George Mitchell | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Mitchell in 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States Special Envoy forMiddle East Peace | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 22, 2009 – May 13, 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Barack Obama | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Anthony Zinni (2003) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | David Hale | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Chair of the9/11 Commission | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 27, 2002 – December 11, 2002[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | George W. Bush | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Lee Hamilton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8thChancellor of the Queen's University, Belfast | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office May 5, 1999 – March 29, 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | David Orr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Kamalesh Sharma | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 20, 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Bill Clinton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Richard N. Haass | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States Senator fromMaine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office May 17, 1980 – January 3, 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Edmund Muskie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Olympia Snowe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Judge of theUnited States District Court for the District of Maine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office October 5, 1979 – May 16, 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appointed by | Jimmy Carter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Seat established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Conrad K. Cyr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States Attorney for theDistrict of Maine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1977–1979 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Jimmy Carter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | S. Peter Mills Jr. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | James Brannigan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | George John Mitchell Jr. (1933-08-20)August 20, 1933 (age 92) Waterville, Maine, U.S. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Democratic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | Bowdoin College (BA) Georgetown University (LLB) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | United States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Branch | United States Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service years | 1954–1956 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | First Lieutenant | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unit | Counterintelligence Corps | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitchell urging stronger actions by theGeorge H. W. Bush administration againstclimate change. Recorded February 18, 1992 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
George John Mitchell Jr. (born August 20, 1933)[2] is an American politician, diplomat, and lawyer. A leading member of theDemocratic Party, he served as aUnited States senator fromMaine from 1980 to 1995, and asSenate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. After retiring from the Senate, Mitchell played a leading role in negotiations for peace inNorthern Ireland and theMiddle East. He was appointedUnited States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland (1995–2001) by PresidentClinton and as United States Special Envoy for Middle East Peace (2009–2011) by PresidentBarack Obama.
Mitchell was a primary architect of the 1996Mitchell Principles and the 1998Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, and was the main investigator in two "Mitchell Reports": one on theArab–Israeli conflict (2001); and one on theuse of performance-enhancing drugs in baseball (2007).
Mitchell served as chairman ofthe Walt Disney Company from 2004 until 2007, and later aschairman of the internationallaw firmDLA Piper. He was theChancellor ofQueen's University inBelfast,Northern Ireland, from 1999 to 2009. Mitchell also has served as a co-chair of the Housing Commission at theBipartisan Policy Center.[3] He is one of the few people in modern timesto have served in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the federal government.
To date, he is the last registered Democrat to represent Maine in the U.S. Senate.[a]
Mitchell was born inWaterville, Maine. His father, George John Mitchell Sr. (born Joseph Kilroy), was born in Ireland and adopted by aLebanese American when he was orphaned.[4][5] Mitchell's father was a janitor atColby College in Waterville, where Mitchell was raised. Mitchell's mother, Mary (née Saad), was a textile worker who immigrated to the United States in 1920 fromBkassine,Lebanon, at the age of eighteen.[5][6]
Mitchell was raised aMaronite Catholic and in his childhood served as an altar boy at St. Joseph's Maronite Church in Maine.[7][8] Throughout junior high school and high school, he worked as a janitor.[9] In the family of five children, all three of his brothers were athletes; though a talented student as a child, he found himself overshadowed by his brothers' athletic achievements.[9]
After graduating from high school at the age of sixteen,[4] Mitchell attendedBowdoin College inBrunswick, Maine, where he worked several jobs and played on the basketball team.[4] He graduated with aBachelor of Arts degree in 1954, intending to attend graduate school and then teach, but instead served in theUnited States Army from 1954 to 1956, rising tofirst lieutenant. In 1961, Mitchell received hisBachelor of Laws fromGeorgetown University Law Center by attending its part-time program at night. He has since received an honoraryDoctor of Laws degree fromBates College.
After having performed well academically at Georgetown, Mitchell served as a trial attorney for theAntitrust Division of theUnited States Department of Justice in Washington from 1960 to 1962, and then as executive assistant to SenatorEdmund S. Muskie from 1962 to 1965, where he first gained interest in the political world.[9] Afterwards, Mitchell practiced law with Jensen & Baird[10] inPortland, Maine, from 1965 to 1977 and was assistant county attorney forCumberland County, Maine, in 1971.
