governor included the creation of a number of newhealth care programs, presiding over recovery efforts following theSeptember 11 attacks, and for increasing the state's credit rating three times. He chose not to run for a fourth term in2006; he was succeeded by DemocratEliot Spitzer. Pataki andMary Donohue (his second Lt. Governor) are the last Republicans elected to statewide office in New York, although RepublicansJoseph Bruno andDean Skelos each briefly served as acting Lieutenant Governor in 2008.
Pataki announced his candidacy for the Republican Party presidential nomination on May 28, 2015. He withdrew from the race shortly before the primaries began on December 29, 2015.
Pataki was born on June 24, 1945[1][2] inPeekskill, New York. Pataki's paternal grandfather[3] was Pataki János (known in the U.S. asJohn Pataki, 1883–1971) ofAranyosapáti,Kingdom of Hungary.[3] The family name'sHungarian pronunciation is['pɒtɒki] and means "from the creek (little river)." János came to the United States in 1908, worked in a hat factory and had married Erzsébet (later Elizabeth; 1887–1975), also Hungarian-born, around 1904. Their son, Pataki's father, was Louis P. Pataki (1912–1996), amailman and volunteer fire chief, who ran the Pataki Farm.[4] Pataki's maternal grandfather was Matteo Laganà (born inCalabria, Italy in 1889), who married Agnes Lynch ofCounty Louth, Ireland around 1914. Their daughter, Margaret Lagana (1915–2017), was Pataki's mother. Pataki has an older brother, Louis. Pataki speaks someHungarian[3] as well as Spanish, French, and German.[5]
After graduating fromPeekskill High School, Pataki enteredYale University in 1963 on an academicscholarship and graduated in 1967 with a history major.[1] While there, Pataki wasChairman of the Conservative Party of theYale Political Union,[6] where he participated in debates.[7] He received hisJ.D. fromColumbia Law School in 1970.[8]
.jpg)
.jpg)
While practicing law at Plunkett and Jaffe, P.C. in Peekskill, Pataki became friends withMichael C. Finnegan, who would go on to be the architect of Pataki's ascendancy to power.[9] Finnegan would go on to manage Pataki's campaigns for Mayor,State Assembly,State Senate, and the governorship.[10] Finnegan was then appointed chief counsel to the governor in 1995, and played the key role in developing and negotiating nearly all of Pataki's early legislative success.[11]
Pataki first won elected office in November 1981. He was elected mayor of the city of Peekskill, which is located in the northwestern part of Westchester County. Pataki defeated Democratic incumbent Fred Bianco Jr., winning 70% of the vote. In November 1983, he was re-elected mayor, winning 74% of the vote.[2]
In November 1984, Pataki was elected to the New York State Assembly (91st District), by defeating one-term Democratic incumbent William J. Ryan, winning 53% of the vote. In November 1986, Pataki defeated Ryan in a rematch, capturing 63% of the vote. Pataki won a third term in November 1988, winning 74% of the vote against Democratic candidate Mark Zinna. Pataki won a fourth and final term in November 1990, winning over 90% of the vote, as he only faced a minor party candidate. He was an assemblyman in the186th,187th,188th and189th New York State Legislatures.[12]
From 1983 to 1992, the 91st Assembly district included parts of Westchester, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam Counties. However, in 1992, Assembly Democrats substantially redrew the district boundaries, placing the newly renamed 90th Assembly district entirely withinWestchester County. Instead of running in the newly redrawn district, Pataki decided to challenge seven-term incumbentRepublican State SenatorMary B. Goodhue in a Republican primary in Senate District 37 by criticizing her for taking her grandchildren to Disney World and missing a vote inAlbany. Pataki won the primary by a 52% to 48% margin. However, Goodhue still planned to appear on the November ballot on a minor party line. In November 1992, Pataki won the general election. He served in the Senate during the190th New York State Legislature and ran for governor at the next election.[12]
