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George Gilbert Scott

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
English architect (1811–1878)
For other people named Gilbert Scott, seeGilbert Scott.

Sir Gilbert Scott
Sir Gilbert Scott
Born(1811-07-13)13 July 1811
Parsonage,Gawcott,Buckinghamshire, England
Died27 March 1878(1878-03-27) (aged 66)
39 Courtfield Gardens,South Kensington, London, England
OccupationArchitect
Children5 including:
George Gilbert Scott Jr.
John Oldrid Scott
Dukinfield Henry Scott
AwardsRoyal Gold Medal (1859)
BuildingsWakefield Cathedral
Albert Memorial
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Midland Grand Hotel
St Pancras railway station
Main building of theUniversity of Glasgow
St Nicholas Church, Hamburg
St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
King's College Chapel, London
Wanstead Infant Orphan Asylum

Sir George Gilbert ScottRA (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), largely known asSir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific EnglishGothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer ofworkhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.[1]

Scott was the architect of many notable buildings, including theMidland Grand Hotel atSt Pancras Station, theAlbert Memorial, and theForeign and Commonwealth Office, all in London,St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of theUniversity of Glasgow,St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh andKing's College Chapel, London.

Life and career

[edit]
Scott in 1863

Born inGawcott,Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of the Reverend Thomas Scott (1780–1835) and grandson of the biblical commentatorThomas Scott. He studied architecture as a pupil ofJames Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant toHenry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend,Sampson Kempthorne, who specialised in the design of workhouses,[2] a field in which Scott was to begin his independent career.[3]

Early work

[edit]
Parish Church of St John inWall, Staffordshire

Scott's first work was built in 1833; it was a vicarage for his father in the village ofWappenham, Northamptonshire. It replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to design several other buildings in the village.[4]

In about 1835, Scott took onWilliam Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as his partner. Over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than fortyworkhouses in the wake of thePoor Law Amendment Act 1834.[5] Their first churches wereSt Mary Magdalene at Flaunden, Herts (1838, for Samuel King, Scott's uncle);[6][7] St Nicholas,Newport, Lincoln (1839);[8][9] St John,Wall, Staffordshire (1839);[10] and theNeo-Norman church of St Peter atNorbiton, Surrey (1841).[11] They builtReading Gaol (1841–42) in a picturesque, castellated style.[12]

Gothic Revival

[edit]
Nikolaikirche, Hamburg,Germany (1845–80), bombed duringWorld War II and now a ruin

Meanwhile, he was inspired byAugustus Pugin to participate in theGothic Revival.[3] While still in partnership with Moffat.[13] he designed theMartyrs' Memorial onSt Giles', Oxford (1841),[14] andSt Giles' Church, Camberwell (1844), both of which helped establish his reputation within the movement.

Commemorating three Protestants burnt during the reign ofQueen Mary, the Martyrs' Memorial was intended as a rebuke to those veryhigh church tendencies which had been instrumental in promoting the new authentic approach to Gothic architecture.[15] St Giles' was in plan, with its long chancel, of the type advocated by theEcclesiological Society:Charles Locke Eastlake said that "in the neighbourhood of London no church of its time was considered in purer style or more orthodox in its arrangement".[16] It did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches[17] and highly disapproved of by the high church ecclesiological movement.

In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild theNikolaikirche in Hamburg (completed 1863), following an international competition.[18] Scott's design had originally been placed third in the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style byGottfried Semper, but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design.[19] Scott's entry had been the only design in the Gothic style.[3]

In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel inCamberwell, a project in which the criticJohn Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions. He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting awaggon roof for the existing flat ceiling.[20]

Scott was appointedarchitect to Westminster Abbey in 1849, and in 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designedChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following theearthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts by the Anglican Church authorities to demolish it. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the people of Christchurch, and in September 2017 the ChristchurchDiocesan Synod announced that the cathedral would be reinstated.[21]

The choir stalls atLancing College in Sussex, which Scott designed with Walter Tower, were among many examples of his work that incorporated theGreen Man.[22]

Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English Gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction, the Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge.