In 1974, Mitchell won the Democratic nomination forgovernor of Maine, defeatingJoseph E. Brennan. He lost in thegeneral election to independent candidateJames B. Longley, but was appointedUnited States Attorney for Maine by PresidentJimmy Carter in 1977. Mitchell served in that capacity from 1977 to 1979.
Mitchell was nominated by President Carter on July 31, 1979, to theUnited States District Court for the District of Maine, to a new seat authorized by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the Senate on October 4, 1979, and received his commission on October 5, 1979. His service terminated on May 16, 1980, due to his resignation.
Mitchell was appointed to theUnited States Senate in May 1980 by the governor of Maine,Joseph Brennan, whenEdmund Muskie resigned to becomeUS Secretary of State.
After serving out the remainder of Muskie's term, Mitchell was elected to his first full termin 1982 by 99,937 votes against CongressmanDavid Emery, and rose quickly in the Senate Democratic leadership. He was elected as the chair of theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee in 1984, helping the Democrats regain control of the Senate in 1986 with a net eight new seats and a 55–45 majority in the Senate. He served asDeputy President pro tempore in the100th United States Congress, because of the illness of president pro temporeJohn C. Stennis, and remains the only senator other thanHubert Humphrey to have held that post.
The position of deputy president pro tempore was created specifically to be held by a current senator who is a former president or former vice president of the United States. Humphrey is a former vice president of the United States and Mitchell is the only person to have been deputy president pro tempore who has never held one or both of the two highest offices of the US government.
In 1988 Mitchell was reelected by 348,417 votes, the largest margin of victory in a Senate election that year and the largest majority ever for a senator from Maine.
Mitchell voted in favor of thebill establishingMartin Luther King Jr. Day as afederal holiday and theCivil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (as well as to overridePresident Reagan's veto).[11][12][13] Mitchell voted against the nominations ofRobert Bork andClarence Thomas to theU.S. Supreme Court, stating explicitly that he believed Thomas' nomination constituted aracial quota.[14]
Mitchell served asSenate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995. While in this role, Mitchell led the movement to reauthorize theClean Air Act in 1990 and pass theAmericans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Additionally, under his leadership, the Senate approved theNorth American Free Trade Agreement and the formation of theWorld Trade Organization.
In 1994, Mitchell turned down an offer of appointment by PresidentBill Clinton to theUnited States Supreme Court,[4] to replace the retiringHarry A. Blackmun so that he could continue helping with efforts in the Senate to pass significant health-care legislation. The seat ultimately went toStephen Breyer. Nevertheless, Congress was not able to pass any significant health-care legislation at the time, and Mitchell did not run for reelection in1994.
For 1994, Mitchell's last year in the Senate, theAmerican Conservative Union gave him a rating of 0.00 on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being most conservative.[15] For the same year, theAmericans for Democratic Action gave him a score of 90 on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 being most liberal.[16]
Mitchell has served as a director of companies includingWalt Disney Company;FedEx;Xerox;Unilever;Staples, Inc.;Starwood; and theBoston Red Sox baseball team. After leaving the Senate, Mitchell joined the Washington, D.C., law firmVerner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand; he later became the firm's chairman. He was criticized forlobbying on behalf of the firm'sBig Tobacco clients.[17][18] He is also senior counsel toPreti, Flaherty, Beliveau, Pachios, Orlick & Haley in Portland, Maine. He is partner and chairman of the Global Board ofDLA Piper, US LLP, a global law firm. Mitchell served as an Advisor ofZeniMax Media Inc.[19] He has also served on the advisory board ofThe Iris Network, a nonprofit blindness rehabilitation agency in Portland.[20]
In 2007, Mitchell joined fellow former Senate Majority LeadersHoward Baker,Bob Dole, andTom Daschle to found theBipartisan Policy Center, a non-profit think tank that works to develop policies suitable for bipartisan support.[21]
Mitchell was reportedly among those considered byAl Gore as arunning mate for his2000 presidential run, but Gore selectedJoe Lieberman.[22] Had Mitchell been nominated and had the Democratic ticket won that year, he would have been the firstLebanese American to serve as thevice president of the United States, and only the second vice president from Maine, afterHannibal Hamlin. He also was mentioned in both 2000 and in 2004 as a potentialsecretary of state for a Democratic administration, due to his role as Senate Leader and the Good Friday agreements.