Pataki was a first-term state senator fromWestchester County when he launched his bid for the Republican nomination for governor in 1994. He said he launched the campaign because of his frustration in the Senate regarding howAlbany worked and on tax issues. Pataki's campaign received a boost when he was endorsed by U.S. Sen.Al D'Amato.[13] He received the party's endorsement at the spring state convention and easily defeated former State Republican Chairman Richard Rosenbaum in the September primary. Pataki was considered an underdog from the start since he was running against three-term Gov.Mario Cuomo and because Pataki had little name recognition statewide. D'Amato reportedly backed Pataki because of a poll that showed apro-choice, fiscal conservative from the New York City suburbs could win statewide for governor. The poll also showed a female running mate forlieutenant governor would help the ticket. AcademicBetsy McCaughey was chosen as Pataki's running mate.[14]
The polls had Governor Cuomo ahead by as many as ten points going into the final two weeks, but they narrowed at the end. Pataki made an issue of Cuomo seeking a fourth term as governor and pledged to serve only two terms in office. Cuomo was helped late in the race by the endorsement of New York City MayorRudy Giuliani.[15] Pataki narrowly defeated Cuomo in the general election. Many, including Pataki himself, believedHoward Stern's endorsement of Pataki was a major reason for his win.[16] He finished with 48.8% of the vote to Cuomo's 45.5%, and independence candidateTom Golisano finished with 4.2%.
Pataki made up for a soft performance in New York City by running up a decisive margin outside of it, especially among upstaters disenchanted with Cuomo. Pataki won all but one county outside the Five Boroughs.[17] Pataki became New York's first elected Republican governor since Nelson Rockefeller.[18]
Pataki was considered the front-runner from the start of the 1998 campaign for governor.[citation needed] He was unopposed for the Republican nomination[citation needed] and paired with a new running mate, JudgeMary Donohue.[19] The Democrats faced a primary battle between New York City Council SpeakerPeter Vallone, Lt. Gov.Betsy McCaughey Ross, who had switched parties, and former Transportation Commissioner James LaRocca. Vallone captured the Democratic nomination, withThomas Golisano running as the Independence nominee and McCaughey Ross as the Liberal Party nominee. Pataki was easily reelected to a second term in office.[20] He finished with 54.3% of the vote, his highest percentage finish in a gubernatorial race, to Vallone's 33.2% and Golisano's 7.7%.
Pataki was considered a strong contender for a third term, despite having pledged in 1994 to serve only two terms. He ran again on a ticket with Lt. Gov. Mary Donohue and the Democrats faced a primary battle between State ComptrollerCarl McCall and former HUD SecretaryAndrew Cuomo, Mario Cuomo's son. Pataki emphasized his previous work and the need to have continuity following Sept. 11.
McCall essentially secured the Democratic nomination when Andrew Cuomo stumbled (and ultimately withdrew before the primary at the urging of his mentorBill Clinton); Cuomo was quoted in the media as saying, regarding Pataki's performance post-9/11:
Pataki stood behind the leader. He held the leader's coat. He was a great assistant to the leader. But he was not a leader. Cream rises to the top, and Rudy Giuliani rose to the top.[21]
Pataki sought the nomination of theIndependence Party of New York in his bid for a third term as well. He faced the party's founder and 1994 and 1998 nominee,Thomas Golisano, in his bid for the nomination.[22] Pataki ran an active primary campaign and lost to Golisano. Donohue did win the primary for lieutenant governor and was the running mate of both Pataki and Golisano in the general election.
In the general election, Pataki defeated McCall and Golisano easily.[23] As in 1998 due to Golisano's presence on the ballot, Pataki did not win a majority, instead winning a plurality. Pataki won 49.4% of the vote, and McCall only mustered 33.5% with wins in four of the five New York City boroughs. Golisano finished with the highest vote total of his political career, and the highest vote total for any candidate of theIndependence Party of New York in any statewide election.