Tomb ofCatherine Parr, designed by Gilbert Scott

In 1863, after restoration of the chapel atSudeley Castle, the remains of QueenCatherine Parr were placed in a new neo-Gothic canopied tomb designed by Gilbert Scott[23] and created by sculptorJohn Birnie Philip.[24][25]

Between 1864 and 1876, theAlbert Memorial, designed by Scott, was constructed inHyde Park. It was a commission on behalf ofQueen Victoria in memory of her husband,Prince Albert.

Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called "the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical."[17] He was the winner of a competition to design new buildings inWhitehall to house the Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office. Palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scott's use of the Gothic, and the architect – after some resistance – drew up new plans in a more acceptable style.[26]

Scott designed the memorial toThomas Clarkson inWisbech, where his brother Rev John Scott was vicar. TheClarkson Memorial was completed after his death under the direction of his son John in 1881.[27]

Honours

[edit]
Commemorative Window in the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, London
Commemorative window in theChapter House ofWestminster Abbey, London

Scott was awarded theRIBA'sRoyal Gold Medal in 1859. He was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of theTurners' Company; and on 9 August 1872 he wasknighted, choosing the style Sir Gilbert Scott.[28][29] He died in 1878 and is buried inWestminster Abbey.

ALondon County Council "blue plaque" (in fact brown) was placed in 1910 to mark Scott's residence at theAdmiral's House on Admiral's Walk inHampstead.[30][31]

Family

[edit]

Scott married Caroline Oldrid ofBoston in 1838. Two of his sonsGeorge Gilbert Scott, Jr. (founder ofWatts & Company in 1874) andJohn Oldrid Scott, and his grandsonGiles Gilbert Scott, were also prominent architects.[32] His third son, photographer, Albert Henry Scott (1844–65) died at the age of twenty-one; George Gilbert designed his funerary monument inSt Peter's Church, Petersham, whilst he was living at The Manor House at Ham in Richmond.[33] His fifth and youngest son was the botanistDukinfield Henry Scott.[34] He was also great-uncle of the architectElisabeth Scott.[35]

Pupils

[edit]
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Scott's success attracted a large number of pupils and many would go on to have successful careers of their own, not always as architects. Some notable pupils are as follows, their time in Scott's office shown after their name:Hubert Austin (1868),Joseph Maltby Bignell (1859–78),George Frederick Bodley (1845–56),Charles Buckeridge (1856–57),Somers Clarke (1865),William Henry Crossland (dates uncertain),C. Hodgson Fowler (1856–60),Thomas Garner (1856–61),Thomas Graham Jackson (1858–61),John T. Micklethwaite (1862–69),Benjamin Mountfort (1841–46),John Norton (1870–78),George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1856–63),John Oldrid Scott (1858–78),J. J. Stevenson (1858–60),George Edmund Street (1844–49), andWilliam White (1845–47).

Books

[edit]

Additionally he wrote over forty pamphlets and reports. As well as publishing articles, letters, lectures and reports inThe Builder,The Ecclesiologist,The Building News,The British Architect,The Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal,The Illustrated London News,The Times andTransactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Architectural work

[edit]
See also:Category:George Gilbert Scott buildings and structures
Although he is best known for hisGothic revival churches, Scott felt that theMidland Grand Hotel atSt Pancras station was his most successful project
Scott designed theMumbai University Convocation Hall (1870), working from London, and it is now part of theUNESCO World Heritage Site
Wanstead Infant Orphan Asylum (1842), now Snaresbrook Crown Court

His projects include:

Public buildings

[edit]
Sandbach Literary Institution (1857)
TheUniversity of Glasgow's main building (1870)
Panoramic view of Brill's swimming bath, Brighton. Lithograph by J. Drayton Wyatt
  • Brill Swimming Baths,Brighton (1866–69), demolished 1929
  • Clifton Hampden Bridge, Oxfordshire (1867)
  • The library of the Grammar School (nowHall Cross School) inDoncaster (1868)
  • Market Cross,Helmsley, Yorkshire (1869)
  • SchoolNocton, Lincolnshire (1869)
  • Extension toRadcliffe Infirmary, Oxford (1869–71)
  • Lincoln's Inn, London, Library extension (1870–72), New Chambers Block A (1873) and New Chambers Block B (1876–78)
  • The main building of the new campus of theUniversity of Glasgow (1870), often called the Gilbert Scott Building
  • Savernake Hospital, Wiltshire (1871–72)
  • Gatehouse to Ramsgate Cemetery, Kent (1872)[41]
  • The University Senate Hall,Mumbai University (1869–74)
  • The University Library andRajabai Clock Tower, Mumbai University (1869–78)
  • TheClarkson Memorial inWisbech. Scott first put forward designs in 1875, but work did not start until 1880. The eventual design was a slightly altered version of Scott's original design.