Since 2002, Mitchell has been a senior fellow and senior research scholar atColumbia University'sCenter for International Conflict Resolution, where he works to help end or avert conflicts between nations. He was the chancellor of theQueen's University of Belfast,Northern Ireland, until his resignation in April 2009, and namesake of theGeorge J. Mitchell Scholarship, which sponsors graduate study for twelve Americans each year in theRepublic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
He is the founder of theMitchell Institute, inPortland, Maine, whose mission is to increase the likelihood that young people from every community in Maine will aspire to, pursue and achieve a college education.[23] In 2007, he became a visitingProfessor inLeeds Metropolitan University's School of Applied Global Ethics, and the university is developing a new Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution bearing his name.[24]
Mitchell led an American fact-finding commission initiated under PresidentBill Clinton in 2000 intended to find solutions for solving the situation betweenIsrael and thePalestinians. Mitchell'sreport, published in 2001, stressed the need for Israel to halt the expansion of its settlements in the Palestinian territories and for the Palestinians to prevent violence. Interest in the report was renewed when Mitchell was named Special Envoy for Middle East Peace in 2009.[25]
Mitchell served as co-chairman (withNewt Gingrich) of theCongressionally mandated Task Force on the United Nations, which released its findings and recommendations on June 15, 2005, after having been formed that January.
George J. Mitchell serves as an Honorary Co-chair for theWorld Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen theRule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.
Since 1995, Mitchell has been active in theNorthern Ireland peace process, having served as theUnited States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland under PresidentBill Clinton. He first led an international body to review options forparamilitary arms decommissioning, which produced theMitchell Principles that regulated access to subsequent all-party peace talks. Mitchell then co-chaired the all-party talks, leading to theBelfast Agreement, signed on Good Friday 1998 (known since as the "Good Friday Agreement"). Mitchell's mediation between the parties was crucial to the success of the talks.[26] He was succeeded as special envoy byRichard Haass.[27]
For his leadership in the Northern Ireland peace negotiations, Mitchell was awarded theLiberty Medal (on July 4, 1998) and thePresidential Medal of Freedom (on March 17, 1999). In accepting the Liberty Medal, he stated: "I believe there's no such thing as a conflict that can't be ended. They're created and sustained by human beings. They can be ended by human beings. No matter how ancient the conflict, no matter how hateful, no matter how hurtful, peace can prevail."[28] In 2025, a documentary titled "The Negotiator" which follows Mitchell's work to broker the Good Friday Agreement was released at the Maine International Film Festival.[29]
On March 4, 2004, Disney'sboard of directors, on which Mitchell had served since 1995, named himMichael Eisner's replacement asChairman of the Board after 43% of the company's shares were voted against Eisner's reelection (35% was the minimum for disposal). Mitchell himself received a 24% negative vote,[30] a fact that led dissident Disney shareholdersRoy E. Disney andStanley Gold to criticize the appointment of Mitchell, whom they saw as Eisner's puppet.
Having already served on the boards of companies includingXerox,Starwood,FedEx, andStaples, Inc., Mitchell assumed his new role at a particularly tumultuous time in the company's history, needing to face such issues asComcast's hostile takeover attempts and a possible split withPixar.[30] Mitchell played an important role in the selection ofRobert A. Iger as Eisner's successor as CEO in 2005.[30] On June 28, 2006, Disney announced that its board had elected one of its members,John Pepper Jr., former CEO ofProcter & Gamble, to replace Mitchell as chairman effective January 1, 2007.[31]
In 2006, Mitchell was tapped byMLB CommissionerBud Selig to lead an investigation into the use of performance-enhancing drugs byMajor League Baseball players. The investigation derived largely from charges againstBarry Bonds, and revelations in theBay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) trials ofVictor Conte andGreg Anderson. Selig has said that revelations brought forth in the 2005 bookGame of Shadows were, by way of calling attention to the issue, in part responsible for the league's decision to commission an independent investigation. To this day Mitchell is known to have held meetings with only two active players,Jason Giambi, who was ordered to meet Mitchell by Commissioner Selig in light of his public admissions on the issue, and one additional player whose name was initially not made public but was later revealed to beFrank Thomas.[32] Mitchell did however hold extensive meetings with several known steroid dealers, club attendants, personal trainers, and others who had ties to all players named in the report. Even though the union that protects the players had pressured all but Giambi and Thomas into maintaining the culture of silence that had helped the drug problem remain a secret, there was plenty of other evidence against those named in his report.