This was the last time a Republican was electedGovernor of New York, and the last time a Republican has cracked over 41% in a gubernatorial election until the 2022 election in which Republican candidate CongressmanLee Zeldin amassed 47% of the vote against incumbent DemocratKathy Hochul.
By the summer of 2005, opinion polls indicated that Pataki would face an uphill battle if he sought a fourth term in 2006. Accordingly, he announced on July 27, 2005, that he would not do so, saying that New York was "a better state than it was 10 years ago" and that he was retiring so he could "follow a new path, find new challenges."[24] He was succeeded by DemocratEliot Spitzer.
As Governor of New York, Pataki was known as a moderate to Liberal Republican who cut taxes and was tough on crime, but who also supported gun control, environmental protection, gay rights, and abortion rights.[25][26][27][28][29]
Under the Pataki Administration, New York's credit rating was increased three times byMoody's Investors Service, a fact that he highlighted often before his critics.[30] During his three terms in office, he introduced and approved more tax cuts than any of his predecessors. Following through on a campaign promise, Pataki led a push to cut both the individual and the corporate tax rates in New York. The state's infamously high income tax rates dropped by 20% on average, but an economic downturn following the attacks of September 11 and increasing state spending causedSheldon Silver andJoseph Bruno to coordinate an effort to roll back a number of these cuts in 2003 over Pataki's veto power.[31]
The STAR and STAR-Plus programs were also introduced during Pataki's governorship. The STAR program introduced tax relief for New York's homeowners and landowners on their school taxes. The STAR-Plus program was later introduced when relief was diminished by increasing school taxes, increasing spending and State Aid.[32] In his third term Pataki challenged the Speaker of the Assembly, resulting in two Court of Appeals decisions sustaining the powers of the governor to formulate a statewide budget.[33]
Pataki advocated for Native American casinos in upstate New York.[34] As a part of the creation of the Seneca Niagara Casino in Niagara Falls, an agreement was reached to give a percentage of theslot machine revenue to the City of Niagara Falls each year to spend on local tourism projects and projects relating to hosting the casino.[35]
Pataki describes himself aspro-choice.[7] In 1999, he called upon the Republican Party to soften its platform language regarding opposition to abortion rights.[25]
Pataki lobbied heavily in favor of theSexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act, agay rights bill[7] that had languished in the state Senate for many years due to the opposition of Senate LeaderJoseph Bruno. In late 2002, Bruno finally gave in; the bill passed the Senate and was signed into law by Pataki.[36] He opposedsame-sex marriage as governor.[37]
Polls showed that the majority of New Yorkers wanted the state's death penalty laws restored. Prior to Pataki's tenure, a bill to restore the death penalty had passed the Legislature for several years in a row only to be vetoed byMario Cuomo. Pataki made the issue a top priority of his, and when the bill reached his desk in 1995, he signed it into law. TheNew York Court of Appeals later ruled the death penalty law unconstitutional in a 4–3 decision inPeople v. LaValle (2004).[38]
Being tough on crime was a major plank of Pataki's campaign for governor. In 2011, the administration touted statistics that illustrated that crime had steadily reduced during the 12 years Pataki had been governor, bringing New York from the 6th most dangerous state in the nation to the 7th safest.[39] During his time in office, he signed into law over 100 new bills to change New York's criminal statutes. In 2000, Pataki helped lead the legislature in passing some of the then-strictestgun control laws in the country.[40] Numerous aspects of the bill had been put forward by members of the Democratic-controlled Assembly but had never made it through the Republican held Senate. With numerous mass shootings in recent public memory, he urged a number of Republican Senators to support the bill, eventually passing it in a bipartisan effort. His administration also launched programs such as SAF-T (Statewide Anti-Fugitive Teams) and the 100 Most Wanted.[41] The initiatives were aimed at disseminating descriptions of criminals who were evading law enforcement officials to promote the ability of average citizens to help aid in their capture. Versions ofMegan's Law andKendra's Law were integrated into New York's laws under the governor as well as a number of reforms to theRockefeller Drug Laws.[42][43] The changes to the Rockefeller laws were largely focused on inmates' ability to appeal for an early release from sentences that were passed on them under mandatory minimum sentencing statutes.[44]