Domestic buildings

[edit]

Church buildings

[edit]
St John's College Chapel, Cambridge (1866–1869)
The chapel ofSt John's College, Cambridge is characteristic of Scott's many church designs

Restorations

[edit]

Churches

[edit]

Scott was involved in majorrestorations of medieval church architecture, all across England.

The West Front ofLichfield Cathedral

Cathedrals

[edit]

Additionally, Scott designed the Mason and Dixon monument inYork Minster (1860), prepared plans for the restoration ofBristol Cathedral in 1859 andNorwich Cathedral in 1860 neither of which resulted in a commission, and designed a pulpit forLincoln Cathedral in 1863.

Abbeys, priories and collegiate churches

[edit]

Other restoration work

[edit]

Scott restored the Inner Gateway (also known as the Abbey Gateway) ofReading Abbey in 1860–61 after its partial collapse.[90] St Mary's of Charity inFaversham, which wasrestored (and transformed, with an unusual spire and unexpected interior) by Scott in 1874, andDundee Parish Church, and designed the chapels ofExeter College, Oxford,St John's College, Cambridge andKing's College, London. He also designedSt Paul's Cathedral, Dundee.

Lichfield Cathedral's ornate West Front was extensively renovated by Scott from 1855 to 1878. He restored the cathedral to the form he believed it took in theMiddle Ages, working with original materials where possible and creating imitations when the originals were not available. It is recognised[who?] as some of his finest work.

In 1854 Gilbert Scott began a restoration ofSudeley Castle "working on the western side of the inner court in the style of the existing Medieval and Elizabethan buildings" and subsequently began the restoration of St Mary's chapel, with the assistance of John Drayton Wyatt.[91]