Mitchell released a 409-pagereport of his findings on December 13, 2007.[33] The report includes the names of 89 former and current players for whom it claims evidence of use of steroids or other prohibited substances exists. This list includes names ofMost Valuable Players andAll-Stars, such asRoger Clemens,Andy Pettitte,Miguel Tejada,Denny Neagle,Paul Lo Duca,David Justice,Barry Bonds,Éric Gagné,Todd Hundley,Randy Velarde, andBenito Santiago.
Mitchell was criticized for having aconflict of interest with the report as he was a director of theBoston Red Sox, especially because no prime Red Sox players were named in the report,[34] despite the fact that Red Sox starsDavid Ortiz andManny Ramirez were later accused of using performance-enhancing substances during the 2003 season, as reported byThe New York Times on July 30, 2009.[35] Likewise, the report was commissioned by Selig, and no members of theMilwaukee Brewers, whom Selig once owned, appeared in the report. TheLos Angeles Times reported that Mitchell acknowledged that his "tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism".[36] Mitchell responded to the concerns by stating that readers who examined the report closely "will not find any evidence of bias, of special treatment of the Red Sox".[36]
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On January 22, 2009, PresidentBarack Obama andSecretary of StateHillary Clinton appointed Mitchell as the administration'sSpecial Envoy to the Arab-Israeli peace process, formally known as the "Special Envoy for Middle East Peace".[37] The appointment was seen as an indication of the newObama administration's increased focus on theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict. The choice of Mitchell allowed Obama to demonstrate the seriousness and sincerity of his intentions regarding the peace process, without forcing him to immediately embark on a specific initiative before conditions were yet ripe. An analyst at theWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars said Mitchell's appointment "says to the world, 'I care about this issue; be patient with me.'"[37]Abraham Foxman, the National Director of theAnti-Defamation League, has stated that, "Sen. Mitchell is fair. He's been meticulously even-handed".[38]
Within the first week of his appointment, Mitchell was dispatched to visitIsrael, theWest Bank,Egypt,Jordan, Turkey, andSaudi Arabia forpeace discussions in light of the2008-09 Gaza War between Israel and theGaza Strip, in which both sides had recently entered intounilateralceasefires. Mitchell began his meetings inCairo on January 27, and Obama said his visit was part of the president's campaign promise to listen to both sides of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict and negotiate a peace deal. However, in a continuation of aGeorge W. Bushadministration policy, Mitchell did not plan to talk toHamas, a group Israel and the United States consider aterrorist organization, but instead focus on talks with thePalestinian National Authority.[39] Mitchell first met with newIsraeliPrime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu in February 2009[40] and has met with many notable figures of the Middle East since. In 2010, he led the US delegation to thePalestine Investment Conference.[41][42]
On May 13, 2011, Mitchell tendered his resignation from the post of Special Envoy to the Middle East.[43] Obama praised Mitchell, stating, "His deep commitment to resolving conflict and advancing democracy has contributed immeasurably to the goal of two states [Israel and Palestine] living side by side in peace and security."[44]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2018) |
In 2012, Mitchell was asked to lead talks towards determining fines involved in the2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion.[45]
In June 2014, Mitchell was hired as a senior advisor at the public relations and advisory companyTeneo,[46] a firm closely connected to the Clintons.[47] Like Mitchell, who in 1995[46] had been appointed special envoy to Northern Ireland by President Bill Clinton,[47] Teneo founder and CEODeclan Kelly had been appointed economic envoy to Northern Ireland in September 2009 by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[47][48]
Mitchell was married for 26 years until he and his wife Sally divorced in 1987. They are the parents of a daughter, Andrea. In December 1994, at the age of 61, he married Heather MacLachlan, 35, a sports management consultant.[8][49] They have a son, Andrew, and daughter, Claire, named in honor of Claire Bowes (née Gallagher) who had so inspired him when she was blinded in theOmagh bombing.[50]
Mitchell was diagnosed with a "small, low grade, and localized"prostate cancer in 2007.[51]
In August 2020, he was diagnosed withacute leukemia, but by April 2023, he described himself as "pain-free and in remission."[52][53]
Despite his history of affiliation withBill Clinton, it has been acknowledged that Mitchell knew Clinton before the November 1992 U.S. Presidential election.[54]