Under the Pataki Administration a number of new health care programs were created focusing on expanding care to the state's poorest citizens.In 1999, Governor Pataki signed into law comprehensive health care legislation that provided health insurance coverage, under Family Health Plus, to lower income adults who do not have health insurance through their employers.Child Health plus greatly expanded coverage for poorer families with children under 19 who did not qualify forMedicaid.[45] By 2001, 530,000 children had been enrolled in the program.[46] Family Health Plus would expand insurance coverage even further, offering free insurance to families and single adults who had too much income to be covered by Medicaid but could not afford insurance.[46] Pataki also increased the affordability and availability of medication for seniors under New York'sEPIC program by lowering fees and expanding eligibility.[47] New York's 2003 ban on smoking in public places was passed and signed into law under the Pataki administration in the hopes that it would promote better health in New York and reduce health care cost over time.[48] Assessing his twelve years in office,The New York Times ran an editorial praising his work on health care.[49]
.jpg)
In 2005,BusinessWeek placed George Pataki among the 20 individuals it commended for their personal efforts to combat global warming, citing his Greenhouse Gas Task Force and efforts to increase New York's usage of renewable energies.[50] In 1996, Pataki oversaw the creation and passage of the Clean Water/Clean Air Environmental Bond Act. The act put forth $1.75 billion for over 2,200 environmentally minded projects throughout the state.[51] Projects were focused on improving drinking water quality, closing landfills, investing in recycling programs, cleaning up New York's polluted waterways, funding cleanup ofBrownfields and clean-air projects.[52] During his tenure, Pataki added over one million acres to the entirety of the protected open spaces of New York.[53] He also worked to protect the drinking water of millions of New Yorkers through the Catskill Watershed Agreement.[54] Through the agreement, the numerous small communities that surround the 19 reservoirs that provide drinking water for New York City received $1 billion in aid to assuage environmental issues and promote local development in return for accepting higher standards of environmental regulations to better protect the reservoirs. On Pataki's final day in office,The New York Times ran an editorial evaluating his twelve years as governor and praised his work on the environment.[49]
Pataki heeded mounting desire to allow New York to join numerous other states in the growing movement for charter schools.[55] In 1998, Pataki prevailed upon the Legislature to pass a charter school law by threatening to veto a legislative pay raise if the bill was not passed.[56] Over the course of his terms in office, Pataki would expand the availability of charter schools in New York City and raise the state's cap on charter schools to 250.[57]
In coordination with MayorRudy Giuliani, Pataki pushed to begin disassembling the reputation ofCity University of New York system as a group of remedial schools.[58] Starting in 1999, CUNY colleges would be required to drop their remedial courses over a 3-year period and restrict students who could not pass entry exams in an effort to deliver a higher quality college education through the city colleges. Pataki also put forth legislation that would lend mayors in New York's five largest cities greater control over their education systems.[59] Through negotiations this authority was only awarded to the mayor of New York City as an attempt to overcome a system of school boards that many considered to be hampering efforts at reform.[60]
Looking over his tenure,The New York Times ran an editorial that criticized Pataki for the lack of tangible political reform and the consolidation of power under his watch.[49]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2021) |
Pataki's New York City office had moved out of the World Trade Center in the months before theSeptember 11, 2001, attacks, as the governor had pushed for privatization of the building.[61]
Following 9/11, Pataki and New York City MayorRudy Giuliani appointed theLMDC to distribute nearly $10 billion in federal grants and to oversee the construction of a memorial. A symbolic cornerstone for the Freedom Tower with Pataki's name was laid on July 4, 2004, and after numerous design changes, construction commenced in May 2006. The memorial was completed in 2011.[62][63]
Pataki's 1994 running mate forlieutenant governor wasBetsy McCaughey, an academic best known for her critique of the Clinton health care plan. McCaughey was selected because of her work on the Clinton health care plan. Pataki choose McCaughey over sofa bed heiressBernadette Castro; Castro was nominated for the U.S. Senate in 1994.[64]