Gallery of architectural work

[edit]
  • Workhouse, Louth Lincolnshire (1839)
    Workhouse, Louth Lincolnshire (1839)
  • St Mary's Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
    St Mary's Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
  • East end, St Mary's Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
    East end, St Mary's Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
  • Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford (1841–43)
    Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford (1841–43)
  • St Giles Church, Camberwell (1842–44)
    St Giles Church, Camberwell (1842–44)
  • Reading Gaol, Berkshire (1842–44)
    Reading Gaol, Berkshire (1842–44)
  • Holy Trinity Church, Halstead, Essex (1843–44)
  • St Martin's, Zeals, Wiltshire (1845–46)
    St Martin's,Zeals, Wiltshire (1845–46)
  • Cathedral of St John, Newfoundland, Canada (1847–1905)
    Cathedral of St John, Newfoundland, Canada (1847–1905)
  • Cathedral of St John, Newfoundland, Canada (1847–1905)
    Cathedral of St John, Newfoundland, Canada (1847–1905)
  • St Peter's Church, Croydon (1849–51)
    St Peter's Church, Croydon (1849–51)
  • St Anne's Alderney (c. 1850)
    St Anne's Alderney (c. 1850)
  • St Barnabas's Church, Weeton, North Yorkshire (1852)
    St Barnabas's Church, Weeton, North Yorkshire (1852)
  • St George's Church, Doncaster, Yorkshire (1853–58)
    St George's Church, Doncaster, Yorkshire (1853–58)
  • St George's Church, Doncaster, Yorkshire (1853–58)
    St George's Church, Doncaster, Yorkshire (1853–58)
  • Lichfield Cathedral, as restored and with fittings by Scott (1855–61) & (1877–81)
    Lichfield Cathedral, as restored and with fittings by Scott (1855–61) & (1877–81)
  • All Souls', Haley Hill, Halifax (1856–59)
    All Souls', Haley Hill, Halifax (1856–59)
  • Interior looking east, All Souls', Haley Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire (1856–59)
    Interior looking east, All Souls', Haley Hill, Halifax, Yorkshire (1856–59)
  • Cottages, Ilam, Staffordshire (c.1871)
    Cottages, Ilam, Staffordshire (c.1871)
  • Chapel door, Exeter College, Oxford (1857–59)
    Chapel door, Exeter College, Oxford (1857–59)
  • East end, Chapel, Exeter College, Oxford (1857–59)
    East end, Chapel, Exeter College, Oxford (1857–59)
  • Kelham Hall, Nottinghamshire (1858–62)
    Kelham Hall, Nottinghamshire (1858–62)
  • Crimea War Memorial, Westminster School, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1858)
    Crimea War Memorial, Westminster School, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1858)
  • Walton Hall, Warwickshire (c.1858–62)
    Walton Hall, Warwickshire (c.1858–62)
  • St Mary's, Edwin Loach, Herefordshire (c.1859)
    St Mary's, Edwin Loach, Herefordshire (c.1859)
  • The Chapel, Brighton College (1859)
    The Chapel, Brighton College (1859)
  • All Saints, Nocton (1860–63)
    All Saints, Nocton (1860–63)
  • SS. Peter and Paul Church, Buckingham, heavily restored (1860–67)
    SS. Peter and Paul Church, Buckingham, heavily restored (1860–67)
  • Nave Vault, Bath Abbey (1860–77) (copy of the medieval vault in the chancel)
    Nave Vault, Bath Abbey (1860–77) (copy of the medieval vault in the chancel)
  • The Chapel, King's College London (1861–62)
    The Chapel,King's College London (1861–62)
  • Christ Church, Southgate, London (1861–62)
    Christ Church, Southgate, London (1861–62)
  • Vaughan Library, Harrow School, London (1861–63)
    Vaughan Library, Harrow School, London (1861–63)
  • Screen from Hereford Cathedral (1862) now in the Victoria and Albert Museum
    Screen from Hereford Cathedral (1862) now in theVictoria and Albert Museum
  • All Saints' Church, Sherbourne, Warwickshire (1862–64)
    All Saints' Church, Sherbourne, Warwickshire (1862–64)
  • Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (1862–75)
    Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (1862–75)
  • Grand Staircase, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (1862–75)
    Grand Staircase, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London (1862–75)
  • Looking east, St John's College Chapel, Cambridge (1863–69)
    Looking east, St John's College Chapel, Cambridge (1863–69)
  • Clifton Hampden Bridge, Oxfordshire (1864)
    Clifton Hampden Bridge, Oxfordshire (1864)
  • Leeds General Infirmary (1864–70)
    Leeds General Infirmary (1864–70)
  • St David's Cathedral, Pembrokeshire, showing Scott's west front (1864–76)
    St David's Cathedral, Pembrokeshire, showing Scott's west front (1864–76)
  • Albert Memorial, London (1864–76)
    Albert Memorial, London (1864–76)
  • ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand (1864–1904)
    ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand (1864–1904)
  • St Mary's Church, Norney, Shackleford, Surrey (1865)
    St Mary's Church, Norney, Shackleford, Surrey (1865)
  • Former Albert Institute Dundee (1865–69)