Virginia Giuffre, a woman who had long claimed that disgraced financier and convicted sex offenderJeffrey Epstein forced her to have sex with powerful men, named Mitchell in documents unsealed on August 9, 2019 (a day beforeEpstein's death), by aFederal court in theSouthern District of New York. The papers included affidavits and depositions of key witnesses in a 2015 lawsuit that Giuffre filed against Epstein and his associateGhislaine Maxwell.[55] Giuffre accused the two individuals ofsex-trafficking her to high-profile individuals, including Mitchell, in the early 2000s while she wasunderage.[56][57] Mitchell denied ever having met or spoken with Giuffre, and stated that he became aware of Epstein's criminal prosecution only through the media.[56]
On November 30, 2021, Epstein's former pilotLarry Visoski named Mitchell as one of the people he recalled flying on one of Epstein's private planes, but claimed to have never seen sexual activity nor indication that such activity had taken place.[58][59]
In her posthumous October 2025 memoirNobody's Girl: A Memoir of Surviving Abuse and Fighting for Justice, Giuffre reiterated her accusation about being directed to have sex with Mitchell.[60]
In 1994, Mitchell received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award distributed annually byJefferson Awards.[61]
In recognition for his role in the Northern Ireland peace process, Mitchell was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Liberty Medal, and was nominated for theNobel Peace Prize in 1998.[62] In addition, in 1999 Mitchell was invested as anHonorary Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of the British Empire (GBE).
In 2002, he received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement.[63][64]
In 2003, he received theFreedom Medal.[65]
On January 28, 2014, a portrait of Mitchell was unveiled for display at theMaine State Capitol alongside those of other notable Mainers.[66]
On April 10, 2018, Mitchell was awardedFreedom of the City of Belfast, alongside former president Bill Clinton in a ceremony at the Ulster Hall.[67]
some prominent, wealthy men . . . are spattered throughout. . . . They include: . . .Marvin Minsky . . .Jean-Luc Brunel . . .Bill Richardson . . . former Sen. George Mitchell . . .Tom Pritzker . . .Glenn Dubin . . .Alan Dershowitz . . . andPrince Andrew.
Members of the American Academy of Achievement, philanthropist and entrepreneur Leonard A. Lauder, and the former Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate, the Honorable George J. Mitchell, at the Banquet of the Golden Plate.
1 Previously appointed to the office by then-GovernorJoe Brennan in 1980 following the resignation ofEd Muskie to becomesecretary of state
U.S. Senate (general election) | |||||||
| Year | Candidate | Party | Pct | Opponent | Party | Pct | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | George Mitchell (inc.)1 | Democratic | 61% | David F. Emery | Republican | 39% | |
| 1988 | George Mitchell (inc.) | Democratic | 81% | Jasper Wyman | Republican | 19% | |
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forGovernor of Maine 1974 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forUS Senator from Maine (Class 1) 1982,1988 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Response to the State of the Union address 1986 Served alongside:Tom Daschle,Bill Gray,Chuck Robb,Harriett Woods | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Senate Democratic Leader 1989–1995 | Succeeded by |
| Chair of theSenate Democratic Policy Committee 1989–1995 Served alongside:Tom Daschle | Succeeded by | |
| Legal offices | ||
| New seat | Judge of theUnited States District Court for the District of Maine 1979–1980 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | US Senator (Class 1) from Maine 1980–1995 Served alongside:William Cohen | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of theDemocratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 1985–1987 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate 1987–1989 | Vacant |
| Preceded by | Senate Majority Leader 1989–1995 | Succeeded by |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| New office | United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland 1995–2001 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | United States Special Envoy forMiddle East Peace 2009–2011 | Succeeded by |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chancellor of the Queen's University, Belfast 1999–2009 | Succeeded by |
| Business positions | ||
| Preceded by | Chair of theDisney Company 2004–2007 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial) | ||
| Preceded byas Former President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate | Order of precedence of the United States as Former U.S. Senate Majority Leader | Succeeded byas Former U.S. Senate Majority Leader |
 | ||
| ||
| Class 1 | | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 2 | ||