In April 1997, Pataki announced that he was dropping McCaughey from his 1998 reelection ticket.[64] McCaughey became a Democrat and unsuccessfully sought the governorship in that party's 1998 primary. She was on the 1998 general election ballot as the nominee of the Liberal Party for governor.[65]
After dropping McCaughey Ross from his 1998 ticket,[66] Pataki considered several replacement running mates. In the spring of 1998, he announced his choice of State Supreme Court JusticeMary Donohue for lieutenant governor.[19] In December 2006, Pataki appointed Donohue to be a Judge of theNew York Court of Claims.[67]
In July 2000, Pataki's name surfaced on the short list to be the running mate for Republican presidential nomineeGeorge W. Bush, along with the names of GovernorJohn Engler of Michigan, GovernorTom Ridge of Pennsylvania, former SenatorJohn Danforth of Missouri, and former U.S. Labor SecretaryElizabeth Dole of North Carolina. Bush eventually selected the man who was in charge of scouting vice presidential candidates, former Secretary of DefenseDick Cheney. Pataki had strongly campaigned for Bush, making an unsuccessful effort to keepJohn McCain off the New York primary ballot (which Bush ultimately won).[68]
Pataki and New YorkGOP ChairmanSandy Treadwell faced controversy after naming moderateAssemblymanHoward Mills the party's nominee for theU.S. Senate against SenatorChuck Schumer over conservativeMichael Benjamin, who held significant advantages in both fundraising and organization.[69] Benjamin publicly accused Treadwell and Pataki of trying to muscle him out of the Senate race and undermine the democratic process.[69] Mills went on to lose the election in the largest landslide for a Senate seat in the history of New York.[70]
Pataki was instrumental in bringing the2004 Republican National Convention toMadison Square Garden inManhattan. New York City, which normally votes overwhelmingly Democratic (the Democratic presidential nominees carried 78 percent of the city vote in both 2000 and 2004[71]), had never hosted a Republican Convention. He introduced PresidentGeorge W. Bush. A year prior, Pataki had boasted Bush would carry the state in the 2004 elections; Bush lost New York 58% to 40% toJohn Kerry. Pataki notably orated, referencing the recently deceasedRonald Reagan, "This fall, we're going to win one for the Gipper. But our opponents, they're going to lose one with the Flipper."[72]
After leaving the governorship, Pataki joined the law firmChadbourne & Parke in New York[73] joining their renewable energy practice. He continued to flirt with a possible bid for president. After ruling out a presidential campaign, Pataki retained hispolitical action committee, which he could legally use to further his own views and other political interests.[74] In addition, Pataki has formed an environmental consulting firm with his former chief of staff John Cahill, the Pataki-Cahill Group.[75]
Pataki holds anamateur radio license.[76]
The Governor George E. Pataki Leadership and Learning Center, located inPeekskill, New York, is designed to educate schoolchildren on government using Governor Pataki's public service as an example.[77]Charles A. Gargano, Pataki's formereconomic development chief, led the effort to create the center.[78] On August 14, 2008, theNew York Times announced that the center's sponsors had "filed paperwork with the State Department of Education and are trying to raise $500,000 for a start-up fund so they can open the center in the fall."[77] The center held Governor Pataki's official portrait, which was moved toAlbany at the end of 2009.[79] As of 2008, the center had three directors: David Catalfamo, the governor's former communications chief; Kimberly Cappelleri, Libby Pataki's former chief of staff; and, Amy Holden, former executive assistant to the governor.[80]
In February 2009, Pataki was approached by Sen.John Cornyn, head of the Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee, about a possible 2010 run for the U.S. Senate seat to whichKirsten Gillibrand had been appointed.[81] In April 2010, Pataki said he would not run against Gillibrand.[82]
In November 2009, Pataki traveled toIowa, sparking speculation.[83] Ending months of speculation, Pataki announced on August 26, 2011, that he would not run for the Republican presidential nomination.[84] He endorsed Mitt Romney.[85]
Pataki announced in April 2010 that he was creating a nonprofit organization, Revere America, that would advocate repeal of the recently enacted United StatesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which he said was a "horrific" and costly bungle.[86] As of 2015, the organization is defunct.[75]
In early 2015, Pataki started exploring a candidacy for the2016 Republican presidential nomination;[87] On May 28, 2015, Pataki formally announced his campaign for the 2016 Republican nomination.[88][89] He had previously considered running in 2008[90] and in2012,[91] but had decided against it.