    Former Albert Institute Dundee (1865–69)
  • St Luke's church, Salford (1865)
    St Luke's church, Salford (1865)
  • Former Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras Station (1866–76)
    Former Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras Station (1866–76)
  • Detail of decoration in the Train Shed, St Pancras Station (1866–76)
    Detail of decoration in the Train Shed, St Pancras Station (1866–76)
  • Reredos high altar, Worcester Cathedral (1867–68)
    Reredos high altar, Worcester Cathedral (1867–68)
  • University of Glasgow (1867–70), spire added after Scott's death by his son John Oldrid Scott
    University of Glasgow (1867–70), spire added after Scott's death by his sonJohn Oldrid Scott
  • Highclere Church, Hampshire (1869–70)
    Highclere Church, Hampshire (1869–70)
  • Brownsover Hall, Warwickshire (c.1870)
    Brownsover Hall, Warwickshire (c.1870)
  • St Mary Abbots Church, Kensington (1870–72)
    St Mary Abbots Church, Kensington (1870–72)
  • Design for Reichstag, Berlin, not executed (1872)
    Design for Reichstag, Berlin, not executed (1872)
  • Pulpit, Worcester Cathedral (1873–74)
    Pulpit, Worcester Cathedral (1873–74)
  • West front, St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (1874–80)
    West front, St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (1874–80)
  • East front, St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (1874–80)
    East front, St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (1874–80)
  • Grahamstown Cathedral, South Africa (1874–78) & finished (1893)
    Grahamstown Cathedral, South Africa (1874–78) & finished (1893)
  • Clarkson Memorial, Wisbech, (1880–81)
    Clarkson Memorial, Wisbech, (1880–81)
  • New Court, Pembroke College, Cambridge (1881)
    New Court, Pembroke College, Cambridge (1881)
  • St Barnabas' Church, Bromborough, Merseyside (1862–64)
    St Barnabas' Church, Bromborough, Merseyside (1862–64)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^Cole, 1980, p. 1.
  2. ^"George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878) and William Bonython Moffatt (−1887)".The Workhouse. 23 April 2007. Archived fromthe original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved29 April 2011.
  3. ^abcBayley 1983, p. 43
  4. ^"England: Northamptonshire".GilbertScott.org. Archived fromthe original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved20 January 2019.
  5. ^The Workhouse Encyclopedia. Stroud, Glos: History P. 2014.ISBN 9780752477190. Retrieved20 January 2019.
  6. ^Historic England."Church of St Mary Magdalene (1100432)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  7. ^"St Mary Magdalene, Flaunden".gilbertscott.org. 9 August 2018. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  8. ^Historic England."Church of St Nicholas (1388727)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  9. ^"St Nicholas's, Newport, Lincoln".gilbertscott.org. 8 August 2018. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  10. ^Historic England."Church of St John (1294770)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  11. ^Historic England."Church of St Peter (1358427)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved23 January 2021.
  12. ^Hitchcock 1977, p. 146
  13. ^Hitchcock 1977, p. 152
  14. ^Eastlake 1872, p. 219
  15. ^Whiting, R. C. (1993).Oxford Studies in the History of a University Town Since 1800. Manchester University Press. p. 56.ISBN 9780719030574. The terms of the commission had stipulated that it should be based on theEleanor Cross at Waltham
  16. ^Eastlake 1872, p. 220
  17. ^abEastlake 1872, p. 221
  18. ^Hitchcock 1977, p. 153
  19. ^Mallgrave, Harry Francis (2005).Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 9780521793063.
  20. ^Blanch, William Harnett (1875).Y parish of Camberwell. A brief account of the parish of Camberwell, its history and antiquities. G.W. Allen.
  21. ^"Media Releases".Cathedral Conversations. Anglican Diocese of Christchurch.Archived from the original on 15 June 2020.
  22. ^Hayman, Richard (April 2010). "Ballad of the Green Man".History Today.60 (4).
  23. ^Tomaini, Thea (2017).The Corpse as Text: Disinterment and Antiquarian Enquiry, 1700-1900. Gloucestershire: Boydell & Brewer. p. 152.ISBN 9781782049517.
  24. ^Murray, John (1872).A Handbook for Travellers in Gloucestershire, Worcestershire, and Herefordshire. Gloucestershire. p. 163.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^"The English queen buried amidst a castle garden".Royal Centre. 15 January 2021. Retrieved7 March 2021.a new tomb, carved by John Birnie Philip, and featuring a full-lengthtomb effigy of her. Her crest along with those of her four husbands are on the tomb while on the wall next to it is a plaque commemorating the words found on her coffin.
  26. ^Eastlake 1872, pp. 311– 2
  27. ^"Wisbech and the Slave Emancipator".Thetford & Watton Times and People's Weekly Journal. 12 November 1881. p. 6.