Pataki's candidacy was considered a long-shot because of his age, because he had not run for office since 2002, and because of his liberal stances on abortion, gun control and environmental protection.[92][93] Pataki received the endorsements of two New Hampshire State Senators:John Reagan[94] andNancy Stiles.[94]
Pataki's run failed to gain traction. He failed to make the main stage in the candidate debates, beingrelegated to the undercard debates or being excluded altogether. His national poll numbersstayed in the one percent range. Pataki did not file to be on the primary ballot in multiple states and missed the filing deadlines for Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Virginia.[95][96][97][98][99] On December 29, 2015, Pataki ended his campaign before the Republican presidential primaries had begun.[100][101] He endorsed Florida SenatorMarco Rubio on January 26, 2016[102] and went on to endorse Ohio GovernorJohn Kasich after Rubio suspended his campaign.[103]
After video footage of eventual nomineeDonald Trumpmaking lewd comments about women emerged on October 7, 2016, Pataki described the Republican nominee's candidacy as "a poisonous mix of bigotry & ignorance." Pataki also called upon Trump to step down as the Republican nominee.[104]
In 2020, he declined to endorseDonald Trump for re-election. He stopped short of endorsingJoe Biden, citing disagreements with foreign policy relating to U.S.-China relations.[105] Pataki opposed efforts to decertify the election results.[106]
In September 2022, Pataki endorsed Republican candidateLee Zeldin for Governor of New York, against incumbent DemocratKathy Hochul.[107] Zeldin went on to lose theelection by 6.4%, the closest margin since Pataki's1994 win.
Pataki married his wife, Libby, in 1973. The Patakis have four children.[108]
Pataki suffered a burstappendix and had an emergencyappendectomy on February 16, 2006, at Hudson Valley Hospital Center. Six days later, he developed a post-surgical complication (bowel obstruction caused byadhesions)[109][110] and was transferred toNew York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center for a second operation. From there, he was discharged on March 6.[111]
Pataki has been an intense critic of the Cuomo and Hochul administrations. In 2022, he was considered to be a contender for Governor of New York for a fourth, non-consecutive term.[112]
A former Yale debater with an easy public demeanor, he supports abortion rights and pushed as governor for anti-discrimination rules protecting gays. He invokes Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican environmentalist and crusader against corporate power, as a political hero.
who has long said that he favors gambling in former resort areas like the Catskills.
"We will have casinos, economic opportunities, development and jobs, jobs, jobs" Pataki said
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forGovernor of New York 1994,1998,2002 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Conservative nominee forGovernor of New York 1994,1998,2002 | |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Governor of New York 1995–2006 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) | ||
| Preceded byas Former U.S. Senator | Order of precedence of the United States Within New York | Succeeded byas Former Governor |
| Preceded byas Former Governor | Order of precedence of the United States Outside New York | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| Other | |