  28. ^"No. 23886".The London Gazette. 13 August 1872. p. 3638.
  29. ^Scott, George Gilbert (1879).Personal and Professional Recollections. London: Sampson Low. p. 328.
  30. ^"Blue Plaques: Scott, Sir George Gilbert (1811–1878)". English Heritage. Retrieved8 March 2022.
  31. ^"Sir George Gilbert Scott".Flickr. 20 May 2010.
  32. ^Allinson, Kenneth (24 September 2008).Architects and Architecture of London. Routledge. p. 164.ISBN 9781136429644.
  33. ^Historic England."Tomb of Albert Henry Scott in the Churchyard of St Peter's Church (1380183)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved22 January 2016.
  34. ^Arber, Agnes; Goldbloom, Alexander. "Scott, Dukinfield Henry".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35984. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  35. ^Stamp, Gavin (2004). "Scott, Elisabeth Whitworth (1898–1972), architect".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24869. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
  36. ^"A view of Amersham Infirmary (Formerly the workhouse), Whielden Street, Amersham, Buckinghamshire. Designed by George Gilbert Scott and William Bonython Moffatt, erected 1838. - YOONIQ Images - Stock photos, Illustrations & Video footage". Archived fromthe original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved13 December 2015.
  37. ^Higginbotham, Peter."The Workhouse in Williton, Somerset".www.workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved3 February 2018.
  38. ^Sutton, James C, ed. (1999).Alsager the Place and its People. Alsager: Alsager History Research Group. p. not cited.ISBN 0-9536363-0-5.
  39. ^John Parsons Earwaker, "The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach", 1890, (p. 86)
  40. ^Historic England."Fitzroy Memorial Library, High Street, Lewes (Grade II) (1043859)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved17 March 2023.
  41. ^"Gate House to Cemetery About 50 Metres South of Cemetery Chapel, with Side Walls, Ramsgate".www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved21 February 2014.
  42. ^Historic England."Orchard Mead, Ridge (1103540)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved16 July 2023.
  43. ^"Geograph:: Former almshouses, Ridge, Hertfordshire © Jim Osley cc-by-sa/2.0".www.geograph.org.uk. Retrieved16 July 2023.
  44. ^Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2014).The Buildings of England: Cambridgeshire. Yale University Press. p. 296.ISBN 978-0-300-20596-1.
  45. ^Historic England."The Vicarage (1053456)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved17 April 2022.
  46. ^"Sandbach Almshouses Foundation Plaque", Wikipedia Commons
  47. ^"Vicarage, Jarrom Street".Flickr. 10 October 2005.
  48. ^Reynolds, Susan, ed. (1962).A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington.Victoria County History. pp. 230–33. Retrieved21 July 2007.
  49. ^Bridges, Tim (2005).Churches of Worcestershire (2nd ed.). Logaston Press. p. 157.ISBN 1-904396-39-9.
  50. ^Historic England."Christ Church, Cricklade Street, Swindon (1283770)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved30 March 2023.
  51. ^Pevsner, 1963, pp. 122–123
  52. ^"Sherbourne Park".sherbournepark.com.
  53. ^Pevsner, 1968, p. 113
  54. ^Pevsner, 1963, p. 299
  55. ^Weinreb, Ben;Hibbert, Christopher (1992).The London Encyclopaedia (reprint ed.).Macmillan. p. 610.
  56. ^Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, p. 682
  57. ^Pevsner, 1963, p. 126
  58. ^John Parsons Earwaker, "The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach", 1890, (p. 87)
  59. ^"Leicester St Andrew - Learn - FamilySearch.org".familysearch.org.
  60. ^"Error".leicester.gov.uk.
  61. ^"A Church on Jarrom Street: St Andrew's, Leicester".www.kairos-press.co.uk. Retrieved3 February 2018.
  62. ^Historic England."Chapel At Wellington College With Porch Colonnade And Gateway Adjoining West End (1390357)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved24 April 2017.
  63. ^Historic England."Details from listed building database (1240546)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved23 March 2012.
  64. ^Historic England."Former Church of St Clement, Barnsbury (1298052)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved20 December 2021.
  65. ^Willats, Eric A. (1987).Streets with a story : the book of Islington. [London]: [Islington Local History Education Trust].ISBN 0-9511871-0-4.OCLC 18221322.
  66. ^"St Andrew's Church, London Road, Litchurch".Derby Mercury. England. 30 March 1864. Retrieved4 June 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  67. ^Historic England."Details from listed building database (1386145)".National Heritage List for England. Retrieved3 September 2014.
  68. ^"Lewisham, St Stephen with St Mark – East Lewisham Deanery – The Diocese of Southwark".anglican.org. Archived fromthe original on 13 May 2014.
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